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Paul Schrader

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For the United Auto Workers activist, seePaul Schrade.

Paul Schrader
Schrader in 2018
Born
Paul Joseph Schrader

(1946-07-22)July 22, 1946(age 77)
Grand Rapids, Michigan,U.S.
Education
Occupations
  • Film director
  • screenwriter
Years active1974–present
Spouses
​
​
(m.1969;div.1976)​
​
​
(m.1983)​
Children2
RelativesLeonard Schrader(brother)
AwardsLaurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement
AFI Franklin J. Schaffner Award
Venice Film Festival Golden Lion
Websitepaulschrader.org

Paul Joseph Schrader(/ˈʃreɪdər/;born July 22, 1946) is an American screenwriter, film director, and film critic. He first became widely known for writing the screenplay ofMartin Scorsese'sTaxi Driver(1976). He later continued his collaboration with Scorsese, writing or co-writingRaging Bull(1980),The Last Temptation of Christ(1988), andBringing Out the Dead(1999). Schrader is more prolific as a director: his 23 films includeBlue Collar(1978),Hardcore(1979),American Gigolo(1980),Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters(1985),Light Sleeper(1992),Affliction(1997), andFirst Reformed(2017), with the last of these earning him his firstAcademy Awardnomination. Schrader's work frequently depicts "man in a room" stories which feature isolated, troubled men confronting anexistential crisis.[1][2]

Raised in a strictCalvinistfamily, Schrader attendedCalvin Collegebefore pursuingfilm studiesatUCLAon the encouragement of film criticPauline Kael.He then worked as a film scholar and critic, publishing the bookTranscendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer(1972) before transitioning to screenwriting in 1974. The success ofTaxi Driverin 1976 brought greater attention to his work, and Schrader began directing his own films, beginning withBlue Collar(co-written with his brother,Leonard Schrader). Schrader has described three of his recent films as a loose trilogy:First Reformed(2017),The Card Counter(2021), andMaster Gardener(2022).

Early life and education[edit]

Schrader was born inGrand Rapids, Michigan,the son of Joan (néeFisher) and Charles A. Schrader, an executive.[citation needed]Schrader's family attended theCalvinistChristian Reformed Church.[3][4]Schrader's mother was of Dutch descent, the daughter of emigrants fromFriesland,while Schrader's paternal grandfather was from a German family that had come to the U.S. through Canada.[5][6]

His early life was based upon the religion's strict principles and parental education. He did not see a film until he was seventeen years old when he was able to sneak away from home. In an interview, he stated thatThe Absent-Minded Professorwas the first film he saw. In his own words, he was "very unimpressed" by it, whileWild in the Country,which he saw sometime later, had quite some effect on him.[7]Schrader attributes his intellectual rather than emotional approach towards movies and movie-making to his having no adolescent movie memories.[8]

Schrader earned his B.A. in philosophy with a minor in theology fromCalvin Collegebut decided against becoming a minister.[9]He then earned anM.A.infilm studiesat theUCLA Film Schoolupon the recommendation ofPauline Kael,who encouraged him to be a film critic.[10]

Schrader first became afilm critic,writing for theLos Angeles Free Pressand later forCinemamagazine. His bookTranscendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer,which examines the similarities betweenRobert Bresson,Yasujirō Ozu,andCarl Theodor Dreyer,was published in 1972. Other film-makers who made a lasting impression on Schrader areJohn Ford,Jean Renoir,Roberto Rossellini,Alfred Hitchcock,andSam Peckinpah.Renoir'sThe Rules of the Gamehe called the "quintessential movie" which represents "all of the cinema".[8]

Film career[edit]

In 1974, Schrader and his brotherLeonardco-wroteThe Yakuza,a film set in the Japanese crime world. The script became the subject of a bidding war, eventually selling for $325,000. The film was directed bySydney Pollackand starredRobert Mitchum.Robert Towne,best known forChinatown,also received a credit for his rewrite.

