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Pax genes

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Paired domain
PAX5bound to DNA (PDB:1mdm​).
Identifiers
SymbolPAX
PfamPF00292
InterProIPR001523
PROSITEPDOC00034
CATH1pdn
SCOP21pdn/SCOPe/SUPFAM
CDDcd00131
Available protein structures:
Pfam structures/ECOD
PDBRCSB PDB;PDBe;PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

Inevolutionary developmental biology,Paired box(Pax)genesare a family ofgenescoding for tissue specifictranscription factorscontaining an N-terminalpaired domainand usually a partial, or in the case of four family members (PAX3, PAX4, PAX6 and PAX7),[1]a completehomeodomainto the C-terminus. Anoctapeptideas well as a Pro-Ser-Thr-rich C terminus may also be present.[2]Paxproteinsare important in early animal development for the specification of specific tissues, as well as during epimorphic limb regeneration in animals capable of such.

The paired domain was initially described in 1987 as the "paired box" in theDrosophilaprotein paired (prd;P06601).[3][4]

Groups

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Within the mammalian family, there are four well defined groups of Pax genes.

  • Pax group 1 (Pax 1 and 9),
  • Pax group 2 (Pax 2, 5 and 8),
  • Pax group 3 (Pax 3 and 7) and
  • Pax group 4 (Pax 4 and 6).

Two more families, Pox-neuro and Pax-α/β, exist in basal bilaterian species.[5][6]Orthologous genes exist throughout theMetazoa,including extensive study of theectopic expressionin Drosophila usingmurinePax6.[7]The two rounds of whole-genome duplications in vertebrate evolution is responsible for the creation of as many as 4 paralogs for each Pax protein.[8]

Members

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  • PAX1has been identified in mice with the development of vertebrate and embryo segmentation, and some evidence this is also true in humans. It transcribes a 440amino acidprotein from 4exonsand 1,323bps in humans. In the mouse Pax1 mutation has been linked to undulated mutant suffering from skeletal malformations.[9]
  • PAX2has been identified withkidneyand optic nerve development. It transcribes a 417 amino acid protein from 11 exons and 4,261 bps in humans. Mutation of PAX2 in humans has been associated withrenal-coloboma syndromeas well asolig Omega nephronia.[10]
  • PAX3has been identified with ear, eye and facial development. It transcribes a 479 amino acid protein in humans. Mutations in it can causeWaardenburg syndrome.PAX3is frequently expressed inmelanomas[11]and contributes to tumor cell survival.[12]
  • PAX4has been identified with pancreatic islet beta cells. It transcribes a 350 amino acid protein from 9 exons and 2,010 bps in humans. Knockout mice lacking Pax4 expression fail to develop insulin-producing cells.[13]Pax4 undergoes mutual reciprocal interaction with the transcription factor Arx to endow pancreatic endocrine cells with insulin and glucagon cells respectively[14]
  • PAX5has been identified with neural and spermatogenesis development and b-cell differentiation. It transcribes a 391 amino acid protein from 10 exons and 3,644bps in humans.
  • PAX6(eyeless) is the most researched and appears throughout the literature as a "master control" gene for the development of eyes and sensory organs, certain neural and epidermal tissues as well as otherhomologousstructures, usually derived fromectodermaltissues.[15]
  • PAX7has been possibly associated withmyogenesis.It transcribes a protein of 520 amino acids from 8 exons and 2,260bps in humans. PAX7 directs postnatal renewal and propagation of myogenicsatellite cellsbut not for the specification.[16]
  • PAX8has been associated withthyroidspecific expression. It transcribes a protein of 451 amino acids from 11 exons and 2,526bps in humans. Pax8 loss-of-function mutant mice lack follicular cells of the thyroid gland.[17]
  • PAX9has found to be associated with a number of organ and other skeletal developments, particularly teeth. It transcribes a protein of 341 amino acids from 4 exons and 1,644bps in humans.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Chi, N; Epstein, JA (January 2002). "Getting your Pax straight: Pax proteins in development and disease".Trends in Genetics.18(1): 41–7.doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02594-x.PMID11750700.
  2. ^Eberhard, D; Jiménez, G; Heavey, B; Busslinger, M (15 May 2000)."Transcriptional repression by Pax5 (BSAP) through interaction with corepressors of the Groucho family".The EMBO Journal.19(10): 2292–303.doi:10.1093/emboj/19.10.2292.PMC384353.PMID10811620.
  3. ^Bopp, D; Burri, M; Baumgartner, S; Frigerio, G; Noll, M (26 December 1986). "Conservation of a large protein domain in the segmentation gene paired and in functionally related genes of Drosophila".Cell.47(6): 1033–40.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90818-4.PMID2877747.S2CID21943167.
  4. ^Baumgartner, S; Bopp, D; Burri, M; Noll, M (December 1987)."Structure of two genes at the gooseberry locus related to the paired gene and their spatial expression during Drosophila embryogenesis".Genes & Development.1(10): 1247–67.doi:10.1101/gad.1.10.1247.PMID3123319.
  5. ^Navet, S; Buresi, A; Baratte, S; Andouche, A; Bonnaud-Ponticelli, L; Bassaglia, Y (2017)."The Pax gene family: Highlights from cephalopods".PLOS ONE.12(3): e0172719.Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272719N.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172719.PMC5333810.PMID28253300.
  6. ^Franke, FA; Schumann, I; Hering, L; Mayer, G (2015). "Phylogenetic analysis and expression patterns of Pax genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli reveal a novel bilaterian Pax subfamily".Evolution & Development.17(1): 3–20.doi:10.1111/ede.12110.PMID25627710.S2CID205095304.
  7. ^Gehring WJ, Ikeo K (September 1999). "Pax 6: mastering eye morphogenesis and eye evolution".Trends in Genetics.15(9): 371–7.doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(99)01776-X.PMID10461206.
  8. ^Ravi V, Bhatia S, Gautier P, Loosli F, Tay BH, Tay A, Murdoch E, Coutinho P, van Heyningen V, Brenner S, Venkatesh B, Kleinjan DA (2013)."Sequencing of Pax6 loci from the elephant shark reveals a family of Pax6 genes in vertebrate genomes, forged by ancient duplications and divergences".PLOS Genetics.9(1): e1003177.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003177.PMC3554528.PMID23359656.
  9. ^Balling et al., 1988
  10. ^Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM):167409
  11. ^Medic S, Ziman M (April 2010). Soyer, H. Peter (ed.)."PAX3 Expression in Normal Skin Melanocytes and Melanocytic Lesions (Naevi and Melanomas)".PLOS ONE.5(4): e9977.Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9977M.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009977.PMC2858648.PMID20421967.
  12. ^Scholl FA, Kamarashev J, Murmann OV, Geertsen R, Dummer R, Schäfer BW (Feb 2001). "PAX3 is expressed in human melanomas and contributes to tumor cell survival".Cancer Res.61(3): 823–6.PMID11221862.
  13. ^Sosa-Pineda et al., 1997
  14. ^Collombat et al, 2003
  15. ^Walter and Gruss, 1991
  16. ^Oustanina, S; et al. (2004)."PAX7 directs postnatal renewal and propagation of myogenic satellite cells but not their specification".The EMBO Journal.23(16): 3430–3439.doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600346.PMC514519.PMID15282552.
  17. ^Mansouri et al.,1998

[1]==Further reading==

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This article incorporates text from the public domainPfamandInterPro:IPR001523
  1. ^Mansouri A et al. 1996
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