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Persecution

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"Persecuted" redirects here. For the film, seePersecuted(film).
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Members of the right-wingLapua Movementassault a formerRed officerand the publisher of thecommunistnewspaper at theVaasa rioton June 4, 1930, inVaasa,Finland.

Persecutionis the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group. The most common forms arereligious persecution,racism,andpolitical persecution,though there is naturally some overlap between these terms. The inflicting ofsuffering,harassment,imprisonment,internment,fear or pain are all factors that may establish persecution, but not all suffering will necessarily establish persecution. The threshold of severity has been a source of much debate.[1]

International law

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As part of theNuremberg Principles,crimes against humanityare part of international law. Principle VI of theNuremberg Principlesstates that

The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law:...

(c) Crimes against humanity:

Murder,extermination,enslavement,deportation,and other inhumane acts done against any civilian population, or persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried on in execution of or in connection with any crime against peace or anywar crime.

Telford Taylor,who was Counsel for the Prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials wrote "[at] the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the tribunals rebuffed several efforts by the prosecution to bring such 'domestic' atrocities within the scope of international law as 'crimes against humanity".[2]Several subsequent international treaties incorporate this principle, but some have dropped the restriction "in connection with any crime against peace or any war crime" that is in Nuremberg Principles.

TheRome Statuteof theInternational Criminal Court,which is binding on 111 states, defines crimes against humanity in Article 7.1. The article criminalizes certain acts "committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack". These include:

(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender.[3]..or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph [e.g. murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, apartheid, and other inhumane acts] or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court

Religious

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Main article:Religious persecution

Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group due to theirreligious affiliation.Not only theorists ofsecularization(who presume a decline ofreligiosityin general) would willingly assume that religious persecution is a thing of the past[citation needed].However, with the rise offundamentalismandreligiously related terrorism,this assumption has become even more controversial[citation needed].Indeed, in many countries of the world today, religious persecution is a Human Rights problem.

Atheists

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Main article:Discrimination against atheists

Atheistshave experienced persecution throughouttheir history.Persecution may refer to unwarranted arrest, imprisonment, beating, torture, or execution. It also may refer to the confiscation or destruction of property.

Baháʼís

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Main article:Persecution of Baháʼís

The persecution of Baháʼís refers to thereligious persecutionof Baháʼís in various countries, especially inIran,[4]which has the seventh largest Baháʼí population in the world, with just over 251,100 as of 2010.[5]TheBaháʼí Faithoriginated in Iran, and it represents the largest religious minority in that country.

Buddhists

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Main articles:Persecution of Buddhists,Decline of Buddhism in India,Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Bangladesh,Chakma people,Jumma people,Four Buddhist Persecutions in China,Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution,Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin,andHaibutsu kishaku
See also the categoriesPersecution of BuddhistsandPersecution by Buddhists

The persecution of Buddhists has been a widespread phenomenon throughout thehistory of Buddhism,a phenomenon which is continuing today. As early as the 3rd century AD, Buddhists were persecuted by Kirder, the Zoroastrian high priest of theSasanian Empire.[citation needed]

Anti-Buddhist sentiment inImperial Chinabetween the 5th and 10th century led to theFour Buddhist Persecutions in Chinaof which theGreat Anti-Buddhist Persecutionof 845 was probably the most severe. However, Buddhism managed to survive in China, but it was greatly weakened. During theNorthern Expedition,in 1926 inGuangxi,theKuomintangMuslim GeneralBai Chongxiled his troops on a campaign to destroy Buddhist temples and smash idols, they turned the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters.[6]During theKuomintang Pacification of Qinghai,the Muslim General Ma Bufang and his army wiped out many Tibetan Buddhists in the northeast and eastern Qinghai, and destroyedTibetan Buddhisttemples.[7]

