Photo comics

Photo comicsare a form ofsequential storytellingthat uses photographs rather than illustrations for the images, along with the usual comics conventions of narrative text and word balloons containing dialogue. They are sometimes referred to in English asfumetti,^[1]photonovels,^[2]photoromances,^[3]and similar terms. The photographs may be of real people in staged scenes, or posed dolls and other toys on sets.

Although far less common than illustrated comics, photo comics have filled certain niches in various places and times. For example, they have been used to adapt popular film and television works into print, tell originalmelodramas,and provide medical education. Photo comics have been popular at times in Italy and Latin America, and to a lesser extent in English-speaking countries.

Terminology

The terminology used to describe photo comics is somewhat inconsistent and idiosyncratic.Fumettiis anItalianword (literally "little puffs of smoke", in reference toword balloons), which refers in that language to any kind of comics. Because of the popularity of photo comics in Italy,fumettibecame aloanwordin English referring specifically to that technique. By extension, comics which use a mixture of photographic and illustrated imagery have been described asmezzo-fumetti( "half" fumetti).^[4]^[5]Meanwhile, theSpanishtermfotonovela– referring to popular photo-comics melodramas in Latin America – was adapted in English asfotonovel^[6]orphotonovel,^[7]and came to be associated primarily with film and television adaptations, which were marketed using those terms. Variations such as "photo funnies"^[8]and "photostories"^[6]have also been used.

In Italian, a photo comic is referred to as afotoromanzo( "photonovel", plural:fotoromanzi). In Spanish-speaking countries, the termfotonovelarefers to several genres of photo comics, including original melodramas.

History

There were attempts at photo comics in the early days oftabloidsin the United States; as early as 1927 theNew York Daily NewsfeaturedZiegfeld FolliesstarsEddie CantorandFrances Uptonappearing in sequential photographs, telling jokes (presumably from theFolliesscripts) with speech bubbles superimposed.^[9]

Photo comics emerged in Italy in the 1940s and expanded into the 1950s.^[10]^[11](ActressSophia Lorenworked for a time as a model.^[10]) The lurid Italian crime photo comicKillingran from 1966 through 1969, and was reprinted in other countries; it has been reprinted and revived numerous times since then.

The technique spread to Latin America, first adapting popular films, then for original stories. By the 1960s, there were about two dozenfotonovelamovie adaptations circulating in Latin America and nearly three times as many original works.^[12]They remained popular in Mexico into the late 1980s, when 70 million copies offotonovelaswere printed each month.^[12]

Photo comics first became successful in the United States and Canada withHarvey Kurtzman'sHelp!magazine, which ran humorous photo stories from 1960 to 1965. Similar "Foto Funnies" – often featuring female nudity – were a regular feature ofNational Lampoonmagazine beginning in the early 1970s.

During the 1970s, lines of American paperback books were marketed as "Fotonovels" and "Photostories", adapting popular films and television shows. Although home video largely supplanted this market in the 1980s, a small number of photo comic adaptations continued to be produced as promotional tie-ins to the original work.

Photo comics were common in British magazines such asJackiein the 1980s, and a few are still published. There are a number of photo newspaper strips in the UK and the form was popular in girl's comics in the 1980s. Boy's comics of the early 1980s such asLoad Runnerand the relaunchedEaglealso experimented with photo comics but without much success; when theEaglewas revamped, former photo comic strips such asDoomlordcontinued as illustrated strips.

Online series such asNight Zero,A Softer World,andAlien Loves Predatorare more recent examples of photo comics. In 2007, theWeb Cartoonist's Choice Awardsgave the first award for "Outstanding Photographic Comic".^[13]In 2010 and 2011 the bilingual photo comicUnion of Heroeswas nominated for the "Web-Sonderman" -Awards for the best German webcomic.^[14]In the 2010s, cartoonistJohn Byrne– inspired by 1970s photo comics adaptations ofStar Trekepisodes – produced a series of "photonovel adventures" which combined stills from the series with original digitally rendered background illustrations and new dialogue, to produce new stories featuring the characters.^[15]

Software applications such asComic Life,Comic Strip It, and Strip Designer, which allow users to add word balloons and sound effects to their personal photos and incorporate them into storytelling layouts, have revived some interest in the medium.^[16]

