Paul Gyorgy

Paul György
Born	(1893-04-07)April 7, 1893 Nagyvárad, Hungary
Died	March 1, 1976(1976-03-01)(aged 82) Morristown, New Jersey,US
Nationality	Hungarian
Education	University of Budapest(M.D., 1915)
Alma mater	University of Heidelberg(1920-1933) Cambridge University(1933-1935) Case Western Reserve University(1935-1944)
Known for	Discovery ofbiotin,riboflavin,vitamin B6
Spouse	Margaret Gyrözy(née John)
Children	3
Awards	John Howland Award(1968) National Medal of Science(1975)
Scientific career
Fields	Pediatrics,Biochemistry,Nutrition
Institutions	University Hospitals of Cleveland(1933-1935) Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania(1950-1957) Philadelphia General Hospital(1957-1953)

Paul György(April 7, 1893 – March 1, 1976) was a Hungarian-born Americanbiochemist,nutritionist, andpediatricianbest known for his discovery of threeB vitamins:riboflavin,B₆,andbiotin.Gyorgy was also well known for his research into the protective factors of human breast milk, particularly for his discoveries ofLactobacillus bifidusgrowth factor activity in human milk and its anti-staphylococcalproperties.He was a recipient of theNational Medal of Sciencein 1975 fromPresidentGerald Ford.

Early life and career

Gyorgy was born on April 7, 1893, inNagyvárad, Hungaryto a Jewish family. He was said to be an avid reader and musician as a child.His father was ageneral practitionerin the community. Influenced by his father's occupation and with his parents' encouragement, Gyorgy began to pursue a career inmedicine.He attended theUniversity of Budapest Medical Schooland graduated with Doctor of Medicine degree in 1915.

In 1920, after the end ofWorld War I,Gyorgy was offered a job at theUniversity of Heidelbergas an assistant to thephysicianand researcherErnst Moro.He remained at theUniversity of Heidelberguntil 1933, obtaining full professorship in 1927 at the age of 34 years. It was at theUniversity of Heidelbergthat Gyorgy first discovered and isolatedriboflavinalong with his colleague Th. Wagner-Jauregg and the Nobel-winning chemistRichard Kuhn.Gyorgy remained at the University of Heidelberg until 1933, when the political unrest inGermanyspurred his move to the Nutrition Laboratory at theUniversity of CambridgeinEngland.He stayed as a researcher in there until 1935, during which time he discoveredvitamin B₆.

In 1935, Gyorgy went to theUnited Statesas a visiting assistant professor ofpediatricsatCase Western Reserve University.Two years later he was appointed as an associate professor at the university as well as an associate pediatrician at two hospitals within theUniversity Hospitals of Clevelandsystem. He isolatedbiotinin 1940 while atCase Western Reserve University.

In 1944, Gyorgy moved to theUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,this time as an Associate Research Professor of Pediatrics. His research at this time involved looking at the protective factors found inhuman breast milk.He was promoted to Professor of Pediatrics in 1946, later becoming a ProfessorEmeritusin 1963. From 1950 to 1957, he was also Pediatrician-in-Chief at theHospital of the University of Pennsylvaniaand later on, Chief of Pediatrics atPhiladelphia General Hospitalfrom 1957 to 1963.

Scientific research

Gyorgy was responsible for the discovery of three B vitamins, work he conducted with others during his time at Heidelberg, Cambridge, and Cleveland. Later in his career, Gyorgy investigated the protective factors found in human breast milk at theUniversity of Pennsylvania.

Discovery of riboflavin

By 1927 a series of experiments, performed in part byElmer McCollumand others, had shown that water-solublevitamin Bwas primarily made of two parts: theanti-neuriticfactor B₁(now known asthiamine) and the more heat-stable factor B₂.By 1932 Gyorgy had found that the heat-stable B₂was not in fact a single substance, but actually a complex made up of two factors: the growth-promoting factor (later found to beriboflavin) and theanti-pellagrafactor (later found to beniacin(vitamin B₃)).Gyorgy, in collaboration with chemistRichard Kuhnand physician Th. Wagner-Jauregg at theUniversity of Heidelberg,had noticed that rats kept on a B₂-free diet were unable to gain weight. Isolation of concentrated B₂from yeast revealed the presence of a bright yellow-greenfluorescentproduct that when fed to the rat, restored normal growth. The amount of growth restored was directly proportional to the intensity of the fluorescent product. The bright yellow substance had been previously found in milk by scientists Warburg and Christian, who had described the it as 'yellow oxidation ferment' but were unable to discover its function. Gyorgy, Kuhn, and Warner-Jauregg suggested the name 'flavin' for their yellow pigments and proposed that they were likely the same as the yellow pigments seen by Warberg and Christian.

