Piast dynasty
(Redirected fromPiast)
| Piast | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country | |
| Founded | c. 9th century |
| Founder | Piast the Wheelwright(legendary) Mieszko I of Poland(historical) |
| Final ruler | Casimir III the Great(Kingdom of Poland) Yuri II Boleslav(Galicia-Volhynia) Janusz III(Masovia) George IV William of Legnica(Silesia) |
| Titles |
|
| Dissolution | 1388 (outside Silesia and Masovia) 1675 (male) 1707 (female) |
| Branches |
|
TheHouse of Piastwas the first historical rulingdynastyofPoland.[3]The first documentedPolish monarchwas DukeMieszko I(c. 960–992).[4]ThePiasts' royal rule in Polandended in 1370 with the death of KingCasimir III the Great.
Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in theDuchy of Masovia(until 1526) and in theDuchies of Silesiauntil the last maleSilesian Piastdied in 1675. The Piasts intermarried with several noble lines of Europe, and possessed numerous titles, some within theHoly Roman Empire.TheJagielloniankings ruling after the death ofCasimir IV of Polandwere also descended in the female line from Casimir III's daughter.
Origin of the name
[edit]The early dukes and kings of Poland are said to have regarded themselves as descendants of the semi-legendaryPiast the Wheelwright(Piast Kołodziej),[5]first mentioned in theCronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum(Chronicles and deeds of the dukes or princes of the Poles), written c. 1113 byGallus Anonymus.However, the term "Piast Dynasty" was not applied until the 17th century.[6][7]In a historical work, the expression Piast dynasty was introduced by the Polish historianAdam Naruszewicz;it is not documented in contemporary sources.[8][9]
History
[edit]
The first "Piasts", probably ofPolandescent, appeared around 940 in the territory ofGreater Polandat the stronghold ofGiecz.[10]Shortly afterwards they relocated their residence toGniezno,where Prince Mieszko I ruled over theCivitas Schinesghefrom about 960. The Piasts temporarily also ruled overPomerania,Bohemiaand theLusatias,as well as part ofRuthenia,and the HungarianSpišregion in present-daySlovakia.The ruler bore the title of adukeor aking,depending on their position of power.
The Polish monarchy had to deal with the expansionist policies of the Holy Roman Empire in the west, resulting in a chequered co-existence, with Piast rulers like Mieszko I,Casimir I the RestorerorWładysław I Hermantrying to protect the Polish state by treaties, oath of allegiances and marriage alliances with the ImperialOttonianandSaliandynasties. The BohemianPřemyslid dynasty,the HungarianArpadsand theirAnjousuccessors, theKievan Rus',later also theState of the Teutonic Orderand theGrand Duchy of Lithuaniawere mighty neighbours.
The Piast position was decisively enfeebled by an era of fragmentation following the 1138Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth.For nearly 150 years, the Polish state shattered into several duchies, with the Piast duke against the formally valid principle ofagnatic seniorityfighting for the throne atKraków,the capital of the Lesser PolishSeniorate Province.Numerous dukes likeMieszko III the Old,Władysław III SpindleshanksorLeszek I the Whitewere crowned, only to be overthrown shortly afterwards, and others restored and ousted, at times repeatedly. The senior branch of the Silesian Piasts, descendants ofBolesław III Wrymouth's eldest son DukeWładysław II the Exile,went separate ways and since the 14th century were vassals of theBohemian Crown.
After the Polish royal line and Piast junior branch had died out in 1370, the Polish crown fell to the Anjou kingLouis I of Hungary,son of late King Casimir's sisterElizabeth Piast.TheMasovianbranch of the Piasts became extinct with the death of DukeJanusz IIIin 1526. The last ruling duke of the Silesian Piasts wasGeorge William of Legnicawho died in 1675. His uncle CountAugust of Legnica,the last male Piast, died in 1679. The last legitimate heir, DuchessKarolina of Legnica-Briegdied in 1707 and is buried inTrzebnica Abbey.Nevertheless, numerous families, like the illegitimate descendants of the Silesian dukeAdam Wenceslaus of Cieszyn(1574–1617), link their genealogy to the dynasty.
Coat of arms
[edit]About 1295,Przemysł IIused a coat of arms with a whiteeagle[11]– a symbol later referred to as the Piast coat of arms or as thePiast Eagle.[12] TheSilesian Piastsin the 14th century used an eagle modified by a crescent, which became the coat of arms of theDuchy of Silesia.
