Jump to content

Music of Iran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromPisha)

Music of Iran
General topics
Genres
Specific forms
Ethnic music
Other forms
Media and performance
Music festivals
Music media
Nationalistic and patriotic songs
National anthem
Other
Part ofa serieson the
Culture of Iran
flagIran portal

Themusic of Iranencompassesmusicthat is produced byIranianartists. In addition to the traditionalfolkandclassicalgenres,it also includespopand internationally celebrated styles such asjazz,rock,andhip hop.

Iranian music influenced other cultures inWest Asia,building up much of the musical terminology of the neighboringTurkicandArabiccultures, and reachedIndiathrough the16th-centuryPersianateMughal Empire,whose court promoted new musical forms by bringing Iranian musicians.[1]

History

[edit]

Earliest records

[edit]

Music in Iran, as evidenced by the "pre-Iranian"archaeologicalrecords ofElam,the oldest civilization in southwestern Iran, dates back thousands of years. Iran is the birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, which date back to the third millennium BC.[2]A number oftrumpetsmade ofsilver,gold,andcopperwere found ineastern Iranthat are attributed to theOxus civilizationand date back between 2200 and 1750 BC. The use of both vertical and horizontalangular harpshave been documented at the archaeological sites ofMadaktu(650 BC) andKul-e Fara(900–600 BC), with the largest collection ofElamiteinstruments documented atKul-e Fara.Multipledepictionsof horizontal harps were also sculpted inAssyrianpalaces, dating back between 865 and 650 BC.[2]

Classical antiquity

[edit]
See also:Achaemenid music,Parthian music,andSassanid music
Karna,an ancient Iranian musical instrument from the 6th century BC, kept at the Persepolis Museum.
Lute player statue from the time of theParthian Empire,kept at theNetherlands'sRijksmuseum van Oudheden.

Not much is known on the music scene of the classical Iranian empires of theMedes,theAchaemenids,and theParthians,other than a few archaeological remains and somenotationsfrom the writings ofGreekhistorians. According toHerodotus,themagi,who were apriestly casteinancient Iran,accompanied their sacrifice rituals with singing.AthenaeusofNaucratis,in hisDeipnosophistae,mentions a court singer who had sung a warning to the king of theMedian Empireofthe plansofCyrus the Great,who would later establish theAchaemenid dynastyon the throne.[2]Athenaeus also points out to the capture of singing girls at the court of the last Achaemenid kingDarius III(336–330 BC) byMacedoniangeneralParmenion.Xenophon'sCyropaediaalso mentions a great number of singing women at the court of theAchaemenid Empire.Under theParthian Empire,thegōsān(Parthianfor "minstrel" ) had a prominent role in society.[3]They performed for their audiences at royal courts[4]and in public theaters.[3]According toPlutarch'sLife of Crassus[5](32.3), they praised their national heroes and ridiculed theirRomanrivals. Likewise,Strabo'sGeographicareports that the Parthian youth were taught songs about "the deeds both of the gods and of the noblest men".[6]Parthian songs were later absorbed into the Iranian national epic ofŠhāhnāmeh,composed by 10th-century Persian poetFerdowsi.[2]Šāhnāmeitself was based onXwadāynāmag(Khwaday-Namag), an earlierMiddle Persianwork, which was an important part ofPersian folkloreand that is now lost.[7]It is also mentioned inPlutarch'sLife of Crassus(23.7) that the Parthians useddrumsto prepare for battle.[2]

Changplayers depicted on a 6th-centurySasanianrelief atTaq-e Bostan.
Dancers and musical instrument players depicted on aSasaniansilver bowl from the 5th-7th century AD.