By 1933, the Heidelberg team were the first to isolate crystalline flavin from milk and accordingly, termed the substance lactoflavin. They, along with other teams, went on to isolate similar flavins from many other sources such as egg white (ovoflavin) and liver (heptoflavin). All these compounds were found to be chemically identical and in 1937, the nameriboflavinwas formally adopted by the Council of Pharmacy and Chemistry of theAmerican Medical Association.

Discovery of B₆

During his experiments withriboflavin,Gyorgy noticed that rats already on athiamine-only diet developedpellagra-like symptoms, even when given pure riboflavin. The symptoms were only relieved when rats were given supplements derived from a flavin-free extract of bakers'yeast.In contrast, rats given this extract but no riboflavin failed to exhibit pellagra-like symptoms but were unable to gain weight until riboflavin was added back into the diet. These results confirmed the presence of an 'anti-pellagra' factor that was biologically distinct from the newly discovered riboflavin.

In 1934, Gyorgy named this new anti-pellagra factorB₆in order to distinguish it from otherB vitaminsand set about isolating and characterizing it during his time at theUniversity of Cambridge.In 1936, Gyorgy and his colleague, Thomas William Birch, were successful in isolating crystallineB₆from fish andwheat germ.

Discovery of biotin

By 1927, scientists such as Margarete Boas andHelen Parsonshad performed experiments demonstrating the symptoms associated with egg-white injury.They had found that rats fed large amounts of egg-white as their only protein source exhibited neurological dysfunction, dermatitis, and eventually, death. Gyorgy began investigating the factor responsible for egg-white injury in 1933 and in 1939, was successful identifying what he called vitamin H.Further chemical characterization of vitamin H revealed that it was water-soluble and present in high amounts in the liver.By this time, multiple groups had independently isolated the same compound under different names. In 1936, Kögl and Tönnis had isolated what they called biotin from egg yolk and in 1939, West had isolated what he called co-enzyme R.By 1940, it was recognized that all three compounds were identical and were collectively given the namebiotin.Gyorgy continued his work on biotin and in 1941 published a paper demonstrating that egg-white injury was caused by the binding of biotin byavidin.

Protective factors in breast milk

In 1950, Gyorgy began investigating the microbial properties in human breast milk. He began by comparing the intestinal flora of normal breast-fed infants to those who were fed cow's milk formulas.He found that the breast-fed infants had a prevalence of a certain variant ofLactobacillus bifidus,a bacterium considered to be an essential part of normal human gut flora. Further testing revealed the presence of factors in human breast milk that acted as essential growth promoting factors to theL. bifidusvariant.

In 1962, Gyorgy also discoveredanti-staphylococcusproperties of human breast milk. He injected mice with different doses of virulentStaphylococcus aureusand found that those given human breast milk obtained protection from infection, resulting in a higher survival rate than those that were given only cow's milk.

Personal life

Gyorgy married Margaret John on October 23, 1920, inWeimar, Germany.The couple had three sons: Hans, who became anorganic chemist,Michael, who became aphysicist,and Tilbert, asurgeon.Gyorgy enjoyedclassical musicand was also an avid painter and gardener.

Awards and honors

Gyorgy received the 1975National Medal of SciencefromPresidentGerald Fordfor his "discovery of three vitamins and related research that have greatly improved human nutrition".Gyorgy had already died by the time of the 1976 award ceremony and his medal was accepted by his wife, Margaret John.Other awards included:

• Borden Award of theAmerican Institute of Nutrition(1951)
• Borden Award of Nutrition by theAmerican Academy of Pediatrics(1952)
• Goldberger Award of the Council of Foods and Nutrition by theAmerican Medical Association(1957)
• Osbourne-Mendel Award of theAmerican Institute of Nutrition(1958)
• John Howland Awardfor theAmerican Pediatric Society(1968)

Later years and death

Gyorgy's later life revolved around his work inSoutheast Asia,where he was involved in conducting nutritional field studies aimed at improving nutrition, particularly inThailandandIndonesia.During this time, he was an organizer of the Protein Advisory Group of theWorld Health OrganizationandUNICEF,eventually becoming President of the group from 1960 to 1964.Gyorgy died on March 1, 1976, ofpneumoniaatMorristown Memorial HospitalinMorristown, New Jersey,at the age of 82.