AlthoughThe Yakuzafailed commercially, it brought Schrader to the attention of thenew generationofHollywooddirectors. In 1975, he wrote the script forObsessionforBrian De Palma.Schrader wrote an early draft ofSteven Spielberg'sClose Encounters of the Third Kind(1977), but Spielberg disliked the script, calling it "terribly guilt-ridden", and opted for something lighter.[11]He also wrote an early draft ofRolling Thunder(1977), which the film's producers had reworked without his participation. He disapproved of the final film.[8]

Schrader's script about an obsessed New York City taxi driver became Martin Scorsese's filmTaxi Driver,which was nominated for theOscarforBest Pictureand won thePalme d'Orat theCannes Film Festival.BesidesTaxi Driver(1976), Scorsese also drew on scripts by Schrader for the bo xing taleRaging Bull(1980), co-written withMardik Martin,The Last Temptation of Christ(1988), andBringing Out the Dead(1999).

Thanks partly to critical acclaim forTaxi Driver,Schrader was able to direct his first feature,Blue Collar(1978), co-written with his brother Leonard.Blue CollarfeaturesRichard Pryor,Harvey Keitel,andYaphet Kottoas car factory workers attempting to escape their socio-economic rut through theft andblackmail.He has described the film as challenging to make, because of the artistic and personal tensions between him and the cast. During principal photography, he suffered an on-set mental collapse, which led him to reconsider his career seriously.John Miliusacted as executive producer on the following year'sHardcore,again written by Schrader, a film with many autobiographical parallels in his depiction of the Calvinist milieu of Grand Rapids, and in the character ofGeorge C. Scott,which was based on Schrader's father.[8]

Among Paul Schrader's films in the 1980s wereAmerican GigolostarringRichard Gere(1980), hisCat People(1982) a remake of the 1942 filmCat People,andMishima: A Life in Four Chapters(1985). Inspired by Japanese writerYukio Mishima,the film interweaves episodes from Mishima's life with dramatizations of segments from his books.Mishimawas nominated for the top prize (thePalme d'Or) at theCannes Film Festival.Francis Ford CoppolaandGeorge Lucasserved as executive producers.

Schrader also directedPatty Hearst(1988), about the kidnapping and transformation of theHearst Corporation heiress.In 1987, he was a member of the jury at the37th Berlin International Film Festival.[12]

His 1990s work included the travelers-in-Venice taleThe Comfort of Strangers(1990), adapted byHarold Pinterfrom theIan McEwannovel, andLight Sleeper(1992), a sympathetic study of a drug dealer vying for a normal life. In 2005, Schrader describedLight Sleeperas his "most personal" film.[13]In 1997, he madeTouch(1997), based on anElmore Leonardnovel about a young man seemingly able to cure the sick by the laying on of hands.

In 1998, Schrader won critical acclaim for the dramaAffliction.The film tells the story of a troubled small-town policeman (Nick Nolte) who becomes obsessed with solving the mystery behind a fatal hunting accident. Schrader's script was based on the novel byRussell Banks.The film was nominated for multiple awards, including two Academy Awards for acting (for Nolte andJames Coburn). Schrader received theAustin Film Festival'sDistinguished Screenwriter Award the same year.

In 1999, Schrader received theLaurel Award for Screenwriting Achievementfrom theWriters Guild of America.

In 2002, he directed the acclaimedbiopicAuto Focus,based on the life and murder ofHogan's HeroesactorBob Crane.

In 2003, Schrader made entertainment headlines after being fired fromThe Exorcist: Dominion,a prequel film to the horror classicThe Exorcistfrom 1973. The film's production companiesMorgan Creek ProductionsandWarner Bros. Picturesintensely disliked the film Schrader had made. DirectorRenny Harlinwas hired to re-shoot nearly the entire movie, which was released asExorcist: The Beginningon August 20, 2004, to disastrously negative reviews and embarrassing box office receipts. Warner Bros. and Morgan Creek put over $80 million into the endeavor, and Harlin's film only made back $41 million domestically. Schrader's version of the film eventually premiered at theBrussels International Festival of Fantastic Filmon March 18, 2005, asExorcist: The Original Prequel.Due to extreme interest in Schrader's version from critics and cinephiles alike, Warner Bros. agreed to give the film a limited theatrical release later that year under the titleDominion: Prequel to the Exorcist.The film was only shown on 110 screens around the United States and made just $251,000. The critics liked Schrader's version much better than Harlin's. However, Schrader's film ultimately met with a generally negative reaction.

