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Petah Tikva

Coordinates:32°05′20″N34°53′11″E/ 32.08889°N 34.88639°E/32.08889; 34.88639
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Petah Tikva
פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה‎
City(from 1937)
Hebrew transcription(s)
• Also spelledPetah Tiqwa (official)
Petach Tikva, Petach Tikvah (unofficial)
Official logo of Petah Tikva
Emblem of Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva is located in Central Israel
Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva is located in Israel
Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva
Coordinates:32°05′20″N34°53′11″E/ 32.08889°N 34.88639°E/32.08889; 34.88639
Grid position139/166PAL
CountryIsrael
DistrictCentral
Founded1878;146 years ago(1878)
Government
• MayorRami Greenberg(Likud)
Area
• Total35,868dunams(35.868 km2or 13.849 sq mi)
Population
(2022)[1]
• Total255,387
• Density7,100/km2(18,000/sq mi)
Name meaningOpening of hope
Websitewww.petah-tikva.muni.il

Petah Tikva(Hebrew:פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה[ˈpetaχˈtikva],lit. 'Opening of Hope'), also known asEm HaMoshavot(lit. 'Mother of theMoshavot'), is a city in theCentral DistrictofIsrael,10.6 km (6.6 mi) east ofTel Aviv.It was founded in 1878, mainly byHaredi Jewsof theOld Yishuv,and became a permanent settlement in 1883 with the financial help ofBaron Edmond de Rothschild.

In 2022, the city had a population of 255,387,[1]being so thefifth-largest cityin Israel. Its population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre (16,260/sq mi). Its jurisdiction covers 35,868dunams(~35.9 km2or 15 sq mi). Petah Tikva is part of theTel Aviv Metropolitan Area.

Etymology

[edit]

Petah Tikva takes its name (meaning "Door of Hope" ) from the biblical allusion inHosea2:15: "... and make the valley of Achor a door of hope."[2]TheAchor Valley,nearJericho,was the original proposed location for the town.

History

[edit]
Petah Tikva in 1911

Tell Mulabbes,anarchaeological moundin modern Petah Tikva, is an important archaeological site from theYarkon Riverbasin, with habitation remains from the Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk and Late Ottoman periods.[3]The place was inhabited sporadically, and was known in Arabic asMulabbis.[3]

Petah Tikva in the 1920s

Petah Tikva was founded in 1878 byHarediJewish settlers from Europe, among themYehoshua Stampfer,Moshe Shmuel Raab,Yoel Moshe Salomon,Zerach Barnett,[4]and David Gutmann, as well asLithuanianRabbiAryeh Leib Frumkinwho built the first house.[5]It was the first modern Jewish agricultural settlement inOttoman Southern Syria(hence its nickname as "Mother of theMoshavot").

Petah Tikva in 1936
Petah Tikva in 1936

Originally intending to establish a new settlement in theAchor Valley,nearJericho,the settlers purchased land in that area. However,Abdülhamid IIcancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations.

In 1878, the founders of Petah Tikva learned of the availability of land northeast ofJaffanear the village of Mulabes (or Umlabes). The land was owned by twoChristianbusinessmen from Jaffa, Antoine Bishara Tayan and Selim Qassar, and was worked by some thirty tenant farmers. Tayan's property was the larger, some 8,500 dunams, but much of it was in the malarial swamp of theYarkon Valley.Qassar's property, approximately 3,500 dunams, lay a few kilometers to the south of the Yarkon, away from the swampland. It was Qassar's that was purchased on July 30, 1878. Tayan's holdings were purchased when a second group of settlers, known as the Yarkonim, arrived in Petah Tikva the following year.[6]Ottoman SultanAbdul Hamid IIallowed the purchase because of the poor quality of the land.[7]

Amalariaepidemic broke out in 1880, forcing the abandonment of the settlements on both holdings.[8]Those who remained in the area moved south toYehud.After Petah Tikva was reoccupied byBiluimmigrants in 1883, some of the original families returned. With funding for swamp drainage provided by BaronEdmond de Rothschild,the colony became more stable.[9]

Upon learning that the Austrian post office in Jaffa wanted to open a branch in Petah Tikva, Yitzchak Goldenhirsch, an early resident, offered his assistance on condition that the Austrian consulate issued a Hebrew stamp and a special postmark for Petah Tikva. The stamp was designed by an unknown artist featuring a plow, green fields and a blossoming orange tree. The price was 14paras(a Turkish coin) and displayed the name 'Petah Tikva' in Hebrew letters.[10]