Under the reign of theSasanians,the Middle Persian termhuniyāgarwas used to refer to aminstrel.[3]The history ofSasanian musicis better documented than the earlier periods, and is especially more evident inAvestantexts. The recitation of the Sasanian Avestan text ofVendidādhas been connected to the Oxus trumpet. TheZoroastrianparadise itself was known as the "House of Song" (garōdmāninMiddle Persian), "where music induced perpetual joy". Musical instruments were not accompanied with formal Zoroastrian worship, but they were used in the festivals. Sasanian musical scenes are depicted especially on silver vessels and some wall reliefs.[2]

The reign of Sasanian rulerKhosrow IIis regarded as a "golden age" for Iranian music. He is shown among his musicians on a large relief at the archaeological site ofTaq-e Bostan,holding a bow and arrows himself and standing in a boat amidst a group ofharpists.The relief depicts two boats that are shown at "two successive moments within the same panel".[2]The court of Khosrow II hosted a number of prominent musicians, including Azad,Bamshad,Barbad,Nagisa,Ramtin, andSarkash.Among these attested names, Barbad is remembered in many documents and has been named as remarkably highly skilled. He was a poet-musician who performed on occasions such as state banquets and the festivals ofNowruzandMehrgan.[8]He may have invented theluteand the musical tradition that was to transform into the forms ofdastgahandmaqam.He has been credited to have organized a musical system consisting of seven "royal modes" (xosrovāni), 30 derived modes (navā),[9]and 360 melodies (dāstān).[2]These numbers are in accordance with the number of days in a week, month, and year in theSasanian calendar.[10]The theories thesemodalsystems were based on are not known. However, writers of later periods have left a list of these modes and melodies. Some of them are named after epic figures, such asKin-e Iraj( "Vengeance of Iraj" ),Kin-e Siāvaš( "Vengeance of Siavash" ), andTaxt-e Ardašir( "Throne of Ardashir" ), some are named in honor of the Sasanian royal court, such asBāğ-e Širin( "Garden of Shirin" ),Bāğ-e Šahryār( "Garden of the Sovereign" ), andHaft Ganj( "Seven Treasures" ), and some are named after nature, such asRowšan Čerāğ( "Bright Light" ).[10]

Middle Ages

[edit]

The academicclassical music of Iran,in addition to preservingmelody typesthat are often attributed to Sasanian musicians, is based on the theories of sonic aesthetics as expounded by the likes of Iranian musical theorists in the early centuries of after theMuslim conquest of the Sasanian Empire,most notablyAvicenna,Farabi,Qotb-ed-Din Shirazi,andSafi-ed-Din Urmawi.[1]

Two prominent Iranian musicians who lived under reign of thethird Arab caliphatewereEbrahim Mawseliand his sonEshaq Mawseli.[1]ZaryabofBaghdad,a student of Eshaq, is credited with having left remarkable influences onSpain'sclassical Andalusian music.[11]

Following the revival of Iranian cultural influences through the arrival of a number of Muslim Iranian dynasties, music became once again "one of the signs of rule".[12]9th-century Persian poetRudaki,who lived under the reign of theSamanids,was also a musician and composed songs to his own poems. At the court of thePersianateGhaznavid dynasty,who ruled Iran between 977 and 1186, 10th-century Persian poetFarrokhi Sistanicomposed songs together withsongsterAndalib andtanburplayer Buqi.Luteplayer Mohammad Barbati and songstress Setti Zarrin-kamar also entertained the Ghaznavid rulers at their court.[12]

Modern era

[edit]
Amusical ensemblefrom the time ofQajarrulerNaser-ed-Din Shah,depicted byKamal-ol-molk.
Iran's Society for National Music was founded byKhaleqiin 1949.