TheMuslim invasion of the Indian subcontinentwas the first greaticonoclasticinvasion of theIndian subcontinent.[8]According to William Johnston, hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and shrines were destroyed, Buddhist texts wereburntby the Muslim armies, monks and nuns were killed on theIndo-Gangetic Plainduring the 12th and 13th centuries.[9]The Buddhist university ofNalandawas mistaken for a fort because of its walled campus. The Buddhist monks who had been slaughtered were mistaken forBrahminsaccording toMinhaj-i-Siraj.[10]The walled town, theOdantapurimonastery, was also destroyed by his forces. Sumpa based his account on that of Śākyaśrībhadra who was atMagadhain 1200, states that the Buddhist university complexes of Odantapuri andVikramshilawere also destroyed and the monks were massacred.[11]Muslim forces attacked the north-western regions of the Indian subcontinent many times.[12]Many places were destroyed and renamed. For example, Odantapuri's monasteries were destroyed in 1197 byMuhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khiljiand the town was renamed.[13]Likewise,Vikramashilawas destroyed by the forces of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji around 1200.[14]The sacredMahabodhi Templewas almost completely destroyed by the Muslim invaders.[15][16]Many Buddhist monks fled toNepal,Tibet, andSouth Indiato avoid the consequences of war.[17]Tibetan pilgrim Chöjepal (1179-1264), who arrived in India in 1234,[18]had to flee advancing Muslim troops multiple times, as they were sacking Buddhist sites.[19]

In Japan, thehaibutsu kishakuduring theMeiji Restoration(starting in 1868) was an event which was triggered by the official policy of separation ofShintoand Buddhism (orshinbutsu bunri). This policy caused great destruction toBuddhism in Japan,the destruction of Buddhist temples, images and texts took place on a large scale all over the country and Buddhist monks were forced to return to secular life.[citation needed]

During the2012 Ramu violencein Bangladesh, a 25,000-strong Muslim mob set fire to at least five Buddhist temples and dozens of homes throughout the town and throughout the surrounding villages after they saw a picture of an allegedly desecratedQuran,which they claimed had been posted onFacebookby Uttam Barua, a local Buddhist man.[20][21]

Christians

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Main article:Persecution of Christians
See also:Sectarian violence among Christians
See also the categoriesPersecution of ChristiansandPersecution by Christians
A Christian Dirce,byHenryk Siemiradzki.A Christian woman is martyred underNeroin this re-enactment of the myth ofDirce(painting byHenryk Siemiradzki,1897,National Museum,Warsaw).

The persecution of Christians isreligious persecutionthatChristiansmay be subjected to as a consequence of professingtheir faith,bothhistoricallyand in themodern era.Early Christianswere persecuted for theirfaithat the hands of bothJewsfromwhose religion Christianity aroseand theRoman Empirewhich controlled much of theland across which early Christianity was distributed.Early in the fourth century,the religion was legalized by theEdict of Milan,and it eventually became theState church of the Roman Empire.

Christian missionaries,as well as the people that they converted to Christianity, have been the target of persecution, many times to the point of beingmartyred for their faith.

There is also a history of individualChristian denominationssuffering persecution at the hands of other Christians under the charge ofheresy,particularly during the 16th centuryProtestant Reformationas well as throughout the Middle Ages when various Christian groups deemed heretical were persecuted by the Papacy.

In the 20th century, Christians have been persecuted by various groups, and byatheistic statessuch as theUSSRandNorth Korea.During theSecond World Warmembers of many Christian churches were persecuted inGermanyfor resisting theNaziideology.

In more recent times the Christian missionary organizationOpen Doors(UK) estimates 100 million Christians face persecution, particularly inMuslim-dominated countriessuch asPakistanandSaudi Arabia.[22][23]According to theInternational Society for Human Rights,up to 80% of all acts of persecution are directed against people of the Christian faith.[24]

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)

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Main article:Anti-Mormonism

The Missouriextermination orderforced Mormons to move to Illinois. This was afterSidney Rigdongave hisJuly 4th Orationwhich meant to state that Mormons would defend their lives and property. This speech was taken critically by thestate government.Missouri state militia troops slaughtered Mormons in what is now known as theHaun's Mill massacre.Their forcible expulsion from the state caused the death of over a hundred due to exposure, starvation, and resulting illnesses. The founder of the church,Joseph Smith,waskilledinCarthage, Illinoisby a mob of about 200 men, almost all of whom were members of the Illinois state militia including some members of the militia who were assigned to guard him. The Mormons suffered throughtarring and feathering,their lands and possessions being repeatedly taken from them, mob attacks, false imprisonments, and the US sending an army to Utah to deal with the "Mormon problem" in theUtah Warwhich resulted in a group of Mormons led byJohn D. Leemassacring settlers at theMountain Meadows Massacre.