David Ben Gurionlived in Petah Tikva for a few months on his arrival inPalestinein 1906. It had a population of around 1000, half of them farmers. He found occasional work in the orange groves.[11]But, he soon caught malaria and his doctor recommended he return to Europe.[12]The following year, after moving toJaffa,he set up a Jewish workers organisation in Petah Tikva.[13]

During theSinai and Palestine CampaignofWorld War I,Petah Tikva served as a refugee town for residents of Tel Aviv andJaffa,following their exile by the Ottoman authorities. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war.[citation needed]

British Mandate

[edit]
Petah Tikva peace treaty, 1927
Aerial view of Petah Tikva, late 1930s

In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region. In 1921, Petah Tikva was grantedlocal councilstatus by the British authorities. In May 1921, Petah Tikva was the target of an Arab attack, which left four of its Jewish inhabitants dead–an extension of theJaffa riots of 1921.[14]In 1927, Petah Tikva concluded a local peace treaty with the Arabs living nearby; subsequently, Petah Tikva was untouched by the1929 Palestine riots.

According to the1922 census of Palestineconducted by theBritish Mandate authorities,Petah Tikva had a total population of 3,032: 3,008 Jews, 22 Muslims and 2 Orthodox Christians.[15][16]

Petah Tikva Council in 1928

By the time the1931 censuswas taken, the population had increased to 6,880 inhabitants in 1,688 houses.[17]In 1937, it was recognized as a city. Its first mayor, Shlomo Stampfer, was the son of one of its founders,Yehoshua Stampfer.

Petah Tikva, a center of citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was granted to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, specifically referred to the relatively large Jewish settlement of Petah-Tikva. But, it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930.[18]

In 1931, Ben Gurion wrote that Petah Tikva had 5000 inhabitants and employed 3000 Arab labourers.[19]

In the 1930s, the pioneering founders ofKibbutz Yavnehfrom theReligious Zionist movementimmigrated to theBritish Mandate of Palestine,settling near Petah Tikva on land purchased by a Jewish-owned German company. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these pioneers began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel, operating from Petah Tikva as a base.[20]

State of Israel

[edit]

After the1948 Arab–Israeli War,Petah Tikva annexed all of the lands of the newly depopulatedPalestinianvillage ofFajja.[21]The city has suffered a series of terror attacks as a result of theongoing regional conflict,including thebombing of a vegetable market in 1977,and three attacks during theSecond Intifada:On May 27, 2002, a suicide bomber blew himself up at a small cafe outside a shopping mall, leaving two dead, including a baby;[22]on December 25, 2003, a suicide bomber blew himself up at a bus stop near the Geha bridge, killing 4 civilians,[23][24][25]and on February 5, 2006, a Palestinian got into a shuttle taxi, pulled out a knife, and began stabbing passengers killing two of them, but a worker from a nearby factory hit him with a log, subduing him.[26]

Residential high-rises in Petah Tikva
Grand Mall

After the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, several adjoining villages–Amishav andEin Ganimto the east (named after the biblical village (Joshua 15:34)), Kiryat Matalon to the west, towardsBnei Brak,Kfar Ganim and Mahaneh Yehuda to the south andKfar Avrahamon the north–were merged into the municipal boundaries of Petah Tikva, boosting its population to 22,000.

As of 2018, with a population of over 240,000 inhabitants, Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in theTel Aviv Metropolitan Area( "Gush Dan" ).

Petah Tikva is divided into 33 neighborhoods for municipal purposes.[27]

Economy

[edit]
Azorim high-tech park
TheIBMbuilding in Petah Tikva

Petah Tikva is the second-largest industrial sector in Israel after the northern city ofHaifa.The industry is divided into three zones—Kiryat Aryeh (named after Aryeh Shenkar, founder and first president of theManufacturers Association of Israeland a pioneer in the Israeli textile industry), Kiryat Matalon (named after Moshe Yitzhak Matalon), and Segula, and includes textiles, metalwork, carpentry, plastics, processed foods, tires and other rubber products, and soap.[28]

Numeroushigh-techcompanies and start-ups have moved into the industrial zones of Petah Tikva, which now house the Israeli headquarters for theOracle Corporation,IBM,Intel,Alcatel-Lucent,ECI Telecom,andGlaxoSmithKlinePharmaceuticals. The largestdata centerin Israel, operated by the company TripleC, is also located in Petah Tikva.[29]Furthermore, the IsraeliTevacompany, the world's largest generic drug manufacturer, is headquartered in Petah Tikva. One of Israel's leading food processing corporations,Osemopened in Petah Tikva in 1976 and has since been joined by the company's administrative offices, distribution center and sauce factory.Straussis also based in Petach Tikva.[30]