In the post-medieval era, musical performances continued to be observed and promoted through especially princely courts,Sufi orders,and modernizing social forces.[1]Under the reign of the 19th-centuryQajar dynasty,Iranian music was renewed through the development of classicalmelody types(radif), that is the basic repertoire of Iran's classical music, and the introduction of modern technologies and principles that were introduced from the West.[1]Mirza Abdollah,a prominenttarandsetarmaster and one of the most respected musicians of the court of the late Qajar period, is considered a major influence on the teaching of classical Iranian music in Iran's contemporary conservatories and universities.Radif,the repertoire that he developed in the 19th century, is the oldest documented version of the sevendastgahsystem, and is regarded as a rearrangement of the older 12 maqam system.[13]

Ali-Naqi Vaziri,a respected player of numerous Iranian and western instruments who studied westernmusical theoryand composition in Europe, was one of the most prominent and influential musicians of the lateQajarand earlyPahlaviperiods. He established a privatemusic schoolin 1924, where he also created a school orchestra composed of his students, formed by a combination of the tar and some western instruments. Vaziri then founded an association namedMusic Club(Kolub-e Musiqi), formed by a number of progressive-minded writers and scholars, where the school orchestra performed concerts that were conducted by himself. He was an extraordinary figure among the Iranian musicians of the 20th century, and his primary goal was to provide music for ordinary citizens through a public arena.[14]TheTehran Symphony Orchestra(Orkestr-e Samfoni-ye Tehrān) was founded by Gholamhossein Minbashian in 1933.[15]It was reformed byParviz Mahmoudin 1946, and is currently the oldest and largest symphony orchestra in Iran.[16]Later,Ruhollah Khaleqi,a student of Vaziri, established the Society for National Music (Anjoman-e Musiqi-ye Melli) in 1949.[17]Numerous musical compositions were produced within the parameters of classical Iranian modes, and many involved westernmusical harmonies.Iranian folkloric songsand poems of both classical and contemporary Iranian poets were incorporated for the arrangement of orchestral pieces that would bear the new influences.[17]

Prior to the 1950s, Iran's music industry was dominated by classical artists.[18]New western influences were introduced into thepopular music of Iranby the 1950s, withelectric guitarand other imported characteristics accompanying the indigenous instruments and forms, and the popular music developed by the contributions of artists such asViguen,who was known as the "Sultan"of Iranian pop and jazz music.[18][19][20]Viguen was one of Iran's first musicians to perform with a guitar.[18]

Following the1979 Revolution,the music industry of Iran went under a strict supervision, and pop music was prohibited for almost two decades.[21]Women were banned from singing as soloists for male audiences. In the 1990s, the new regime began to produce and promote pop music in a new standardized framework, in order to compete with the abroad and unsanctioned sources of Iranian music.[22]Under the presidency ofReformistKhatami,as a result of easing cultural restrictions within Iran, a number of new pop singers emerged from within the country.[23][21]Since the new administration took office, theMinistry of Ershadadopted a different policy, mainly to make it easier to monitor the industry. The newly adopted policy included loosening restrictions for a small number of artists, while tightening it for the rest. However, the number of album releases increased.

The emergence ofIranian hip hopin the 2000s also resulted in major movements and influences in the music of Iran.[24][25][26][27]

Genres

[edit]

Classical music

[edit]
Main article:Persian traditional music

The classical music of Iran consists ofmelody typesdeveloped through the country's classical and medieval eras.[1]Dastgah,amusical modein Iran's classical music, despite its popularity, has always been the preserve of the elite. The influence of dastgah is seen as the reservoir of authenticity that other forms of musical genres derive melodic and performance inspiration from.

Folk music

[edit]
Main article:Iranian folk music

Iran's folk, ceremonial, and popular songs might be considered "vernacular" in the sense that they are known and appreciated by a major part of the society (as opposed to the art music, which caters for the most part to more elite social classes).[1]The variance of the folk music of Iran has often been stressed, in accordance to the cultural diversity of the country's local and ethnic groups.