Piast rulers
[edit]Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. For a list of all rulers, seeList of Polish monarchs.
Legendary dukes of the Polans
[edit]| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chościsko
| 7th century | 7th century | 8th century | A legendary member of thePolans tribe | Polans(Tribe) |  |
| Piast the Wheelwright | 8th century | 8th century | 9th century | A legendary ruler of thePolans Son of Chościsko, father of Siemowit Founder of the Piast dynasty | Piast |  |
Siemowit
| 9th century | 9th century | 9th century | A semi-legendary ruler of thePolans,son ofPiast the WheelwrightandRzepicha | Piast |  |
Lestek
| 9th / 10th centuries | 9th / 10th centuries | 9th / 10th centuries | A semi-legendary ruler of thePolans,son of Siemowit | Piast |  |
Siemomysł
| 10th century | 10th century | 10th century | A semi-legendary ruler of thePolans,son of Lestek | Piast |  |
Dukes and Kings of Poland
[edit]| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mieszko I of Poland
| ca. 940 – 25 May 992 | ca. 960 | 992 | Son of Siemomysł First Christian monarch Misico, dux Wandalorum | Piast |  |
Bolesław I the Brave
| 967 – 17 June 1025 | Duke: 992 King: 18 April 1025 | Duke: 18 April 1025 King: 17 June 1025 | Son of Mieszko I andDobrawa of Bohemia First to be crowned King Regnum Sclavorum, Gothorum sive Polonorum | Piast |  |
Mieszko II Lambert
| ca. 990 – 10/11 May 1034 | 1025 | 1031 | Son of Bolesław I andEmnilda of Lusatia | Piast |  |
Bezprym
| ca. 986 – 1032 | 1031 | 1032 | Son of Bolesław I andJudith of Hungary(disputed) | Piast |  |
Otto Bolesławowic
| 1000–1033 | 1032 | 1032 | Son of Bolesław I and Emnilda | Piast | |
Theodorick
| after 992 – after 1032 | 1032 | 1032 /1033 | Grandson of Mieszko I andOda of Haldensleben | Piast | |
Mieszko II Lambert
| ca. 990 – 10/11 May 1034 | 1032 | 1034 | Restored | Piast | |
Bolesław the Forgotten
| before 1016 – 1038 or 1039 | 1034 | 1038 /1039 | Semi-legendary, existence disputed | Piast | |
Casimir I the Restorer
| 25 June 1016 – 28 November 1058(aged 42) | 1039 | 1058 | Son of Mieszko II andRicheza of Lotharingia | Piast |  |
Bolesław II the Bold
| ca. 1041 or 1042 – 2 or 3 April 1081 or 1082 | Duke: 1058 King: 1076 | Duke: 1076 King: 1079 | Son of Kazimierz I andMaria Dobroniega of Kiev | Piast |  |
Władysław I Herman
| ca. 1044 – 4 June 1102 | 1079 | 1102 | Son of Kazimierz I and Maria Dobroniega | Piast |  |
Zbigniew
| ca. 1073 – 8 July 1113 | 1102 | 1107 | Son of Władysław I and Przecława ofPrawdzic coat of arms(disputed) First jointly with Władysław I 1098–1102 | Piast |  |
Bolesław III Wrymouth
| 20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138(aged 52) | 1107 | 1138 | Son of Władysław I andJudith of Bohemia First jointly with Władysław 1098–1102 Introducedsenioral principle | Piast |  |
High Dukes of Poland (Fragmentation of the Kingdom)
[edit]| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Władysław II the Exile
| 1105 – 30 May 1159 | 1138 | 1146 | Son of Bolesław III andZbyslava of Kiev Also Duke of Silesia Exiled by his brothers | Piast |  |
Bolesław IV the Curly
| ca. 1125 – 5 January 1173 | 1146 | 1173 | Son of Bolesław III andSalomea of Berg Also Duke of Masovia | Piast |  |
Mieszko III the Old
| ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 | 1173 | 1177 | Son of Bolesław III and Salomea Also Duke of Greater Poland | Piast |  |
Casimir II the Just
| ca. 1138 – 5 May 1194 | 1177 | 1190 | Son of Bolesław III and Salomea Also Duke of Wiślica and Sandomierz | Piast |  |
Mieszko III the Old
| ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 | 1190 | 1190 | Restored | Piast | |
Casimir II the Just
| ca. 1138 – 5 May 1194 | 1190 | 1194 | Restored | Piast | |
Leszek I the White
| ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 | 1194 | 1198 | Son of Casimir II andHelen of Znojmo Also Duke of Sandomierz | Piast |  |
Mieszko III the Old
| ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 | 1198 | 1199 | Restored | Piast | |
Leszek I the White
| ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 | 1199 | 1199 | Restored | Piast | |
