Penis
Penis | |
---|---|
Penis of anAsian elephant | |
Details | |
Precursor | Genital tubercle(amniotes) |
System | Reproductive system,sometimes with thegenitourinary system |
Identifiers | |
Latin | penis |
Anatomical terminology |
Apenis(/ˈpiːnɪs/;pl.:penisesorpenes) is a malesex organthat is used toinseminatefemale orhermaphroditeanimals duringcopulation.[1][2]Such organs occur in bothvertebratesandinvertebrates,but not in all male animals.
The termpenisapplies to manyintromittent organs,but not to all. As an example, the intromittent organ of mostCephalopodais thehectocotylus,a specialized arm, and male spiders use theirpedipalps.Even within theVertebrata,there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such ashemipenes.
Etymology
The word "penis" is taken from theLatinword for "tail".Some derive that fromIndo-European*pesnis,and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European*pesos.Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English, the penis was referred to as a "yard". TheOxford English Dictionarycites an example of the wordyardused in this sense from 1379,[3]and notes that in hisPhysical Dictionaryof 1684,Steven Blankaartdefined the wordpenisas "the Yard, made up of two nervous Bodies, the Channel, Nut, Skin, and Fore-skin, etc."[4]According toWiktionary,this term meant (among other senses) "rod" or "bar".
As with nearly any aspect of the body involved in sexual orexcretoryfunctions, the penis is the subject of manyslangwords andeuphemismsfor it, a particularly common and enduring one being "cock". SeeWikiSaurus:penisfor a list of alternative words for penis.
The Latin word"phallus"(fromGreekφαλλος) is sometimes used to describe the penis, although "phallus" originally was used to describerepresentations,pictorial or carved, of the penis.[5]
Evolution and function
The external genital organs appeared in theDevonian,about 410 million years ago, whentetrapodsbegan to abandon the aquatic environment.[8]In fact, the necessity to overcome the absence of a liquid phase in which to release the gametes was achieved through the transition tointernal fertilization.
Among amniotes, the development of an erectile penis occurred independently formammals,squamates(lizardsandsnakes),testudines(turtles), andarchosaurs(crocodilesandbirds).
Over time, birds have lost this organ, with the exception ofPaleognathaeandAnseriformes.[9]
The penis is anintromittent organused to transfersperminto the femalegenital tract(i.e.,vaginaorcloaca) for potentialfertilizationand, in the case ofplacentals,also for the excretion ofurine.[10][11]The penises of different animal groups are nothomologouswith each other, but were created several times independently of each other in the course of evolution.
Anerectionis the stiffening and rising of the penis, which occurs duringsexual arousal,though it can also happen in non-sexual situations. Duringejaculation,a series of muscular contractions delivers semen, containing malegametesknown as sperm cells orspermatozoa,from the penis. Ejaculation is usually accompanied byorgasm.
The last common ancestor of all livingamniotes(mammals, birds and reptiles) likely possessed a penis.[12]
Vertebrates
Birds
Most male birds (e.g.,roostersandturkeys) have acloaca(also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis arepaleognaths(tinamousandratites)[14]andAnatidae(ducks, geese and swans).[15]Themagpie goosein the familyAnseranatidaealso has a penis. A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall (in ducks) and being erected bylymph,not blood.[16]It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in a flaccid state, curls up inside the cloaca.
Mammals
As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable betweenmammalsof differentspecies.[17][18]In many mammals, the penis is retracted into aprepucewhen not erect. Mammals have eithermusculocavernouspenises, which expand while erect, orfibroelasticpenises, which become erect by straightening without expanding.[19]Preputial glandsare present in some prepuces. The penis bearsdistalpart of theurethrainplacental mammals.[10]Theperineumoftesticondmammals (mammals without ascrotum) separates theanusand the penis.
A bone called thebaculumis present in most placentals but absent in humans, cattle and horses.
In mammals, the penis is divided into three parts:[20]
- Roots (crura): these begin at thecaudalborder of thepelvic ischial arch.
- Body:the part of the penis extending from the roots.
- Glans:the free end of the penis. The penile glans is absent inchimpanzeesandbonobos.[21]
The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous,erectile tissue,which is a collection ofblood sinusoidsseparated by sheets ofconnective tissue(trabeculae).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg/220px-Image_from_page_91_of_%22Bulletin%22_%281918%29_%2820241179329%29.jpg)
Canine peniseshave a structure at the base called thebulbus glandis.[22][23]During copulation, thespotted hyenainserts his penis throughthe female's pseudo-penisinstead of directly through thevagina,which is blocked by the false scrotum. Thepseudo-penisand pseudo-scrotum, which are actually amasculinizedvulva,closely resemble the male hyena's genitalia, but can be distinguished from the male by the female's greater thickness and more roundedglans.[24]Domestic catshave barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimetre longbackwards-pointing spines.[25]
Marsupialsusually have bifurcated penises[26]that are retracted into a preputial sheath in the male'surogenital sinuswhen not erect.[27]Monotremesandmarsupial molesare the only mammals in which the penis is located inside the cloaca.[28][29]
Reptiles
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tupinambis_teguixin_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29_%288184632011%29.jpg/220px-Tupinambis_teguixin_%28Linnaeus%2C_1758%29_%288184632011%29.jpg)
Maleturtlesandcrocodilianshave a penis, while male specimens of the reptile orderSquamata,which aresnakesandlizards,have two paired organs calledhemipenes.Tuatarasmust use their cloacae for reproduction.[30]Due toevolutionary convergence,turtle and mammal penises have a similar structure.[31]
Fish
In some fish, the gonopodium, andropodium, andclaspersare intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins.[32]
Invertebrates
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Callosobruchus_analis_penis.jpg/220px-Callosobruchus_analis_penis.jpg)
Harvestmenare the only malearachnidsthathave a penis.
In maleinsects,the structure analogous to a penis is known as anaedeagus.The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called thecirrus.[33]
In 2010, entomologist Charles Linehard described a new genus ofbarkfliescalledNeotrogla.Species of this genus have sex-reversed genitalia: females have penis-like organs called gynosomes that are inserted into vagina-like openings of males during mating.[34]A similar female structure has also been described in the closely relatedAfrotrogla.[35]Scientists who study these insects have occasionally called the gynosome a "female penis"[36][37]and insisted to drop the definition of penis as "the male copulatory organ".[38]Motivations for using the term “female penis” include that such a term "is easier to understand and much more eye-catching"[39]and that the gynosome have "analogous features" with male penises.[38]Meanwhile, critics have argued that it does not fit the intromittent organ definition of "a structure that enters the female genital tract and deposits sperm".[40]
Heraldry
Pizzles are represented inheraldry,where the adjectivepizzled(orvilené[41]) indicates that part of an animatecharge's anatomy, especially if coloured differently.
See also
References
Citations
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Vilené: se dit un animal qui a la marque du sexe d'un autre émail que le corps
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