Iranian folk songs are categorized in various themes, including those of historical, social, religious, and nostalgic contexts. There are also folk songs that apply to particular occasions, such as weddings and harvests, as well as lullabies, children's songs, and riddles.[28]

There are several traditional specialists of folk music in Iran. Professional folk instrumentalists and vocalists perform at formal events such as weddings. Storytellers (naqqāl;gōsān) would recite epic poetry, such as that of theŠāhnāme,using traditional melodic forms, interspersing with spoken commentary, which is a practice found also inCentral AsianandBalkantraditions. Thebakshy(baxši), wandering minstrels who play thedotar,entertain their audiences at social gatherings with romantic ballads about warriors and warlords. There are alsolamentsingers (rowze-xān), who recite verses that would commemorate the martyrdom of religious figures.[1]

Iranian singers of both classical and folk music may improvise the lyric and the melody within the proper musical mode.[29]Many Iranian folk songs have the potential of being adapted into major or minor tonalities, and therefore, a number of Iranian folk songs were arranged for orchestral accompaniment.[17]

Many of Iran's old folkloric songs were revitalized through a project developed by theInstitute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults,a cultural and educational institute that was founded under the patronage of Iran's former empressFarah Pahlaviin 1965. They were produced in a collection of quality recordings, performed by professional vocalists such asPari Zanganeh,Monir Vakili,and Minu Javan, and were highly influential in Iran's both folk and pop music productions.[30]

Symphonic music

[edit]
Main article:Symphonic music in Iran
Ali RahbariconductingJeunesse Musicale de Téhéran,in 1974.

Iran'ssymphonicmusic, as observed in the modern times, was developed by the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. In addition to instrumental compositions, some of Iran's symphonic pieces are based on the country's folk songs, and some are based on poetry of both classical and contemporary Iranian poets.[17]

Symphonische Dichtungen aus Persien( "Symphonic Poems from Persia" ), a collection of Persian symphonic works, was performed by the GermanNuremberg Symphony Orchestraand conducted by Iranian conductorAli Rahbariin 1980.[31]

Loris Tjeknavorian,an acclaimedIranian Armeniancomposer and conductor, composedRostam and Sohrab,anoperawithPersianlibrettothat is based on the tragedy ofRostam and Sohrabfrom Iran's long epic poemŠāhnāme,in over two decades. It was first performed by the Tehran Symphony Orchestra atTehran'sRoudaki Hallin December 2003.[32] Alexander Rahbariis an important conductor and composer who has mor than 250 published albums and conducted more than 450 orchestras,he is now conductor of Mariinsky theatre's Orchestra[33]

In 2005, thePersepolis Orchestra(Melal Orchestra) played a piece that dates back 3000 years. The notes of this piece, which were discovered among some ancient inscriptions, were deciphered by archaeologists and are believed to have belonged to theSumeriansand theancient Greeks.Renowned Iranian musicianPeyman Soltaniconducted the orchestra.[citation needed]

Pop music

[edit]
Main article:Iranian pop music
HaydehandAnoushirvanon the Iranian National Television, in 1975.

Following the emergence ofradio,under the reign of the Qajar dynasty, a form ofpopular musicwas formed and began to develop in Iran.[34]Later, the arrival of new western influences, such as the use of the guitar and other western instruments, marked a turning point in Iran's popular music by the 1950s.[18]Iranian pop music is commonly performed by vocalists who are accompanied with elaborate ensembles, often using a combination of both indigenous Iranian and European instruments.[1]

The pop music of Iran is largely promoted through mass media, but it experienced some decade of prohibition after the 1979 Revolution. Public performances were also banned, but they have been occasionally permitted since 1990. The pop music ofIranian diasporan communitieshas also been significant.[1][21]

Jazz and blues music

[edit]
Main article:Iranian jazz
Viguen,Iran's "Sultan"of pop and jazz music.[20][19][18]

Jazzmusic was introduced into Iran's popular music by the emergence of artists such asViguen,who was known as Iran's "Sultan of Jazz".Viguen's first song,Moonlight,which was released in 1954, was an instant hit on the radio and is considered highly influential.[20][19][18]

Indigenous Iranian elements, such as classical musical forms and poetry, have also been incorporated into Iranian jazz.[35]Rana Farhan,an Iranian jazz and blues singer living in New York,[36]combines classical Persian poetry with modern jazz and blues.[37]Her best-known work,Drunk With Love,is based on a poem by prominent 13th-century Persian poetRumi.[36]Jazz and blues artists who work in post-revolutionary Iran have also gained popularity.[38][39][40]