Jehovah's Witnesses

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Main article:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses

Throughout the history ofJehovah's Witnesses,their beliefs, doctrines and practices have engenderedcontroversyand opposition from local governments, communities, and mainstream Christian groups.

Copts

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Main article:Persecution of Copts
See also:Category:Persecution of Copts

The persecution of Copts is a historical and ongoing issue inEgyptagainstCoptic Orthodox Christianityand its followers. It is also a prominent example of the poor status ofChristians in the Middle Eastdespite the religion being native to the region.Coptsare theChristfollowers in Egypt, usuallyOriental Orthodox,who currently make up around 10% of the population of Egypt — the largest religious minority of that country.[a]Copts have cited instances of persecution throughout their history andHuman Rights Watchhas noted "growing religious intolerance" and sectarian violence against Coptic Christians in recent years, as well as a failure by the Egyptian government to effectively investigate properly and prosecute those responsible.[29][30]

TheMuslim conquest of Egypttook place in AD 639, during theByzantine empire.Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained a mainly Christian, but Copts lost their majority status after the 14th century,[31]as a result of the intermittent persecution and the destruction of the Christian churches there,[32]accompanied by heavytaxesfor those who refused to convert.[33]From theMuslim conquest of Egyptonwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslims regimes,[34]such as theUmayyad Caliphate,[35]Abbasid Caliphate,[36][37][38]Fatimid Caliphate,[39][40][41]Mamluk Sultanate,[42][43]andOttoman Empire;the persecution of Coptic Christians included closing and demolishing churches andforced conversiontoIslam.[44][45][46]

Since 2011 hundreds of Egyptian Copts have been killed in sectarian clashes, and many homes, Churches and businesses have been destroyed. In just one province (Minya), 77 cases of sectarian attacks on Copts between 2011 and 2016 have been documented by theEgyptian Initiative for Personal Rights.[47]The abduction and disappearance of Coptic Christian women and girls also remains a serious ongoing problem.[48][49][50]

Dogons

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Main articles:Dogon peopleandDogon religion

For almost 1000 years,[51]theDogon people,an ancient tribe ofMali[52]had faced religious and ethnic persecution—through jihads by dominant Muslim communities.[51]These jihadic expeditions were to forced the Dogon to abandontheir traditional religious beliefsfor Islam. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and moved up to thecliffs of Bandiagarafor better defense and to escape persecution—often building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies.[51][53] In the early era ofFrench colonialismin Mali, the French authorities appointed Muslim relatives ofEl Hadj Umar Tallas chiefs of theBandiagara—despite the fact that the area has been a Dogon area for centuries.[54]

In 1864,Tidiani Tall,nephew and successor of the 19th centurySenegambianjihadist and Muslim leader—El Hadj Umar Tall, chose Bandiagara as the capital of theToucouleur Empirethereby exacerbating the inter-religious and inter-ethnic conflict. In recent years, the Dogon accused theFulanisof supporting and shelteringIslamic terroristgroups likeAl-Qaedain Dogon country, leading to the creation of the Dogon militiaDan Na Ambassagouin 2016—whose aim is to defend the Dogon from systematic attacks. That resulted in theOgossagou massacreof Fulanis in March 2019, and a Fula retaliation with theSobane Da massacrein June of that year. In the wake of the Ogossagou massacre, thePresident of Mali,Ibrahim Boubacar Keïtaand his government ordered the dissolution of Dan Na Ambassagou—whom they hold partly responsible for the attacks. The Dogon militia group denied any involvement in the massacre and rejected calls to disband.[55]

Druze

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Qalb Loze:in June 2015, Druze weremassacred thereby thejihadistNusra Front.[56]

Historically the relationship between theDruzeandMuslimshas been characterized by intense persecution.[57][58][59]TheDruzefaith is often classified as a branch ofIsma'ili.Even though the faith originally developed out ofIsmaili Islam,mostDruzedo not identify asMuslims,[60][61][62]and they do not accept thefive pillars of Islam.[63]TheDruzehave frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as theShiaFatimid Caliphate,[64]Mamluk,[65]SunniOttoman Empire,[66]andEgypt Eyalet.[67][68]The persecution of the Druze includedmassacres,demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places andforced conversionto Islam.[69]Those were no ordinary killings in the Druze's narrative, they were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative.[70]Most recently, theSyrian Civil War,which began in 2011, saw persecution of the Druze at the hands ofIslamic extremists.[71][72]