Mieszko III the Old
| ca. 1127 – 13 March 1202 | 1199 | 1202 | Restored | Piast | |
Władysław III Spindleshanks
| ca. 1161/66 – 3 November 1231 | 1202 | 1202 | Son of Mieszko III andEudoxia of Kiev Also Duke of Greater Poland | Piast |  |
Leszek I the White
| ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 | 1202 | 1210 | Restored | Piast | |
Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
| ca. 1130 – 16 May 1211 | 1210 | 1211 | Son of Władysław II andAgnes of Babenberg Also Duke of Silesia | Piast |  |
Leszek I the White
| ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 | 1211 | 1225 | Restored | Piast | |
Henryk I the Bearded
| ca. 1165 – 19 March 1238 | 1225 | 1225 | Grandson of Władysław II, son ofBolesław I the Talland Krystyna Also Duke of Silesia | Piast |  |
Leszek I the White
| ca. 1186 – 24 November 1227 | 1225 | 1227 | Restored Assassinated | Piast | |
Władysław III Spindleshanks
| ca. 1161/66 – 3 November 1231 | 1227 | 1229 | Restored | Piast | |
Konrad I of Masovia
| ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247 | 1229 | 1232 | Son of Kazimierz II and Helen of Znojmo Also Duke of Masovia | Piast |  |
Henryk I the Bearded
| ca. 1165 – 19 March 1238 | 1232 | 1238 | Restored | Piast | |
Henryk II the Pious
| ca. 1196 – 9 April 1241 | 1238 | 1241 | Son of Henry I and SaintHedwig of Andechs(Saint Hedwig of Silesia) Also Duke of Wroclaw and Greater Poland Fell atBattle of Legnica | Piast |  |
Bolesław II Rogatka
| ca. 1220 – 1225 | 1241 | 1241 | Son of Henry II andAnne of Bohemia Also Duke of Silesia | Piast | |
Konrad I of Masovia
| ca. 1187/88 – 31 August 1247 | 1241 | 1243 | Restored | Piast | |
Bolesław V the Chaste
| 21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279 | 1243 | 1279 | Son of Leszek the White andGrzymislawa of Luck | Piast |  |
Leszek II the Black
| ca. 1241 – 30 September 1288 | 1279 | 1288 | Paternal grandson of Konrad I of Masovia Maternal grandson of Henry II Son ofCasimir I of KuyaviaandConstance of Wrocław | Piast |  |
Bolesław II of Masovia
| ca. 1251 – 20 April 1313 | 1288 | 1288 | Grandson of Konrad I of Masovia Duke of Masovia | Piast |  |
Henryk IV Probus
| ca. 1257/58 – 23 June 1290 | 1288 | 1289 | Paternal grandson of Henryk II Maternal grandson of Konrad I Son ofHenry III the Whiteand Judyta of Masovia Duke of Lower Silesia | Piast |  |
Bolesław II of Masovia
| ca. 1251 – 20 April 1313 | 1289 | 1289 | Restored | Piast | |
Władysław I the Elbow-high
| 1261 – 2 March 1333 | 1289 | 1289 | Grandson of Konrad I of Masovia Son of Kazimierz I of Kujawia andEuphrosyne of Opole | Piast |  |
Henryk IV Probus
| ca. 1257/58 – 23 June 1290 | 1289 | 1290 | Restored | Piast | |
Kings of Poland (Reunification attempts)
[edit]| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Przemysł II
| 14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296(aged 38) | High Duke: 1290 King: 1295 | High Duke: 1291 King: 1296 | Grandson of Henryk II Son ofPrzemysł IandElisabeth of Wrocław Also Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland and Pomerania | Piast |  |
Kings of Poland (Reunited Kingdom)
[edit]| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Władysław I the Elbow-high
| 1261 – 2 March 1333 | 1320 | 1333 | Restored Re-united the Kingdom of Poland | Piast | |
Casimir III the Great
| 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370(aged 60) | 1333 | 1370 | Son of Władysław I the Elbow-high andJadwiga of Kalisz Regarded as one of the greatest Polish monarchs | Piast |  |
Female Piasts
[edit]Queens consort
[edit]
- Świętosława,supposed daughter ofMieszko I of Poland,Queen consortof Denmark, Norway, Sweden and England, mother ofCnut the Great,King of all England,DenmarkandNorway
- Świętosława of Poland,daughter ofCasimir I the Restorer,Queen consort of Bohemia
- Richeza of Poland, Queen of Sweden,daughter ofBolesław III Wrymouth,Queen consort of Sweden, mother ofCanute V of Denmark,King of Denmark andSophia of Minsk,Queen consort of Denmark
- Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile,daughter ofWładysław II the Exile,Queen consort of LeónandGalicia,Queen consort of Castile,Empress of All Spains
