Spicara
| Spicara | |
|---|---|
| |
| Spicara flexuosa | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Spariformes |
| Family: | Sparidae |
| Genus: | Spicara Rafinesque,1810 |
| Type species | |
| Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Spicarais agenusofray-finned fishbelonging to thefamilySparidae,which includes the seabreams and porgies. These fishes are found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The species in the genus are known aspicarels.
Taxonomy
[edit]Spicarawas first proposed as amonospecific genusin 1810 by the FrenchnaturalistandpolymathConstantine Samuel Rafinesquewhen hedescribedSpicara flexuosaas a new species.[1]Rafinesque gave thetype localityofS. flexuosaasSicily.[2]The generaSpicaraandCentracanthuswere formerly classified within the family Centracanthidae butphylogeneticanalyses recovered the family Sparidae as paraphyletic if Spicara was not included within it. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the picarels in the family Sparidae within theorderSpariformesby the 5th edition ofFishes of the World.[3]Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Boopsinae,[4]but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[3]
Etymology
[edit]Spicarais a vernacular name for picarels, particularlyS. flexuosain Italy. This is presumed to derive fromspica,"a spike", orspicare,meaning "in the form of or furnished with a spike", Rafinesque did not explain why he chose this name.[5]
Species
[edit]There are currently eight recognized species in this genus:[6]
- Spicara alta(Osório,1917)(Bigeye picarel)
- Spicara australis(Regan,1921)(Southern picarel)
- Spicara axillare(Boulenger,1900)(Windtoy)
- Spicara flexuosum(Rafinesque,1810)[7][8]
- Spicara maena(Linnaeus,1758)(Blotched picarel)
- Spicara martinicus(Valenciennes,1830)
- Spicara melanurusValenciennes, 1830)(Blackspot picarel)
- Spicara nigricauda(Norman,1931)(Blacktail picarel)
- Spicara smaris(Linnaeus, 1758)(Picarel)
Characteristics
[edit]Spicarapicarels have oblong bodies which are deeper than the length of the head. They have a continuous dorsal fin with the bases of the soft rayed parts of both the dorsal and theanal finare enclosed in a scaly sheath.[9]The largest species in the genus isS. axillariswith a maximum publishedtotal lengthof 38 cm (15 in) while with a maximum published total length of 20 cm (7.9 in)S. nigricaudais the smallest species.[6]
Distribution
[edit]Spicarapicarels are found mainly in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean and the western Indian Ocean.[6]There is one speciesS. martinicumwhich is known only from itsholotypecollected off the island ofMartiniquein theCaribbean Sea.[10]
References
[edit]- ^abEschmeyer, William N.;Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.)."Genera in the family Sparidae".Catalog of Fishes.California Academy of Sciences.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^Eschmeyer, William N.;Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.)."Species in the genusSpicara".Catalog of Fishes.California Academy of Sciences.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^abNelson, J.S.;Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016).Fishes of the World(5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons.pp. 502–506.doi:10.1002/9781119174844.ISBN978-1-118-34233-6.LCCN2015037522.OCLC951899884.OL25909650M.
- ^Parenti, P. (2019)."An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae".FishTaxa.4(2): 47–98.
- ^Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024)."Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE".The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database.Christopher Scharpf.Retrieved20 February2024.
- ^abcFroese, Rainer;Pauly, Daniel (eds.)."Species in genusSpicara".FishBase.October 2023 version.
- ^Bektas Y.; Aksu I.; Kalayci G.; Irmak E.; Engin S.; Turan D. (2018)."Genetic differentiation of threeSpicara (Pisces: Centracanthidae) species,S. maena, S. flexuosaandS. smaris:and intraspecific substructure ofS. flexuosain Turkish coastal waters ".Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.18(2): 301–311.doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v18_2_09.
- ^Imsiridou A.; Minos G.; Gakopoulou A.; Katsares V.; Karidas T.; Katselis G. (2011). "Discrimination of two picarel speciesSpicara flexuosaandSpicara maena (Pisces: Centracanthidae)based on mitochondrial DNA sequences ".Journal of Fish Biology.78(1): 373–377.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02858.x.PMID21235569.
- ^Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". InPhillip C Heemstra;Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; andJohn E Randall(eds.).Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean(PDF).Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315.ISBN978-1-990951-32-9.
- ^Carpenter, K.E.;Russell, B.& Pollard, D. (2014)."Spicara martinicus".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2014:e.T170287A1309077.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170287A1309077.en.Retrieved20 February2024.