Schrader at theKarlovy Vary International Film Festival2009

After that, Schrader filmedThe Walker(2007), starringWoody Harrelsonas a male escort caught up in a political murder enquiry, and the Israel-setAdam Resurrected(2008), which starsJeff GoldblumandWillem Dafoe.

Schrader headed the International Jury of the 2007 Berlin International Film Festival and in 2011 became a jury member for the ongoingFilmakashort film contest.[14]On July 2, 2009, Schrader was awarded the inaugural Lifetime Achievement in Screenwriting award at the ScreenLit Festival inNottingham,England.Several of his films were shown at the festival, includingMishima: A Life in Four Chapters,which followed the presentation of the award by directorShane Meadows.

After five years of trying and failing to find funding to make feature films, Schrader returned withThe Canyons(2013), an erotic dramatic thriller written byBret Easton Ellisand starringLindsay Lohanand adult-film starJames Deen.The film was one of the first films to use the websiteKickstarterto crowd-source its funding. Schrader also used the website Let It Cast to have unknown actors submit their audition tapes over the internet.American Apparelprovided some wardrobe for the film. The film was ultimately made for just $250,000 and had a limited theatrical release fromIFC Filmson August 2, 2013. The film was poorly received by general critics and audiences. The film only made $56,000 in theaters but found later success when released on variousVideo on Demandplatforms.

In 2014, Schrader directedThe Dying of the Light,an espionage thriller starringNicolas Cageas a government agent suffering from a deadly disease,Anton YelchinandIrène Jacob.In post-production Schrader was denied final cut by the film's producers.[15]The film was negatively received by many film critics and was abox-office bomb.Schrader later recutDying of the Lightinto the separate, more experimental workDark,which received more positive reviews.

Schrader's dramatic thrillerFirst Reformed,starringEthan Hawke,premiered at the 2017Venice Film Festivaland received critical acclaim. Schrader received his firstAcademy Awardnomination for the film in the categoryBest Original Screenplay.In 2021, he directed the crime drama filmThe Card Counter,starringOscar IsaacandTiffany Haddish.The film also premiered at the 2021 Venice Film Festival and was widely lauded by critics. Schrader grouped these two films into a loose trilogy with another thriller,Master Gardener,starringJoel EdgertonandSigourney Weaver.Like the rest of the trilogy, it premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2022, where Schrader was awarded theGolden Lion Honorary Award.

Schrader at the2022 Venice Film Festival

In 2023, it was confirmed Schrader would write and directOh, Canada,an adaptation of his friendRussell Banks' novel,Foregone,starringRichard GereandJacob Elordi.[16]

Upcoming[edit]

Additionally, Schrader has written a western calledThree Guns at Dawn,forAntoine Fuquato direct; a drama about a trauma nurse calledR.NforElisabeth Mossto star in and direct; and an untitled script about a sex addict.[17][18]

Theatre career[edit]

Schrader has written two stage plays,BerlinaleandCleopatra Club.The latter saw its premiere at thePowerhouse TheaterinPoughkeepsie,New York,in 1995 and its foreign language debut inViennain 2011.[8][19][20]

Themes[edit]

A recurring theme in Schrader's films is the protagonist on a self-destructive path, or undertaking actions which work against himself, deliberately or subconsciously. The finale often bears an element of redemption, preceded by a painful sacrifice or cathartic act of violence.

Schrader has repeatedly referred toTaxi Driver,American Gigolo,Light Sleeper,The Canyons,The Walker,First Reformed,andThe Card Counteras "a man in a room" stories. The protagonist in each film changes from an angry, then narcissistic, later anxious character, to a person who hides behind a mask of superficiality.[8][21][22]

Although many of his films or scripts are based on real-life biographies(Raging Bull,Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters,Patty Hearst,Auto Focus),Schrader confessed having problems with biographical films due to their altering of actual events, which he tried to prevent by imposing structures and stylization.[8]

Personal life[edit]

Schrader battled a cocaine addiction, which contributed to his divorce from his first wife, art directorJeannine Oppewall.He then moved from Los Angeles to Japan in hopes of getting his life on track, finally quitting drugs around 1990. His second marriage is to actressMary Beth Hurt,who has appeared in smaller roles in a variety of his films.[23]Together they have two children, a daughter and a son.[24]