Over time, the extensive citrus groves that once ringed Petah Tikva have disappeared as real-estate developers acquired the land for construction projects. Many new neighborhoods are going up in and around Petah Tikva. A quarry for building stone is located east of Petah Tikva.[31] As well as generalhi-techfirms, Petah Tikva has developed a position as a base for many communications firms. As such, the headquarters of theBezeq Internationalinternational phone company is located in the Kiryat Matalon industrial zone as are those of the012 SmileInternet Service Provider.The headquarters ofTadiran Telecomare in the Ramat Siv industrial zone.Arutz Sheva,the right wingReligious ZionistIsraeli media network, operates an internet radio studio in Petah Tikva, where Arutz Sheva internet TV is located as well as the printing press for itsB'Shevanewspaper.[32]

The Israeli secret service,Shin Bet,has an interrogation facility in Petah Tikva.[33]

Transportation

[edit]
Main article:Transportation in Petah Tikva

Bus

[edit]

Petah Tikva is served by a large number of buses. A large number of intercityEggedbuses stop there, and the city has a network of local buses operated by theKavimcompany. TheDan bus companyoperates lines toRamat Gan,Bnei BrakandTel Aviv.[citation needed]Petah Tikva's largest bus terminal is the Petah Tikva Central Bus Station (Tahana Merkazit), while other major stations are located nearBeilinson HospitalandBeit Rivka.

Mainline rail

[edit]

Israel Railwaysmaintains two suburban railroad stations inSegulaandKiryat Aryeh,in the northern part of the city. A central train station near the main bus station is envisioned as part of Israel Railways's long-term expansion plan.

Road transport

[edit]

There are eight taxi fleets based in Petah Tikva, and the city is bordered by three of the major vehicle arteries in Israel: Geha Highway (Highway 4) on the west, the Trans-Samaria Highway (Highway 5) on the north, and the Trans-Israel Highway (Highway 6) on the east.[citation needed]

Santiago Calatrava designed bridge

[edit]
Bridge designed bySantiago Calatrava

Santiago Calatrava's bridge, a 50 metres (160 ft) long span Y-shaped cable-stayed pedestrianthree-way bridgeconnecting Rabin Hospital to a shopping mall, a residential development and a public park. The structure is supported from a 29-metre (95 ft) high inclined steel pylon, which is situated where the three spans intersect. Light in construction, the bridge is built principally of steel with a glass-paved deck.[34]

Light rail

[edit]

TheRed Lineof the Greater Tel Avivrapid transit/light railsystem connects Petah Tikva toBnei Brak,Ramat Gan,Tel AvivandBat Yam.TheRed Lineof theTel Aviv Light Railsystem is split into 2 branches upon entrance to Petah Tikva. One branch travels to an underground terminal at the Kiryat Aryeh railway station, while the other continues east to the Petach Tikva Central Bus Station. The Light Rail's train depot is also located at Kiryat Aryeh. It was opened to service on August 18, 2023.[35]

Local government

[edit]
Petah Tikva City Hall

Petah Tikva's history of government goes back to 1880, when the pioneers elected a council of seven members to run the new colony. From 1880 to 1921, members of the council were David Meir Guttman, Yehoshua Stampfer, Ze'ev Wolf Branda, Abraham Ze'ev Lipkis, Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, Chaim Cohen-Rice, Moshe Gissin, Shlomo Zalman Gissin andAkiva Librecht.This governing body was declared a local council in 1921, and Petah Tikva became a city in 1937.Kadima,the political party founded by former Israeli prime ministerAriel Sharon,had its headquarters in Petah Tikva.[36]

Yehoshua Stampfer

Council heads and mayors

[edit]
  • Shlomo Zalman Gissin (1921)
  • Pinchas Meiri (1922–1928)[37]
  • Shlomo Stampfer (1928–1937)
  • Shlomo Stampfer (1938–1940)
  • Yosef Sapir (1940–1950)
  • Mordechai Krausman (1951)
  • Pinchas Rashish (1951–1966)
  • Yisrael Feinberg (1966–1978)
  • Dov Tavori (1978–1989)
  • Giora Lev(1989–1999)
  • Yitzhak Ohayon (1999–2013)
  • Uri Ohad (2013)
  • Itzik Braverman (2013–2018)
  • Rami Greenberg(2018–)[38]