Common genres

TV and movie adaptations

In the United States, one of the common uses of photo comics has been TV and film adaptations, usually abridged for length. Still frames from the film or video are reproduced, often in simple grids but sometimes with creative layouts and cropping, overlaid with balloons with abbreviated dialogue from the screenplays. They are a cost-effective way to adapt films and TV series into comics without the expense of commissioning illustrations, and were a way for consumers to revisit motion-picture stories before the widespread availability of affordable home recording and video playback equipment such as VCRs.^[12]^[2]

Educational

The widespread familiarity offotonovelasin Spanish-language culture makes photo comics an effective vehicle for health promotion and health education.^[17]Since the small pamphlets can be traded among individuals, they possess an element of portability that traditional materials lack. Both health and non-health entities^[18]^[19]^[20]have utilized the fotonovela as informational pamphlets. The fotonovelas produced by these organizations present information in a variety of illustrated forms but usually contain a summation of key points at the end. Health educators have also utilized the fotonovela because the medium overcomes issues of health literacy, which is the degree to which individuals can obtain, process and understand basic health information to make appropriate health decisions,^[21]in their target audience. Most providers believe that health education materials designed specifically for patients with low health literacy would be helpful:^[22]however, written educational materials found in most health settings have been deemed to have serious deficiencies.^[23]

Notable examples

Original photo comics

The Brick Bible,stories from the Bible illustrated using photos ofLegofigurines and sets, as well as speech balloons and caption boxes
Killing^[24]
A Softer WorldbyJoey Comeauand Emily Horne.^[25]
DoomlordbyAlan GrantandJohn Wagner.
Alien Loves Predatorby Bernie Hou.^[26]^[27]
Transparent Lifeby Charlie Beck^[28]
Night Zeroby Anthony van Winkle and Eli Black-Mizuta.^[29]
The series3hoog,YpeandDe Uitgeverijby Dutch comics artist Ype Driessen.^[30]
The one-shot albumDe Hete Urbanus(The Hot Urbanus) in theUrbanusseries byWilly LinthoutandUrbanus.^[31]
Urbanus,KamagurkaandHerr Seelemade some one-shot photo comics in the 1980s for the magazineHumo.^[32]^[33]
Louis SalvériusandRaoul Cauvinonce made a one-shot photo comic strip parodying their own seriesLes Tuniques Bleueswith themselves dressed up as their characters.^[34]
Mannetje en Mannetje(Little Man and Little Man) byHanco KolkandPeter de Wit.^[35]
Christopher's Punctured RomancebyTerry Gilliam,starringJohn Cleese.^[36]
Jean Teuléis a French cartoonist who takes photographs or makes photocopies, which he then changes with colors and pencil.^[37]
@$$holeby Trevor Mueller^[38]^[39]
Kwakzalver en Knettergekby Nix.^[40]
God en Klein Pierkenby Nix and Bart Schoofs.^[40]
The work of Dutch Internet artist Kakhiel.^[41]
Crimefightersby Fjodor Buis andThé Tjong-Khing.^[42]
Happenstanceby Stephen Saperstein Frug, which used color photographs, sometimes intentionally blurred, to tell the story of a character withprosopagnosia(the inability to recognize faces).^[43]^[44]
Artful Design: Technology in Search of the Sublimea book byGe Wang.^[45]
Punkmagazine byJohn Holmstromet al. frequently used the photo comics format for interviews and other features, notably in the case of two full-length photo comics "The Legend of Nick Detroit" (#6, October 1976), and "Mutant Monster Beach Party" (#15, July/August 1978).^[46]

Film adaptations

(Many marketed as "Fotonovels" )

Alien(1979 film) (large format)
Americathon(1979)
The Best ofRockyand the CompleteRocky II(1979)
Blair Witch Project,The(2000)
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century(1979)
Can't Stop the Music(1980)
The Champ(1979)
Charlie's Angels(2000)
Cheech and Chong's Next Movie(1980)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind(1977)
Grease(1978)
Hair(1979)
Heaven Can Wait(1978)
Ice Castles(1978)
Invasion of the Body Snatchers(1978)
The Jerk(1979)
Little Shop of Horrors(1986), adapted by Robert and Louise Egan
The Lord of the Rings(1978)
Love at First Bite(1979)
Nashville(1975)
Nightwing(1979)
Outland(1981) (large format)
Revenge of the Pink Panther(1979)
The Rocky Horror Picture Show(1975)
Saturday Night Fever(1977)
Star Trek: The Motion Picture:The Photostory,edited by Richard J. Anobile (1980)
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan:Photostory,by Richard J. Anobile (1982)

Television adaptations