In September 2022, Schrader was hospitalized forCOVID-19andpneumoniawhich had resulted in "breathing difficulties".[25]

In January 2023, he and his wife moved from New York's suburbanPutnam Countyto a luxuryassisted-living facilityin Manhattan'sHudson Yardsarea, where Hurt receives treatment for her worseningAlzheimer's.[26]

Views[edit]

Schrader is aChristian.RaisedCalvinist,Schrader abandoned religion in his young adulthood, before returning to Christianity later in life. He became anEpiscopalianafter the birth of his children. As of 2018, he attends aPresbyterianchurch.[27]His films frequently feature religious themes.[28]However, Schrader has now emphasized that he considers himself to be just a Christian.[29]

In December 2016, Schrader referred to the then-upcomingTrump presidencyas "a call to violence" and said "we should be willing to take arms. Like OldJohn Brown."He quickly deleted the post, but was visited by theNew York City Police Department Counterterrorism Bureaufor threatening violence. Schrader expressed some regret for his post (blaming it on him drinking alcohol and taking anAmbien), apologizing for his post's violent rhetoric, but not for his comments critical of Trump.[30]

In 2021, Schrader attackedcancel culture,describing it as "infectious...like theDelta virus".[31]In 2022, Schrader criticized that year'sSight and SoundGreatest Films poll,describing it as a "politically correct rejiggering", with its selection ofJeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxellesas the greatest film of all time being the product of "distorted woke reappraisal".[32]In 2023, he also criticized the politicization of the95th Academy Awards,writing that the Oscars' "scramble to be woke" have made their ceremony "mean less each year".[33]

Favorite films[edit]

In 2012, Schrader participated in theSight & Soundfilm polls of that year. Held every ten years to select the greatest films of all time, contemporary directors were asked to select ten films of their choice. Schrader gave the following ten in Alpha betical order.[34]

In 2022, Schrader updated his list, including:[32]

Filmography[edit]

Film[edit]

Year Title Director Writer Notes
1974 The Yakuza No Yes
1976 Taxi Driver No Yes
Obsession No Yes
1977 Rolling Thunder No Yes
1978 Blue Collar Yes Yes
1979 Hardcore Yes Yes
Old Boyfriends No Yes Also executive producer
1980 American Gigolo Yes Yes
Raging Bull No Yes
1982 Cat People Yes Uncredited
1985 Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters Yes Yes
1986 The Mosquito Coast No Yes
1987 Light of Day Yes Yes
1988 Patty Hearst Yes No
The Last Temptation of Christ No Yes
1990 The Comfort of Strangers Yes No
1992 Light Sleeper Yes Yes
1994 Witch Hunt Yes No TV movie
1995 New Blue Yes Yes Documentary short
1996 City Hall No Yes
1997 Touch Yes Yes
Affliction Yes Yes
1999 Forever Mine Yes Yes
Bringing Out the Dead No Yes
2002 Auto Focus Yes No
2005 Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist Yes No
2007 The Walker Yes Yes
2008 Adam Resurrected Yes No
2013 The Canyons Yes No
2014 Dying of the Light Yes Yes
2016 Dog Eat Dog Yes No Role: Grecco The Greek
2017 First Reformed Yes Yes Nominated-Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
2021 The Card Counter Yes Yes
2022 There Are No Saints No Yes Also executive producer
Master Gardener Yes Yes
2024 Oh, Canada Yes Yes

Unproduced scripts[edit]

Music video[edit]

Year Title Artist
1985 "Tight Connection to My Heart (Has Anybody Seen My Love)" Bob Dylan

Documentary and other appearances[edit]

Theatre[edit]

Year Title
1987 Berlinale
2004 The Cleopatra Club

Awards[edit]

Won[edit]

Nominated[edit]