Schools and religious institutions

[edit]
Great Synagogue,Petah Tikva

Petah Tikva is home to 300 educational institutions from kindergarten through high school, catering to the secular, religious andHaredipopulations. There are over 43,000 students enrolled in these schools, which are staffed by some 2,400 teachers. In 2006, five schools participated in the nationwide Mofet program, which promotes academic excellence.[citation needed] Petah Tikva has seventeen public libraries, the main one located in the city hall building.[39]

Some 70,000 Orthodox Jews live in Petah Tikva. The community of Petah Tikva is served by 300 synagogues,[40]including the 120-year-oldGreat Synagogue,[41]eightmikvaot(ritual baths)[42]and two majorHarediyeshivot,Lomzhe YeshivaandOr-Yisrael(founded by theChazon Ish,Rabbi Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz).Yeshivat Hesder Petah Tikva,a Modern OrthodoxHesderYeshiva affiliated with theReligious Zionistmovement, directed by RabbiYuval Cherlow,is also located in Petah Tikva. Additionally, Rav Michael Laitman, PhD in Philosophy and Kabbalah (seeBnei Baruch), daily leads 200-300 students and hundreds of thousands virtually (some estimates of up to 2 million) in the method of Kabbalah learned from his teacher RavBaruch Ashlag,known as the RABASH.

Petah Tikva has two cemeteries: Segula Cemetery, east of the city, and Yarkon Cemetery, to the northeast.

Health care

[edit]
Rabin Medical Center(Belinson)

Six hospitals are located in the city. TheRabin Medical CenterBeilinson complex includes the Beilinson Medical Center, the Davidoff Oncologic Center, the Geha Psychiatric Hospital, theSchneider Pediatric Hospitaland Tel Aviv University's Faculty of Medical Research.[43]Other medical facilities in Petah Tikva are HaSharon Hospital, the Beit Rivka Geriatric Center, the Kupat Holim Medical Research Center and a private hospital, Ramat Marpeh, affiliated with Assuta Hospital. TheSchneider Pediatric Centeris one of the largest and most modern children's hospitals in the Middle East. In addition, there are many family health clinics in Petah Tikva as well as Kupat Holim clinics operated by Israel'shealth maintenance organizations.The city is also served byMayanei Hayeshua Medical Center,a Haredi hospital in nearby Bnei Brak.[citation needed]

Landmarks and cultural institutions

[edit]
Founders' Square

Petah Tikva's Independence Park includes a zoo at its northeastern edge, the Museum of Man and Nature, a memorial to the victims of the 1921 Arab riots, an archaeological display,Yad Labanimsoldiers' memorial, a local history museum, a Holocaust museum and thePetah Tikva Museum of Art.[44][45]

Sports

[edit]
HaMoshava Stadium

The main stadium in Petah Tikva is the 11,500-seatHaMoshava Stadium.Petah Tikva has twofootballteams –Hapoel Petah TikvaandMaccabi Petah Tikva.The local baseball team, thePetach Tikva Pioneers,played in the inaugural 2007 season of theIsrael Baseball League.The league folded the following year. In 2014, Hapoel Petah Tikva's women's football team recruited fiveArab-Israeliwomen to play on the team. One of them is now a team captain.[46]

Archaeology

[edit]

In November–December 2006 and May 2007, a salvage excavation was conducted at Khirbat Mulabbis, east of Moshe Sneh Street in Petah Tikva on behalf of theIsrael Antiquities Authority.Four main strata (I–IV) were identified, dating to the Byzantine period (fourth–seventh centuries CE; Stratum IV), Early Islamic period (eighth–tenth centuries CE; Stratum III), Crusader period (twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE; Stratum II) and Ottoman period (Stratum I).[47]

Notable people

[edit]
Gila Almagor
Yehuda Amichai
Gal Gadot
Avram Grant
[edit]

Petah Tikva is referenced in theTony Award-winning 2016 musicalThe Band's Visitas the main plot derives from a mix-up between the city and the fictional town of "Bet Hatikva" in the Negev Desert of southern Israel.[52]

Petah Tikva is known for being a part of a satiricalconspiracy theorywhich claims that it does not exist, much like the GermanBielefeld conspiracy.[53]"Free Petah Tikvah" became a meme during 2023.[54]

International relations

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Petah Tikva istwinnedwith:[55][56][57][58]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^"Petaḥ Tiqwa | Israel".Encyclopedia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-11-06.Retrieved2019-11-06.
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  54. ^"Israeli TikTok Influencer Mocks 'Palestinian' Rally: 'From the River to the Sea, Petah Tikvah Will Be Free'".The Jewish Press. October 11, 2023.Retrieved17 June2024.
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Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forPetah Tikva.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petah_Tikva&oldid=1229580314"