- Salomea of Poland,daughter ofLeszek I the White,Queen consort ofHalych
- Fenenna of Kuyavia,daughter ofZiemomysł of Kuyavia,Queen consort of Hungary
- Elizabeth Richeza of Poland,daughter ofPrzemysł II,Queen consort of PolandandBohemia
- Viola of Cieszyn,daughter ofMieszko I, Duke of Cieszyn,Queen consort of Hungary, Bohemia and Poland
- Maria of Bytom,daughter ofCasimir of Bytom,Queen consort of Hungary
- Beatrice of Silesia,daughter ofBolko I the Strict,Queen of the Romans
- Hedwig of Kalisz,daughter ofBolesław the Pious,Queen consort of Poland, mother ofCasimir III the GreatKing of Poland andElizabeth of PolandQueen consort of Hungary
- Elizabeth of Poland,daughter ofWładysław I the Elbow-high,Queen consort of Hungary, mother ofLouis I,King of Poland, Hungary andCroatiaandCharles I of Hungary,King of Hungary and Croatia
- Anna of Świdnica,daughter ofHenry II, Duke of Świdnica,Queen consort of Germany,of Bohemia andHoly Roman Empress,mother ofWenceslaus IV of Bohemia,King of the Romansand of Bohemia
- Hedwig of Sagan,daughter ofHenry V of Iron,Queen consort of Poland
Other
[edit]- Karolina of Legnica-Brieg,last legitimate member of the entire dynasty, Duchess ofSchleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
Priesthood
[edit]Archbishops
[edit]- Bolesław of Toszek– Archbishop ofEsztergom
- Władysław of Wroclaw– Archbishop ofSalzburg
Bishops
[edit]- Jarosław of Opole– Bishop of Wrocław
- Mieszko of Bytom– Bishop ofNitraand ofVeszprém
- Henry of Masovia– Bishop of Płock
- Jan Kropidło– Bishop of Poznań,Włocławek,KamieńandChełmno,Archbishop of Gniezno (only formally)
- Wenceslaus II of Legnica– Bishop of Lebus and of Wrocław
- Henry VIII of Legnica– Bishop of Wrocław
- Konrad IV the Elder– Bishop of Wrocław
- Alexander of Masovia– Bishop of Trento
- Casimir III of Płock– Bishop of Płock
Family tree of Piasts
[edit]| Chościsko | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Piast the Wheelwright HOUSE OF PIAST | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Siemowit duke of Polans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lestek duke of Polans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Siemomysł duke of Polans | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mieszko I of Poland duke of Poland | Czcibor prince | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Bolesław I the Brave king of Poland | Vladivoj duke of Bohemia | Mieszko I prince | Świętopełk prince | Lambert prince | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bezprym duke of Poland | Mieszko II Lambert king of Poland | Otto prince | Dytryk prince | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bolesław the Forgotten duke of Poland | Casimir I the Restorer duke of Poland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bolesław II the Generous king of Poland | Władysław I Herman duke of Poland | Mieszko prince | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mieszko prince of Cracow | Zbigniew prince | Bolesław III Wrymouth duke of Poland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Władysław II the Exile duke of Silesia BRANCH OF SILESIA | Bolesław IV the Curly high duke of Poland | Mieszko III the Old duke of Greater Poland BRANCH OF GREATER POLAND | Henry duke of Sandomierz | Casimir II the Just duke of Masovia BRANCH OF LESSER POLAND | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leszek duke of Masovia | Odon duke of Greater Poland | Stephen prince | Mieszko the Younger duke of Kalisz | Władysław III Spindleshanks duke of Greater Poland | Leszek the White duke of Sandomierz | Konrad I duke of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Władysław duke of Greater Poland | Bolesław V the Chaste duke of Sandomierz | Bolesław I duke of Masovia | Casimir I duke of Kuyavia | Siemowit I duke of Masovia BRANCH OF MASOVIA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Przemysl I duke of Greater Poland | Bolesław the Pious duke of Greater Poland | Leszek II the Black duke of Sieradz | Ziemomysł duke of Inowrocław | Władysław I the Elbow-high king of Poland | Casimir II duke of Łęczyca | Siemowit duke of Dobrzyń | Konrad II duke of Masovia | Bolesław II duke of Masovia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Przemysł II king of Poland | Leszek duke of Inowrocław | Przemysł duke of Inowrocław | Kazimierz III duke of Inowrocław | Casimir III the Great king of Poland | Leszek duke of Dobrzyń | Władysław the Hunchback duke of Dobrzyń | Bolesław duke of Dobrzyń | Siemowit II duke of Warsaw | Trojden I duke of East Masovia | Wenceslaus duke of Plock | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anna of Poland ∞William, Count of Celje | Bolesław-Jerzy II king of Galicia-Volhynia | Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia duke of Masovia | Casimir I duke of Warsaw | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anna of Cilli ∞Władysław II Jagiełło king of Poland | Janusz I duke of Warsaw | Siemowit IV duke of Plock BRANCH OF PLOCK | Henry bishop of Plock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Janusz the Younger heir | Bolesław heir | Konrad Januszowic prince | Siemovit V duke of Plock | Alexander bishop of Trento | Casimir III duke of Plock | Trojden II duke of Plock | Wladysław I duke of Plock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boleslaw IV duke of Warsaw | Siemovit VI duke of Plock | Wladysław II duke of Plock | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Konrad III Rudy duke of Warsaw | Casimir III bishop of Plock | Bolesław V duke of Plock | Janusz II duke of Plock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stanisław duke of Warsaw | Janusz III duke of Warsaw | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also
[edit]
- Kings of Poland family tree
- List of Polish rulers
- Dukes of Silesia
- Silesian Piasts
- Dukes of Masovia
- Dukes of Greater Poland
- Dukes of Teschen
- Dukes of Leczyca
- Dukes of Sieradz
- Category:House of Piast
- Wawel Castle
- Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
- Duchy of Bohemia
- King of Poland
- King of Rus'
- Duke of the Polans
- Duke of Poland
- Duke of Krakow
- Duke of Kuyavia
- Duke of Sandomierz
- Duke of Sieradz-Łęczyca
- Duke of Bohemia
References
[edit]- ^A. Małecki, Studya heraldyczne [Heraldic Studies], vol. I, Lwów 1890, pp. 268–285; M. L. Wójcik, Ród Gryfitów do końca XIII wieku. Pochodzenie – genealogia – rozsiedlenie, Historia CVII, Wrocław 1993, p. 39.
- ^Rodowód książąt pomorskich Edward Rymar Książnica Pomorska, 2005, page 53
- ^"FamilyTreeDNA – Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy".familytreedna.Retrieved22 June2019.
- ^Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (28 October 2013).Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places.Routledge.ISBN9781136639517.
- ^Ulwencreutz, Lars (2013).Ulwencreutz's the Royal Families in Europe.Lulu. p. 191.ISBN9781304581358.
- ^Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN Warsaw 1975 vol. III p. 505
- ^"Piast Dynasty".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved30 March2011.
The name Piast was not applied to the dynasty until the 17th century.
- ^Juliusz Bardach (1957).Historia państwa i prawa Polski do roku 1795: Bardach, J. Historia państwa i prawa Polski do połowy XV wieku.Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. p. 68.
- ^Jacek Hertel (1980).Imiennictwo dynastii piastowskiej we wcześniejszym średniowieczu.Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 31, 160.ISBN978-83-01-01662-3.
- ^"Gniezno czy Giecz, czyli skąd pochodzi dynastia?".Gniezno czy Giecz, czyli skąd pochodzi dynastia? – Gniezno czy Giecz, czyli skąd pochodzi dynastia? – Wydarzenia – Wiedza – Historia Poszukaj.Retrieved22 June2019.
- ^Tomaney, William."Poland Today » White eagle regains its crown".Poland Today » White eagle regains its crown.Retrieved9 May2019.
- ^ Górczyk, Wojciech, "Półksiężyc, orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów"http://histmag.org/?id=3057&act=ac[clarification needed][year needed]
External links
[edit]| International | |
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