Ibn Taymiyyaa prominentMuslimscholarmuhaddith,dismissed the Druze as non-Muslims,[73]and hisfatwacited that Druzes: "Are not at the level of ′Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) normushrikin(polytheists). Rather, they are from the most deviant kuffār (Infidel)... Their women can be taken as slaves and their property can be seized... they are to be killed whenever they are found and cursed as they described... It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others ",[74]which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them asapostates.[75][76]Ottomanshave often relied on Ibn Taymiyya religious ruling to justify their persecution ofDruze.[77]

Falun Gong

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Main article:Persecution of Falun Gong

Falun Gongwas introduced to the general public byLi HongzhiinChangchun,China,in 1992. For the next few years, Falun Gong was the fastest growingqigongpractice in Chinese history and, by 1999, there were millions of practitioners. Following the seven years of widespread popularity, on July 20, 1999, the government of thePeople's Republic of Chinabegan a nationwide persecution campaign against Falun Gong practitioners, except in the special administrative regions ofHong KongandMacau.[78][79]In late 1999, legislation was created to outlaw "heterodox religions" and retroactively applied to Falun Gong.[80]Amnesty Internationalstates that the persecution is "politically motivated" with "legislation being used retroactively to convict people on politically-driven charges, and new regulations introduced to further restrict fundamental freedoms".[81]

Hindus

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Main article:Persecution of Hindus
See also the categoriespersecution of Hindusandpersecution by Hindus

Persecution of Hindus refers to thereligious persecutioninflicted uponHindusthat may undergo as a consequence of professing their faith, both historically and in the current era. Hindus have been brutally persecuted during the historicalIslamicrule of theIndian subcontinent[82][better source needed]and duringPortugueseruleofGoa.

Even in modern times, Hindus inPakistanandBangladeshhave suffered persecution. Most recently, thousands of Hindus fromSindhprovince in Pakistan have been fleeing toIndiavoicing fear for their safety. After thePartition of Indiain 1947, there were 8.8 million Hindus in Pakistan (excluding Bangladesh) in 1951. In 1951, Hindus constituted 1.58% of the Pakistani population.[83]Today, the Hindu minority amounts to 1.7 percent of Pakistan's population.[84]

TheBangladesh Liberation War(1971) resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. An article inTimemagazinedated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."[85]SenatorEdward Kennedywrote in a report that was part ofUnited States Senate Committee on Foreign Relationstestimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, mass rape and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked" H ". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law fromIslamabad".In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that 80% of the refugees in India were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such asUNESCOandWorld Health Organizationthe number of East Pakistani refugees at their peak in India was close to 10 million. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored",Pulitzer Prize–winning journalistSydney Schanbergwrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow" H "s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning thePakistan Army,which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well), (Newsday,29 April 1994).

In Bangladesh, on 28 February 2013, theInternational Crimes TribunalsentencedDelwar Hossain Sayeedi,the Vice President of theJamaat-e-Islamito death for the war crimes committed during the 1971Bangladesh Liberation War.Following the sentence, activists ofJamaat-e-Islamiand its student wingIslami Chhatra Shibirattacked the Hindus in different parts of the country. Hindu properties were looted, Hindu houses were burnt into ashes and Hindu temples were desecrated and set on fire.[86][additional citation(s) needed]The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, the rape of Hindu women,[citation needed]and thedesecrationand destruction of, according to community leaders, more than 50Hindu temples;1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts.[87][88]While the government has held theJamaat-e-Islamiresponsible for the attacks on the minorities, theJamaat-e-Islamileadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has directed the law enforcement to startsuo motuinvestigation into the attacks. US Ambassador to Bangladesh express concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community.[89][90]

Jews

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Main articles:Antisemitism,Persecution of Jews,andThe Holocaust
Kaunas pogrominGerman-occupied Lithuania,June 1941