  • 1977 –Golden Globes,USA, Golden Globe – Best Screenplay – Motion Picture forTaxi Driver
  • 1977 – Writers Guild of America, USA, WGA Award (Screen) forTaxi Driver
  • 1977 –Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films,USA, Golden Scroll – Best Horror Film forObsession
  • 1979 –Berlin International Film Festival,Golden Berlin Bear forHardcore
  • 1981 – Golden Globes, USA, Golden Globe – Best Screenplay – Motion Picture forRaging Bull(shared with Mardik Martin)
  • 1985 – Cannes Film Festival, Palme d'Or forMishima: A Life in Four Chapters
  • 1988 – Cannes Film Festival, Palme d'Or forPatty Hearst
  • 1988 – National Board of Review, USA, NBR Award – Top 10 Films of the Year forThe Last Temptation of Christ
  • 1989 – Political Film Society, USA, PFS Award – Exposé forPatty Hearst
  • 1992 – Berlin International Film Festival, Golden Berlin Bear forLight Sleeper
  • 1992 –Deauville Film Festival,Critics Award forLight Sleeper
  • 1993 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay forLight Sleeper
  • 1993 – Mystfest, Best Film forLight Sleeper
  • 1995 – Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA, Saturn Award – Best Single Genre Television Presentation forWitch Hunt
  • 1997 –Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival,Best Film forTouch
  • 1997 – Valladolid International Film Festival, Golden Spike forAffliction
  • 1998 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay forTouch
  • 1998 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Director forTouch
  • 1999 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay forAffliction
  • 1999 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Director forAffliction
  • 2002 –San Sebastián International Film Festival,Golden Seashell forAuto Focus
  • 2003 – Golden Trailer Awards, Golden Trailer – Trashiest Trailer forAuto Focus
  • 2005 –Golden Raspberry Awards,Razzie Award – Worst Director forDominion: Prequel to The Exorcist
  • 2018 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Screenplay forFirst Reformed
  • 2018 – Independent Spirit Awards – Best Director forFirst Reformed
  • 2019 –Academy Awards–Best Original ScreenplayforFirst Reformed

References[edit]

