Philippa Roet

Philippa Roet
Born	Philippa de Roet c. 1346
Died	c. 1387 (aged 40–41)
Occupation	Lady-in-waiting
Spouse	Geoffrey Chaucer
Children	Elizabeth Chaucer Thomas Chaucer
Parent	Sir Gilles de Roet(father)
Relatives	Katherine Swynford(sister)

Philippa de Roet(also known asPhilippa PanorPhilippa Chaucer;c. 1346– c. 1387) was an English courtier, the sister ofKatherine Swynford(third wife ofJohn of Gaunt,Duke of Lancaster– a son ofKing Edward III) and the wife of the poetGeoffrey Chaucer.

Early life

Philippa was the daughter ofSir Gilles de Roet,who was a herald and, later, a knight ofHainaultand accompaniedQueen Philippato England.He later became theGuienneKing of Arms.There is no history of her mother, but it is thought that Philippa had two sisters and a brother:Katherine,Elizabeth, and Walter.Her father went to serve the queen's sister,Marguerite,who was the empress of Germany and the three younger children – Walter, Philippa and Katherine – were left in the care of Queen Philippa.

It was her father's relationship with royalty that gave Philippa and her family high status and a reputation among the upper class, who took Philippa in as a 'domicella', orlady-in-waiting.This phase of her life began with the households ofElizabeth of UlsterandQueen Philippa,and ended withConstance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster.These associations proved to be valuable, as Philippa began to receive annuities fromEdward III,Richard II,andJohn of Gaunt,Costanza's husband.

Philippa is believed to have picked up the nickname "Philippa Pan" while working at Elizabeth of Ulster's household. There are records from 1357 to 1359 from the house of Elizabeth of Ulster which mention "a lady designated as Philippa Pan"."Pan" may have been an abbreviation of "Panetaria", meaning mistress of the pantry, which is most likely where Philippa worked in the Ulster household.The name might also come from her father, who sometimes went by 'Paon' or Payne.

Marriage to Chaucer and adulthood

Geoffrey Chaucerwas commissioned to work as a page in Elizabeth's household in 1357, where Philippa was already working as a domicella,caring for her infant daughter, Philippa ofEltham.This is where they are believed to have met; Philippa was around 10 years old at the time and Chaucer was said to be around 12.After Elizabeth's death, both were sent to work for thequeen.Their marriage might have been arranged byQueen Philippaherself in September 1366.It was apparently tradition for domicellas andesquirewho worked in the same household to marry.

Once married, although granddaughter Philippa of Eltham was grown, it was decided they would continue working for her and the king.As a result of this marriage,Queen PhilippaandKing Edward IIIgranted a lifetime annuity to the couple in 1366. This payment allowed the Chaucers to set up a household within the royal one. Chaucer was then taken into the King's household in 1367 and began to receive his own annuity. These salaries gave the Chaucers great financial security and a good lifestyle. After the death of the queen, Philippa went to the service ofCostanza of CastileandJohn of Gaunt,theDuke of Lancaster.Following Costanza's death in 1394, John wed his mistress, Katherine, who was Philippa's sister. This connection significantly increased the Chaucers' status in society. Philippa was much in favour in court as a lady-in-waiting and her husband continued to elevate his reputation. He worked as aController of Customsand royal agent. Due to the varying nature of their jobs, Chaucer and Philippa were often forced to spend much of their time apart. This may explain why very little is known about their marriage. Philippa Roet was somewhat higher born than her husband and consideration has been given to the parallels between their relationship and the one in Chaucer's "Franklin's Tale",which details the relationship between a lower-born knight and a higher-born lady.

Children

It is probable that Chaucer and Philippa had "two sons and two daughters", whose birthdates are unknown. A lurid conspiracy theory was put forth, first byMary Eliza Haweisin the late nineteenth-century, and then again more influentially by Russell Kraus in 1932, that "one or two" of these children had been illicitly fathered byJohn of Gaunt.Many scholars, including almost all modern Chaucerians have argued against this theory; H. A. Kelly, for example, has effectively demonstrated that this belief is likely false as John of Gaunt having sexual relations with two sisters would have been considered incest and would have required additionalpapal dispensationfor him to marry Katherine.Samantha Katz Seal argues that literary critics deliberately encouraged the idea of a "harlot" Philippa for the same reason that earlier critics had believed in a "shrewish" Philippa, namely that alienating Chaucer from his wife and domestic circles allowed these critics to imagine a more masculine Chaucer, and to claim that they, his critics, understood Chaucer better than anyone else ever had, especially his wife.

Elizabeth is thought to be the eldest of their children. She is likely the Elizabeth Chaucer who, along with a Margaret Swynford, was nominated anunby royal privilege at the accession ofRichard IIin 1377, thus she may have been born as early as 1364. She may have been a nun inBarking Abbey;there are records of an "Elizabeth Chausier"and her nickname being "Chaucy"which leads historians to believe that she was their daughter. It has been suggested that she was named afterElizabeth of Ulster,however it is worth remembering that Philippa had an elder sister, named Elizabeth/Isabel.

Thomas,the eldest son and most well known, might have been born around 1367 judging from the dates he entered the military; it has been suggested, primarily by Russell Kraus, that he was the son ofJohn of Gaunt,whom he served under and received favours from; however, as stated previously, this parentage is unlikely. A strong relationship with Philippa has been suggesteddue to an assumption that Thomas chose to bear her coat of arms over Chaucer's. However, in the Special Collections of theHarvard Libraryis a deed with the name and seal of Thomas Chaucer using the arms of his father Geoffrey and there is no known example of Thomas Chaucer ever using a seal with the arms of his mother.Confusion over this has likely come about because the tomb of him and his wife, constructed by their daughter,Alice Chaucer,Duchess of Suffolk,uses Roet rather than Chaucer arms.

Very little is known of Lewis and Agnes, the second son and younger daughter. However, it is recorded that Lewis was born in 1381 and sent to the school atOxfordat age 10; it is also known that Chaucer'sTreatise on the Astrolabewas written for Lewis.Agnes, who is believed to be his second daughter, was alady-in-waitingatHenry IV's coronation in 1399.

Death

Although there is no precise evidence, Philippa is thought to have died in 1387, due to her last recorded pension being on 18 June 1387.This is evidenced by Chaucer's last recorded overseas journey, which was in the same year. It is also suggested that he may have fallen out of favour with the court following her presumed death.

There is a tomb in the church of St Mary,East WorldhaminHampshire,that is thought to be Philippa's.