Thepersecution of Jewsis a recurring phenomenon throughoutJewish history.It has occurred on numerous occasions in widely different geographic locations. It may includepogroms,lootingand the demolition of private and public Jewish property (e.g.,Kristallnacht), unwarranted arrest, imprisonment,torture,killing, or even mass execution (inWorld War IIalone, approximately six million people were deliberately killed because they were Jewish). They have beenexpelledfrom their hometowns/countries, hoping to find safe havens in other polities. In recent timesanti-Semitismhas often been manifested asAnti-Zionism,[91][92]where Anti-Zionism is a prejudice against the Jewish movement for self-determination and the right of the Jewish people to a homeland inthe State of Israel.Anti-Zionism can include threats to destroy the State of Israel (or otherwise eliminate its Jewish character), unfounded and inaccurate characterizations of Israel's power in the world, and language or actions that hold Israel to a different standard than other countries.[93]

Muslims

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Main article:Persecution of Muslims
See also:Persecution by Muslims
See also the categoriesPersecution of MuslimsandPersecution by Muslims
Mass grave where events of theSrebrenica massacreofBosnianMuslims unfolded

The persecution ofMuslimshas been a recurring phenomenon throughout thehistory of Islam.Persecution may refer to unwarranted arrest, imprisonment, beatings, torture, or execution. It may also refer to the confiscation or destruction of property, or incitement to hate Muslims.

Persecution can extend beyond those who perceive themselves to be Muslims and include those who are perceived by others as Muslims, or it can include Muslims who are considered non-Muslims by fellow Muslims. TheAhmadiyyaregard themselves as Muslims, but are seen by many other Muslims as non-Muslims and "heretics". In 1984, the Government ofPakistan,under GeneralZia-ul-Haq,passedOrdinance XX,[94]which banned proselytizing by Ahmadis and also banned Ahmadis from referring to themselves asMuslims.According to this ordinance, any Ahmadi who refers to oneself as a Muslim by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation, directly or indirectly, or makes the call for prayer as other Muslims do, is punishable by imprisonment of up to 3 years. Because of these difficulties,Mirza Tahir Ahmadmigrated to London.[citation needed]

Pagans

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See also:Category:Persecution of Pagans

Persecution of Pagansrefers to the historical and ongoing acts of religious intolerance, violence, and oppression against followers of pagan or polytheistic religions. This persecution has been carried out by various religious and political groups, including Christians, Muslims, and governments throughout history. The rise of Christianity as a state religion in theLate Roman Empireled to the persecution of Pagans, who were seen as a threat to the new faith and persecution of pagans have continued in Post-RomanEurope,Arabia, and North Africa. The destruction and conversion of pagan temples into churches, mosques, or other structures were common practices during theChristianization of the Roman Empireand later theSpread of IslaminMiddle East and North Africa.This was done to eradicate paganism and assert the dominance of Christianity and Islam. During theAge of Discovery,Many Europeans consider aspects ofNative American,African Tribes,Polynesian, andAboriginal Australianreligion as pagans, which attributed to theirgenocideandforced conversions.Some notable examples are thePersecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire,Christianisation of the Germanic peoples,Islamization of the Sudan region,Persecution of pagans under Theodosius I,Persecution of pagans under Constantius II,Scramble for Africa,Colonization of Australia,andColonization of the Americas.Modern Pagans, who practice various forms of paganism, are a religious minority in every country where they exist. They have been subject to religious discrimination and/or religious persecution. The largest modern Pagan communities are in North America and the United Kingdom, and the issue of discrimination receives most attention in those locations. Although the persecution of Pagans has decreased in recent centuries, it still exists in some parts of the world. The community of Pagans andWiccanscontinues to face Christian persecution, particularly in the United States, where they are frequently subjected to negative stereotypes and misconceptions, such as those perpetuated during theSatanic Panic.

Philosophers

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Main article:Persecution of philosophers
See also:Category:Persecution of philosophers

Philosophers throughout thehistory of philosophyhave been held in courts and tribunals for various offenses, often as a result of their philosophical activity, and some have even been put to death. The most famous example of a philosopher being put on trial is the case ofSocrates,who was tried for, amongst other charges, corrupting the youth and impiety.[95]Others include:

Serers

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Main articles:Serer religionandSerer history