  1. ^Morris, Brogan."Where to begin with Paul Schrader".British Film Institute.RetrievedSeptember 10,2022.
  2. ^Allan, Matthew (May 19, 2023).""I'm Freer Now": A Conversation With Paul Schrader ".Vanity Fair.RetrievedMay 19,2023.
  3. ^Harmetz, Aljean (August 24, 1988)."How Studio Maneuvered 'Temptation' Into a Hit".The New York Times.
  4. ^"Ageing bulls return".The Guardian.London. October 31, 1999.
  5. ^"Paul J. Schrader".newnetherlandinstitute.org.
  6. ^Schrader, Paul (2007)."Thin Ice: coming of age in grand rapids"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on April 7, 2023.RetrievedApril 7,2024.
  7. ^John Brady,The craft of the screenwriter,Simon & Schuster, 1982 (ISBN0-671-25230-5).
  8. ^abcdefgKevin Jackson (ed.),Schrader on Schrader and Other Writings,Faber & Faber, 2004 (ISBN0-571-22176-9).
  9. ^Wolfe, Alexandra (June 2018)."Paul Schrader Revisits His Calvinist Roots".Wall Street Journal.RetrievedSeptember 10,2022.
  10. ^Schulman, Michael (September 4, 2021)."For Paul Schrader, It All Started on Pauline Kael's Sofa".The New Yorker.RetrievedSeptember 10,2022.
  11. ^abJoseph McBride,Steven Spielberg: A Biography,Faber & Faber, 1997 (ISBN0-571-19177-0).
  12. ^"Berlinale: Juries".berlinale.de.RetrievedFebruary 27,2011.
  13. ^Interviewwith Paul Schrader onThe Hollywood Interview,originally published inVenice Magazine,November 2005, retrieved November 6, 2011.
  14. ^Short profileArchivedDecember 19, 2009, at theWayback Machineof Paul Schrader onFilmaka,retrieved November 6, 2011.
  15. ^Paul Schrader, Nicolas Winding Refn & Nicolas Cage Campaign Against Their Film 'Dying Of The Light'October 16, 2014 -IndieWire
  16. ^Bergeson, Samantha (September 11, 2023)."Jacob Elordi Joins Richard Gere in Paul Schrader's 'Oh, Canada'".IndieWire.RetrievedSeptember 18,2023.
  17. ^abcPearce, Leonard (April 7, 2023)."Paul Schrader Sets Richard Gere Reunion; Antoine Fuqua and Elisabeth Moss Offered Scripts to Direct".The Film Stage.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  18. ^Paul Schrader Announces New Film About A “Sexual Obsessor”
  19. ^Production historyArchivedJanuary 19, 2012, at theWayback Machineof the "New York Stage and Film" company, retrieved December 9, 2011.
  20. ^Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung(Frankfurt), February 3, 2011.
  21. ^Schrader:Indies are scavenger dogs, scouring the planet for scraps– Interview with Roger Ebert inChicago Sun-Times,December 11, 2007, retrieved November 22, 2011.
  22. ^InterviewArchivedFebruary 22, 2012, at theWayback Machinewith Paul Schrader onFilmmakermagazine,retrieved November 2, 2011.
  23. ^"Paul Schrader: Exorcising his demons".The Independent.July 7, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on May 25, 2022.
  24. ^Rothstein, Mervyn (November 2, 1989)."Mary Beth Hurt's Juggling Act".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJanuary 6,2020.
  25. ^Ruimy, Jordan (September 9, 2022)."Paul Schrader Hospitalized".World of Reel.RetrievedSeptember 12,2022.
  26. ^Quinlan, Adriane (April 7, 2023)."Paul Schrader's Very Paul Schrader Days in Assisted Living".curbed.Vox Media, LLC.RetrievedApril 10,2023.
  27. ^Wolfe, Alexandra (June 2018)."Paul Schrader Revisits His Calvinist Roots".Wall Street Journal.
  28. ^Semley, John (March 30, 2017)."Director Paul Schrader and cinema's relationship with religion".The Globe and Mail.
  29. ^DeYoung, Andrew."I Trust My Soul to Grace: Paul Schrader's Religious Imagination".ImageJournal.No. 113.
  30. ^Siegel, Tatiana (December 16, 2016)."'Taxi Driver' Writer Paul Schrader's Late-Night Anti-Trump Post Prompts NYPD Visit ".Hollywood Reporter.
  31. ^Grater, Tom (September 1, 2021)."Paul Schrader Talks" Infectious "Cancel Culture, Why The Oscars Are" Broken "& Being Thrown Out Of A Quarantine Poker Club – Venice".Hollywood Deadline.
  32. ^abZilko, Christian (December 3, 2022)."Paul Schrader Slams 'Jeanne Dielman' Topping Sight & Sound Poll as 'Distorted Woke Reappraisal'".Indiewire.
  33. ^Penley, Taylor (March 14, 2023)."'Taxi Driver' screenwriter Paul Schrader trashes 'woke' Oscars in Facebook post: They 'mean less each year'".Fox News.
  34. ^"Paul Schrader".British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon February 17, 2016.RetrievedAugust 3,2020.
  35. ^abcdThompson, Richard (March–April 1976)."Paul Schrader: Interview".Film Comment.
  36. ^Abramovitch, Alex (May 1, 2023)."Paul Schrader Wants to Make Another Movie".The New Yorker.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  37. ^"Quebecois! (Kay-bec-qua!) | Paul Schrader, screenwriter".Royal Books.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  38. ^Pride, Ray (May 22, 2018)."FLASHBACK:" First Reformed "'s Paul Schrader Looks Back, Back in Mid-Career".Newcity Film.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  39. ^Scorsese, Martin (1990).Scorsese on Scorsese.Faber & Faber. p. 147.ISBN9780571176724.
