Phillip Tobias

Phillip Tobias FRS
Phillip Vallentine Tobias
Born	Phillip Vallentine Tobias (1925-10-14)14 October 1925 Durban,Natal,South Africa
Died	7 June 2012(2012-06-07)(aged 86) Johannesburg, South Africa
Nationality	South African
Alma mater	University of Witwatersrand
Known for	Paleoanthropologicalandevolutionarywork
Awards	Fellow of the Royal Society
Scientific career
Fields	Anthropology
Thesis	Chromosomes, Sex Cells, and Evolution in the Gerbil(1953)

Phillip Vallentine TobiasFRS(14 October 1925 – 7 June 2012)was a South Africanpalaeoanthropologistand Professor Emeritus at theUniversity of the WitwatersrandinJohannesburg.He was best known for his work at South Africa's hominid fossil sites.He was also an activist for the eradication ofapartheidand gave numerous anti-apartheid speeches at protest rallies and also to academic audiences.

Academic life

Born inDurban,Natalon 14 October 1925, the only son and second child of Joseph Newman Tobias and his wife, Fanny (née Rosendorff), Phillip received his first schooling inBloemfonteinatSt Andrew's Schooland in Durban at theDurban High School.In 1945, he started his career as demonstrator in histology and instructor in physiology at theUniversity of Witwatersrand.He received his Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Histology and Physiology in 1946–1947. In 1948 he was elected President of theNational Union of South African Students(NUSAS). He graduated in Medicine,Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgeryin 1950. He was appointed as a lecturer in anatomy in 1951. In 1953, he received hisDoctor of Philosophyfor a thesis entitledChromosomes, Sex-Cells, and Evolution in the Gerbil.

In 1955, Tobias started his post-graduate research at theUniversity of Cambridge,England, where he filled the position of Nuffield Dominion Senior Traveling Fellow in physical anthropology. The following year, at theUniversity of Michiganat Ann Arbor and theUniversity of Chicago,he was the Rockefeller Traveling Fellow in anthropology, human genetics, and dental anatomy and growth. In 1959, he became Professor and Head of the Department of Anatomy and Human Biology at the University of the Witwatersrand, succeeding his mentor and eminent scholar, ProfessorRaymond Dart.In 1967, he was awarded aDoctor of Sciencein palaeoanthropology for his work on hominid evolution. During this period he attended the University of the Witwatersrand. He was Dean of Medicine from 1980 to 1982. He was appointed Honorary Professor of Palaeoanthropology at theBernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Researchin 1977 and Honorary Professor in Zoology in 1981.Also in 1981, Tobias became a founding member of theWorld Cultural Council.

Tobias excavated at theSterkfontein cavesand worked at almost all other major sites in Southern Africa after 1945. He also opened some 25 archaeological sites inBotswanaduring the French Panhard-Capricorn Expedition while conducting a biological survey of the Tonga People of Zimbabwe. He was one of the anthropologists instrumental in unmasking thePiltdown fraud.

Research

His research has been mainly in the fields of paleoanthropology and the human biology of Africa's various populations. He has studied the KalahariSan,theTonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe,and numerous peoples of Southern Africa. Tobias is best known for his research on hominid fossils and human evolution, having studied and described hominid fossils from Indonesia, Israel, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Zambia. His best known work was on the hominids of East Africa, particularly those of theOlduvai Gorge.Collaborating withLouis Leakey,Tobias identified, described and named the new speciesHomo habilis.Cambridge University Press published two volumes on the fossils ofHomo habilisfrom the Olduvai Gorge. He is closely linked with the archaeological excavation at theSterkfonteinsite, a research programme he initiated in 1966. The Sterkfontein caves, which were already well known by his predecessor, Professor Raymond Dart, were used as a vehicle for introducing the second year anatomy students to anthropology and have seen the most sustained excavation of a single site in the world. This site has yielded the largest single sample ofAustralopithecus africanusas well as the first known example of Homo habilis from Southern Africa. It is now aWorld Heritage Site.

He published in 1970 an article in which he questioned the link between brain-size, race and intelligence.

Achievements and awards

Bust of Tobias at the Sterkfontein caves

Tobias is one of South Africa's most honoured and decorated scientists, and a world leading expert on human prehistoric ancestors; he has been nominated three times for a Nobel Prize, received a dozen honorary doctorates and been awarded South Africa's Order for Meritorious Service. Tobias published over 600 journal articles and authored or co-authored 33 books and edited or co-edited eight others. He has received honorary degrees from seventeen universities and other academic institutions in South Africa, the United States of America, Canada and Europe. He has been elected as a fellow, associate or honorary member of over 28 learned societies. These include being elected a foreign associate of theNational Academy of Sciences(USA),aFellow of the Royal Society of London(1996),and a member of both theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesand theAmerican Philosophical Society.

Among the medals, awards and prizes he has received are theBalzan Prizefor Physical Anthropology (1987) and the Charles R. Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award of theAmerican Association of Physical Anthropologists(1997). The Royal Society of South Africa is very sparing with its honours, and Tobias is one of only two South African Honorary Fellows of the Society and one of very few recipients of its senior medal, theJohn HerschelMedal.

He held the positions of Professor Emeritus of Anatomy and Human Biology at the University of the Witwatersrand, Honorary Professor of Palaeo-anthropology, Honorary Professorial Research Associate and Director of theSterkfonteinResearch Unit, and Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large ofCornell University,Ithaca, New York USA. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania,University of KwaZulu-Natal,Cambridge University and other institutions.

Books

• Humanity from Naissance to Coming Millennia– This book covers important recent advances in humanbiologyand humanevolutionarystudies. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, from Human Biology, Human Evolution (Emerging Homo, Evolving Homo, Early Modern Humans), Dating, Taxonomy and Systematics, to Diet and Brain Evolution.
• Into the Past– In this autobiographical work Tobias recounts the first 40 years of his life through anecdotes, experiences and philosophies.
• Images of Humanity: Selected Writings of Phillip V. TobiasHardcover – December 31, 1991;ISBN978-1874800231– This is a valuable collection of the writings of an acclaimed academic who made important contributions to the sciences and humanities. Always wary of intense specialization, Tobias over the years fostered an interest in the human, social, anthropological and historical sciences. His early studies were in medicine, his PhD was awarded for his thesis.

Death

On 7 June 2012, Tobias died after a long illness, at a Johannesburg hospital aged 86.He was buried at the West Park Jewish Cemetery in Johannesburg on 10 June 2012.

References

• Tribute to Phillip Valentine Tobias by the Royal Society Of South Africa on the Occasion of his 80th Birthdayat theWayback Machine(archived 2006-09-24)
• Minnesota State Universityat theWayback Machine(archived 2007-06-09)
• Goodrum, Matthew R. (2013). "Obituary: Phillip Vallentine Tobias (1925–2012)".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.150(2): 167–169.doi:10.1002/ajpa.22182.ISSN0002-9483.PMID23180609.