The persecution of theSerer peopleofSenegal,GambiaandMauritaniais multifaceted, and it includes both religious and ethnic elements. Religious and ethnic persecution of the Serer people dates back to the 11th century whenKing War Jabiusurped the throne ofTekrur(part of present-day Senegal) in 1030, and by 1035, introducedSharia lawand forced his subjects to submit toIslam.[102]With the assistance of his son (Leb), theirAlmoravidallies and otherAfrican ethnic groups who have embraced Islam,the Muslim coalition army launchedjihadsagainst the Serer people of Tekrur who refused to abandonSerer religionin favour of Islam.[103][104][105][106]The number of Serer deaths are unknown, but it triggered the exodus of the Serers of Tekrur to the south following their defeat, where they were granted asylum by thelamanes.[106]Persecution of the Serer people continued from themedieval erato the 19th century, resulting inthe Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune.From the 20th to the 21st centuries, persecution of the Serers is less obvious, nevertheless, they are the object of scorn and prejudice.[107][108]

Sikhs

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Main articles:Chhota Ghallughara,Vadda Ghalughara,and1984 anti-Sikh riots
See also:Category:Persecution of Sikhs

The 1984 anti-Sikh riots or the 1984 Sikh Massacre was a series ofpogroms[109][110][111][112]directed againstSikhsinIndia,by anti-Sikh mobs, in response to theassassination of Indira Gandhi,on 31 October 1984, by two of her Sikhbodyguardsin response to her actions authorising the military operationOperation Blue Star.There were more than 8,000[113]deaths, including 3,000 in Delhi.[111]In June 1984, duringOperation Blue Star,Indira Gandhiordered theIndian Armyto attack theGolden Templeand eliminate any insurgents, as it had been occupied by Sikh separatists who were stockpiling weapons.Later operationsby Indian paramilitary forces were initiated to clear the separatists from the countryside ofPunjabstate.[114]

The Indian government reported 2,700 deaths in the ensuing chaos. In the aftermath of the riots, the Indian government reported 20,000 had fled the city, however thePeople's Union for Civil Libertiesreported "at least" 1,000displaced persons.[115]The most affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods inDelhi.TheCentral Bureau of Investigation,the main Indian investigating agency, is of the opinion that the acts of violence were organized with the support from the then Delhi police officials and the central government headed byIndira Gandhi's son,Rajiv Gandhi.[116]Rajiv Gandhi was sworn in as Prime Minister after his mother's death and, when asked about the riots, said "when a big tree falls, the earth shakes" thus trying to justify the communal strife.[117]

There are allegations that the government destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. TheAsian Agefront-page story called the government actions "the Mother of all Cover-ups"[118][119]There are allegations that the violence was led and often perpetrated by Indian National Congress activists and sympathisers during the riots.[120]The chief weapon used by the mobs,kerosene,was supplied by a group of Indian National Congress Party leaders who owned filling stations.[121]

Yazidis

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Main articles:Persecution of YazidisandPersecution of Yazidis by Muslim Kurds
See also:Category:Persecution of Yazidis

The Persecution ofYazidishas been ongoing since at least the 10th century.[122][123]TheYazidi religionis regarded asdevil worshipbyIslamists.[124]Yazidis have been persecuted by MuslimKurdishtribes since the 10th century,[122]and by theOttoman Empirefrom the 17th to the 20th centuries.[125]After the 2014Sinjar massacreof thousands of Yazidis by theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant,Yazidis still face violence from theTurkish Armed Forcesand its ally theSyrian National Army,as well as discrimination from theKurdistan Regional Government.According to Yazidi tradition (based on oral traditions and folk songs), estimated that 74 genocides against the Yazidis have been carried out in the past 800 years.[126][127][128][129]

Zoroastrians

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Main article:Persecution of Zoroastrians
See also:Category:Anti-Zoroastrianism
A Zoroastrian family inQajarIran about 1910.

Persecution of Zoroastriansis the religious persecution inflicted upon the followers of theZoroastrianfaith. The persecution of Zoroastrians occurred throughout the religion's history. The discrimination and harassment began in the form of sparse violence andforced conversions.Muslimsare recorded to have destroyedfire temples.Zoroastrians living underMuslimrule were required to pay a tax calledjizya.[130]

Zoroastrianplaces of worshipwere desecrated,fire templeswere destroyed and mosques were built in their place. Many libraries wereburnedand much of their cultural heritage was lost. Gradually an increasing number of laws were passed which regulated Zoroastrian behavior and limited their ability to participate in society. Over time, the persecution of Zoroastrians became more common and widespread, and the number of believers decreased by force significantly.[130]

