Pieter Geyl

Pieter Geyl
Pieter Geijl
Born	(1887-12-15)15 December 1887 Dordrecht,Netherlands
Died	31 December 1966(1966-12-31)(aged 79) Utrecht,Netherlands
Alma mater	University of Leiden
Spouses	Maria Cornelia van Slooten (1911–1933) Garberlina Kremer ​ (m.1934)​

Pieter Catharinus Arie Geyl(15 December 1887,Dordrecht– 31 December 1966,Utrecht) was a Dutch historian, well known for his studies in early modern Dutch history and inhistoriography.

Background

Geyl was born inDordrechtand graduated from theUniversity of Leidenin 1913. His thesis was on Christofforo Suriano, the Venetian Ambassador in the Netherlands from 1616 to 1623. He was married twice, first to Maria Cornelia van Slooten in 1911 (who died in 1933) and secondly to Garberlina Kremer in 1934.

Early career

Geyl worked as a teacher at Stedelijk Gymnasium Schiedam (grammar school) inSchiedam(1912–1913) before going on to serve as the London correspondent forNieuwe Rotterdamsche Courantnewspaper. During this time, Geyl befriended many influential people inBritain.In 1919 Geyl took up a professorship in Dutch history at theUniversity of London,where he taught until 1935. In 1935, Geyl returned home to become a professor at theUniversity of Utrecht.

In 1928 Geyl became correspondent of theRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences;he resigned in 1936. In 1946 he joined the Academy again, this time as full member.

Wartime experiences

In 1940, Geyl wrote an article on how historians viewNapoleon.It was due to be published in June 1940, but after the German occupation in May 1940, the publishers declined to publish Geyl's article out of the fear that comparisons could be made between Napoleon andAdolf Hitler.In September 1940, Geyl used his article for the basis of series of lectures at theRotterdam School of Economics.In October 1940 theSD(Security Service) of theSStook Geyl hostage in retaliation for what the Germans alleged to be maltreatment of Germans interned in theDutch East Indies.Geyl spent thirteen months at theBuchenwaldconcentration camp.Even after his release from Buchenwald, Geyl continued to be held by the Germans at a Dutch prison until he was finally released for medical reasons in February 1944.

In 1945 Geyl became the chair of history at the University of Utrecht. In his opening address, he called for his students to disprove political and cultural myths that could lead to movements likeNational Socialism.Geyl was a critic of theSonderweginterpretation of German history that argued thatNazi Germanywas the inevitable result of the way German history developed. In particular, Geyl defended the German historianLeopold von Rankeagainst the charge of being a proto-Nazi.

Geyl's historical outlook

Geyl was best known as a critic of the British historianArnold J. Toynbee,who seemed to maintain that he had discovered "laws" of history that proved how civilisations rise and fall. Geyl often debated Toynbee both on the radio and in print. He accused Toynbee of selective use of evidence to support pre-conceived notions and of ignoring evidence that did not support his thesis. In addition, Geyl considered Toynbee's theory to be simplistic, ignoring the full complexity of the past; he regarded Toynbee's theory of "challenge and response" to explain historical change as too loose and a catch-all definition. Finally, Geyl was opposed to Toynbee's apparent claim that Western civilisation was in terminal decline.

Geyl was noted for challenging the then-popular theory that the historical separation of the Dutch and theFlemingswas a result of "natural" causes. Geyl claimed that there was a "Greater Netherlands"history and that the Dutch and Flemings separated only during theEighty Years' War(better known as the Dutch Revolt in the English-speaking world) against Spain in the 16th century. Geyl argued that the revolt failed in the south not because of political, cultural or religious differences, but only because the geography in the north with its lakes, bogs and rivers favoured the rebels and the geography in the south with its flat plains favoured theSpanish Army.Had it not been for the accident of geography, Flanders would have been part of theDutch Republic.Geyl expressed his ideas in a series of articles and in his main work,De Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Stam(1930–1959, unfinished). In accordance with his historical ideas, Geyl actively supported theFlemish movement,though not favouring Dutch-Flemishirredentism.