  40. ^"Screenplay Review – Kingdom Come (What would become" Close Encounters of the Third Kind ")".ScriptShadow.September 19, 2017.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  41. ^"HAVANA COLONY revised first draft script '75 unproduced screenplay by Paul Schrader!".WorthPoint.RetrievedJune 25,2024.
  42. ^"After Taxi Driver I wanted..."August 5, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on June 26, 2024.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  43. ^"GERSHWIN SCRIPT BY PAUL SCHRADER UNPRODUCED GEORGE GERSHWIN SCREENPLAY 1ST DRAFT".WorthPoint.RetrievedJune 25,2024.
  44. ^"Ageing bulls return".The Guardian.October 31, 1999.RetrievedSeptember 11,2023.
  45. ^"Investigation (Paul Schrader) [07-08-1986]".Internet Archive.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  46. ^"THE DISTRIBUTOR 2000 FIRST DRAFT REVISED UNPRODUCED SCREENPLAY PAUL SCHRADER".WorthPoint.RetrievedJune 25,2024.
  47. ^"THE DOORS OF PERCEPTION 2000 PAUL SCHRADER FIRST DRAFT UNPRODUCED SCREENPLAY".WorthPoint.RetrievedJune 25,2024.
  48. ^"THE FUGUE ORIGINAL UNPRODUCED SCREENPLAY FIRST DRAFT PAUL SCHRADER 2003 RARE".WorthPoint.RetrievedJune 25,2024.
  49. ^Patches, Matt (June 11, 2018)."First Reformed, Taxi Driver filmmaker Paul Schrader will change how you think about movies".Polygon.RetrievedSeptember 13,2023.
  50. ^Satija, Garima (November 17, 2022)."Martin Scorsese Wanted To Cast Shah Rukh Khan & Leonardo DiCaprio In 'Xtreme City' But The Film Fell Apart".IndiaTimes.RetrievedSeptember 24,2023.
  51. ^Kit, Borys (August 2, 2011)."Paul Schrader Teams with Bret Easton Ellis on Shark Thriller 'Bait'".The Hollywood Reporter.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  52. ^Sartor, Ryan (November 8, 2011)."Clive Owen To Star In Paul Schrader Penned Action Flick 'Recall'".IndieWire.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  53. ^Thompson, Anne (May 20, 2012)."EXCLUSIVE: Paul Schrader Talks Biopic of Legendary Tiny Dancer Kschessinska".IndieWire.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  54. ^Roxborough, Scott (February 10, 2013)."Berlin 2013: 'The Canyons' Director Paul Schrader to Pen 'The Devil's Right Hand' (Exclusive)".The Hollywood Reporter.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  55. ^Hopewell, John (November 27, 2014)."Paul Schrader Preps Web Series 'Life on the Other Side'".Variety.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  56. ^Ruimy, Jordan (May 27, 2016)."Interview: Paul Schrader & Matthew Wilder Talk 'Dog Eat Dog,' Praise From Michael Haneke & Pushing The Edge Of Final Cut".The Playlist.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  57. ^John, Eric (February 14, 2019)."Paul Schrader's Next Film: A Western Remake As 'If Malick and Lynch Took a Shit on the Script'".IndieWire.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  58. ^Brody, Richard (April 22, 2021)."Paul Schrader on Making and Watching Movies in the Age of Netflix".The New Yorker.RetrievedNovember 3,2023.
  59. ^Rodrick, Stephen (May 9, 2024)."Can Paul Schrader Cheat Death? The Director on Taking 'Oh, Canada' to Cannes, Scorsese's Dog Biting His Finger Off and Defending Kevin Spacey".Variety.RetrievedJune 26,2024.
  60. ^"Franklin J. Schaffner Award".AFI CONSERVATORY.RetrievedSeptember 8,2022.
  61. ^"Stockholm life achievement award for Schrader".The Hollywood Reporter.Associated Press. October 3, 2007.RetrievedSeptember 8,2022.
  62. ^Spera, Steph (November 13, 2008)."St. Louis International Film Festival - Student Life".Student Life - The independent newspaper of Washington University in St. Louis.RetrievedSeptember 8,2022.
  63. ^Buchanan, Kyle (November 27, 2018)."'The Rider' and 'First Reformed' Top the Gotham Awards ".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedSeptember 8,2022.
  64. ^Tapley, Kristopher (November 27, 2018)."National Board of Review Names 'Green Book' Best Film of 2018".Variety.RetrievedNovember 28,2018.
  65. ^Brzeski, Patrick (September 3, 2022)."Venice: Paul Schrader Looks Back on His 50 Years in Cinema:" I've Been Very Lucky "".The Hollywood Reporter.RetrievedSeptember 8,2022.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer,Da Capo Press, 1988 (ISBN0-306-80335-6).
  • Notes on Film Noir,Film Comment,Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 1972.

External links[edit]

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