Most were forced to convert due to the systematic abuse and discrimination inflicted upon them by followers ofIslam.Once a Zoroastrian family was forced to convert toIslam,the children were sent to anIslamic schoolto learnArabicand study the teachings ofIslam,as a result some of these people lost their Zoroastrian faith. However, under theSamanids,who were Zoroastrian converts to Islam, thePersian languageflourished. On occasion, the Zoroastrian clergy assisted Muslims in attacks against those whom they deemed Zoroastrian heretics.[130]

A Zoroastrian astrologer namedMulla Gushtasppredicted the fall of theZand dynastyto the Qajar army in Kerman. Because of Gushtasp's forecast, the Zoroastrians of Kerman were spared by the conquering army ofAgha Mohammad Khan Qajar.Despite the aforementioned favorable incident, the Zoroastrians during theQajar dynastyremained in agony and their population continued to decline. Even during the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the dynasty, many Zoroastrians were killed and some were taken as captives toAzerbaijan.[131]Zoroastrians regard the Qajar period as one of their worst.[132]During theQajar dynasty,religious persecution of the Zoroastrians was rampant. Due to the increasing contacts with influentialParsiphilanthropists such asManeckji Limji Hataria,many Zoroastrians leftIranforIndia.There, they formed the second major Indian Zoroastrian community known as theIranis.[133]

Ethnic

[edit]
Main article:Racism

Ethnic persecution refers to perceived persecution based onethnicity.Its meaning is parallel to that ofracism,(based onrace). TheRwandan genocideremains an atrocity that the indigenousHutuandTutsipeoples still believe is unforgivable. TheJapanese occupation of Chinacaused the death of millions of people, mostly peasants who were murdered after theDoolittle Raidin early-World War II.[citation needed]

Assyrians

[edit]
Main article:Assyrian people
See also:Category:Persecution of Assyrians

Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign ofYazdegerd I,Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time, they promotedNestorianChristianity as a buffer between the Churches ofRomeandPersia.Persecutions and attempts to imposeZoroastrianismcontinued during the reign ofYazdegerd II.[134][135]

During the eras of Mongol rule underGenghis KhanandTimur,there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.[136]

More recent persecutions since the 19th century include theMassacres of Badr Khan,theMassacres of Diyarbakır (1895),theAdana massacre,theAssyrian genocide,theSimele massacre,and theal-Anfal campaign.

Hazara people

[edit]
Main article:Persecution of Hazara people

TheHazara peopleof centralAfghanistanhave been persecuted byAfghanrulers at various times in the history. Since the tragedy of 9/11,Sunni Muslimterroristshave been attacking the Hazara community in southwestern Pakistani town ofQuetta,home to some 500,000 Hazara who fled persecution in neighbouring Afghanistan. Some 2,400 men, women and children have been killed or wounded withLashkar-e-Jhangviclaiming responsibility for most of the attacks against the community. Consequently, many thousands have fled the country seekingasylum in Australia.[citation needed]

Roma

[edit]
Main articles:Antiziganism,Porajmos,andRomani genocide
See also:Category:Antiziganism

Antiziganism is hostility,prejudice,discrimination orracismdirected against theRomani peopleas an ethnic group, or people who are perceived as being of Romani heritage.

ThePorajmoswas the planned and attempted effort, often described as agenocide,duringWorld War IIby the government ofNazi Germanyand its allies to exterminate the Romani (Gypsy) people of Europe. Under the rule ofAdolf Hitler,a supplementary decree to theNuremberg Lawswas issued on 26 November 1935, defining Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews. Thus, the fate of Roma in Europe in some ways paralleled that of the Jews.[137]Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Romani were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or more than 25% of the slightly less than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.[137]Ian Hancockputs the death toll as high as 1.5 million.[138]

Rohingyas

[edit]
Main article:Rohingya genocide
See also:2017 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar

The UN human rights chief slammedMyanmar's apparent "systematic attack" on theRohingyaminority, warning that "ethnic cleansing" seemed to be underway. Ethnic Rohingya Muslims who fled from security forces in Myanmar'sRakhine Statehave described killings, shelling, and arson in their villages that have all the hallmarks of a campaign of “ethnic cleansing,” Human Rights Watch said. “Rohingya refugees have harrowing accounts of fleeing Burmese army attacks and watching their villages be destroyed,” said Meenakshi Ganguly, South Asia director. “Lawful operations against armed groups do not involve burning the local population out of their homes.”[139]