Geyl's work has been criticised for not taking into account the unifying force of administrative and economic developments after the separation and for sometimes drawing artificial boundaries based on language alone; on the other hand, it has been praised for its refreshing approach to the Dutch Revolt, which was in marked opposition to the then-current nationally oriented, almost finalistic view on Dutch and Belgian history as represented by P.J. Blok andHenri Pirenne.

Geyl was also noted for arguing that theHouse of Orangeand the Dutch people were often in conflict, especially during the 18th century. Geyl accusedWilliam IV of Orangeof using the uprising of theDoelisten(a group of Amsterdam burgers) against the ruling elite to seize power for himself in 1748. Anotherrevisionistclaim made by Geyl was that the marriage of William of Orange (later stadtholderWillem II) toMary Stuartwas the main cause of thefirst Anglo-Dutch Warin the 17th century.

Napoleon For and Againstwas an account of how French historians of different ages and views have regarded the French emperor. From Napoleon's time to the present, French historians have presented Napoleon as either aCorsicanadventurer who brought death and destruction to France or as a patriotic Frenchman who brought glory and prosperity. Geyl used his book to advance his view that all historians are influenced by the present when writing history and thus all historical writing is transitory. In Geyl's view, there never can be a definitive account for all ages because every age has a different view of the past. For Geyl the best that historians could do was to critically examine their beliefs and urge their readers to do likewise. Geyl felt that history was a progress of "argument without end", but did not feel that this meant that an "anything goes" interpretation of history was acceptable.

Death

Geyl died on 31 December 1966 inUtrecht,Netherlands.

Published works

• Christofforo Suriano: resident van de Serenissime Republiek van Venetië in Den Haag, 1616–1623,1913.
• Willem IV en Engeland tot 1748,1924.
• De Groot-Nederlandsche gedachte,1925.
• De geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Stam,3 volumes, 1930–1959: translated into English asThe Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555–1609andThe Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century.
• Revolutiedagen te Amsterdam, Augustus–September 1748,1936.
• Patriotten en NSBers,1946.
• History of the Low Countries: Episodes and Problems,Macmillan, 1964. The Trevelyan Lectures 1963, with 4 additional essays.
• The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555–1609,New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966.
• The Netherlands in the Seventeenth Century, Pt. I: 1609-1648; Pt.II: 1648-1715,2 volumes, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1961 & 1964.
• Oranje en Stuart, 1641–72,1939: translated by A. Pomerans into English asOrange and Stuart, 1641–72,New York: Scribner, 1970.
• Napoleon: voor en tegen in de Franse geschiedschrijving,1946: translated by O. Renier into English asNapoleon, For and Against,New Haven, CT; Yale University Press, 1948; revised edition 1964.
• De Patriottenbeweging, 1780–1787,1947.
• Can We Know the Pattern of the Past? Discussion between P. Geyl and A. Toynbee concerning Toynbee's Book 'A Study of History',Bossum: F.G. Kroonder, co-written withArnold Toynbee,1948.
• The Pattern of the Past: Can we Determine it?cowritten withArnold ToynbeeandP. Sorokin,New York: Greenwood, 1949.
• Use and Abuse of History,New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955.
• Debates with Historians,Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian, 1958.
• Studies en strijdschriften,1958.
• Encounters in History,Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian, 1961.

See also

• Napoleon legacy and memory

References

• Bark, W. "Review of 'Encounters in History'" "pages 107–123 fromHistory and Theory,Volume 4, Issue No. 1, 1964.
• Boogman, J.C. "Pieter Geyl (1887–1966)" pages 269–277 fromBijdragen voor de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden,Volume 21, (1967).
• Duke, A.C & Tamse, C.A. (editors)Clio's Mirror: Historiography in Britain and the Netherlands,Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1985.
• Mehta, Ved,Fly and Fly Bottle: Encounters with British Intellectuals,London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962.
• Rogier, L.J.Herdenking van P. Geyl,Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1967.
• Rowen, Herbert H. "The Historical Work of Pieter Geyl" pages 35–49 fromJournal of Modern History,Volume 37, Issue #1, 1965.
• Tolebeek, JoDe toga van Fruin: denken over geschiedenis in Nederland sinds 1860,Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 1990.