Sri Lankan Tamils

[edit]
See also:1958 anti-Tamil pogromandBlack July

Widespread attacks on Sri Lankan Tamils came in the form of island wide ethnic riots, including The 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom and the Black July riots. Further persecution through murders, targeted rape and kidnapping occurred. Whilst previously, the majority of Tamils demanded instead for a separate state, by 1983 armed struggles against Sinhalese extremists began to rise, culminating in the formation of theLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[citation needed]

Uyghurs

[edit]
Further information:Persecution of Uyghurs in ChinaandXin gian g conflict

Uyghursand otherTurkic peoplesin modern-dayXin gian g(calledEast Turkestanbyindependence activists) declared two short-lived independentEast Turkestan Republicsin the 20th century.[140][141]In late 1949, the region and the rest of China came under the control of thePeople's Republic of China.[140]

Uyghur activist groups have said that anger towards the Chinese government has been fueled by years of state-sponsored oppression and discrimination.[140]In 2017, the China began a large-scale crackdown on the Xin gian g region, which it justifies as a counterterrorism campaign following sporadic terrorist attacks in Xin gian g.[140]Scholars estimate that the Chinese government detained over one million Uyghurs ininternment camps(also called re-education camps) in order to indoctrinate them away from religion andSinicizethem (assimilate them intoChinese culture).[140][141]Critics of the policy have described it as theSinicizationof Xin gian g and they have also called it anethnocideor acultural genocide,[142][143][144]while some governments, activists, independentNGOs,human rightsorganizations, academics, government officials, and theEast Turkistan Government-in-Exilehave called it agenocide.[145][146]

Based on genetics

[edit]

People with albinism

[edit]
Main article:Persecution of people with albinism

Persecution on the basis ofalbinismis frequently based on the belief that albinos are inferior to persons with higher concentration ofmelaninin their skin. As a result, albinos have been persecuted, killed and dismembered, and graves of albinistic people dug up and desecrated. Such people have also been ostracized and even killed because they are presumed to bringbadluck in some areas. Haiti also has a long history of treating albinistic people as accursed, with the highest incidence under the influence ofFrançois "Papa Doc" Duvalier.[citation needed]

People with autism

[edit]
Main article:Persecution of people with autism

People withautism spectrum disordershave commonly been victims of persecution, both throughout history and in the present era. InCameroonchildren with autism are commonly accused ofwitchcraftand singled out for torture and even death.[147][148]

Additionally, it is speculated that many of the disabled children murdered duringAction T4inNazi Germanymay have been autistic,[149]making autistic people among the first victims ofThe Holocaust.

LGBT

[edit]

A number of countries, especially those countries in theWestern world,have passed measures to alleviate discrimination againstsexual minorities,including laws againstanti-gayhate crimesandworkplace discrimination.Some countries have also legalizedsame-sex marriagesorcivil unionsin order to grant same-sex couples the same protections and benefits as those which are granted to opposite-sex couples. In 2011, theUnited Nationspassed its first resolution which recognizesLGBT rightsand, in 2015, same-sex marriages were legalized in all states of theUnited States.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^In 2017, theWall Street Journalreported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts."[25]In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt.[26]In 2015, theWall Street Journalreported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15-18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population."[27]TheCIA World Factbookreported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts).[28]

References

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  3. ^Article 7.3 of the Rome Statute, which constitutes "compromise text" states that "For the purpose of this Statute, it is understood that the term 'gender' refers to the two sexes, male and female, within the context of society. The term 'gender' does not indicate any meaning different from the above." While under international criminal law persecution based on Gender Identity is also prohibited, during the Rome Diplomatic Conference that adopted the ICC Statute, it was decided to define gender narrowly in order to overcome opposition from the Holy See and other states that were concerned that the ICC could theoretically also look into discriminatory practices of religious institutions. This provision was balanced with that of Article 10, which states that "Nothing in this Part shall be interpreted as limiting or prejudicing in any way existing or developing rules of international law for purposes other than this Statute."
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  44. ^Lyster, William (2013).The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau.Yale University Press.ISBN9789774160936.Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996—1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam
  45. ^N. Swanson, Mark (2010).The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517).American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54.ISBN9789774160936.By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian...
  46. ^ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt...These events also reflect the Muslim attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.
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Sources

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