Rock music

[edit]
Main article:Iranian rock

Rock musicwas introduced into Iran's popular music by the 1960s, together with the emergence of other Western European and American musical genres.[1]It soon became popular among the young generation, especially at the nightclubs of Tehran.[41]In post-revolutionary Iran, many rock music artists are not officially sanctioned and have to rely on the Internet and underground scenes.[42]

In 2008,power metalbandAngbandsigned with Germanrecord labelPure Steel Records[43]as the first Iranian metal band to release internationally through a European label. They had collaborations with well-known producer Achim Köhler.[44][45]

Hip hop

[edit]
Main article:Iranian hip hop

Iranian hip hop emerged by the 2000s, from the country's capital city,Tehran.[46]It started with underground artists recording mixtapes influenced by the Americanhip hopculture, and was later combined with elements from the indigenous Iranian musical forms.[47][48]

A cappella

[edit]
Main article:A cappella

Iranian A cappella(music without instrument) in 2011 with a new type was first introduced byDamour Vocal Band[citation needed]led byFaraz Khosravi Danesh.This genre of music has been performed as achoirin the past, but since 2011 it has become such that the human larynx has replacedmusical instruments.Various groups, including the Tehran Vocal Ensemble, began to operate after that, and this style of music flowed in a creative and new way in the Iranian A cappella music.[citation needed]

International recognitions of Iranian music

[edit]

The following are a number of notable internationally awarded Iranian musical works.

2013

[edit]

2008

[edit]

2007

[edit]

2006

[edit]
  • Grammy Award (nomination), Faryad album,Masters of Persian Music.
  • Grammy Award, Ali Shirazinia, Shahram Tayyebi, andDeep Dish.
  • Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance (nomination), Persian Trilogy byBehzad Ranjbaran.
  • "Best Middle Eastern Song" & "Best Middle Eastern Album", 2006 JPF Awards:Andy Madadian.
  • "2006 Best International Armenian Album Award", 2006 Armenian Music Awards: City of Angels byAndy Madadian.
  • 3 tan band. J.F.K Awards 2006 For Best eastern rock song "A Drop Of Alcohol".

2005

[edit]
  • Golden Lioness Award for Classical-Best Vocal Ability, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: Akbar Golpa
  • Golden Lioness Award for Classical-Arrange & Pop, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media:Hassan Sattar
  • Golden Lioness Award for Best Instrumentalist, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media: Muhammad Heidari
  • Golden Lioness Award for Classic-pop, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media:Mahasti
  • Golden Lioness Award for Classical Performance, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media:Hooshmand Aghili
  • Golden Lioness Award for Classical Performance, The World Academy of Arts, Literature, and Media:Shakila.
  • UNESCO music award (Picasso award), nominee:Mohammad Reza Darvishi.
  • "Best Unsigned U.K. Hip Hop Artist, Riddla:

2003

[edit]

2001

[edit]
  • NAV's best contemporary world music album:Axiom of Choice (band).
  • Best Recombinant World Music Ensemble in 2001 by the LA Weekly Music Awards. (nomination): Axiom of choice band.

2000

[edit]

1999

[edit]

1977

[edit]
  • Prestigious Gold Medal at the Besançon International Conductors' Competition,Ali Rahbari.
  • Silver medal in Geneva International Conducting Competition, Ali Rahbari.

Others

[edit]
  • Rudolf Nissim Award,Behzad Ranjbaran.
  • Grand Prize in the Aspen Music Festival Guitar Competition,Lily Afshar.
  • Top Prize in the Guitar Foundation of America Competition, Lily Afshar.
  • Loris Tjeknavorian,Homayoon Order and Medal for the composition of "Son et Lumiere Persepolis 2500"

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghijk"IRAN xi. MUSIC".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. XIII. March 30, 2012. pp. 474–480.
  2. ^abcdefghLawergren, Bo (2016)."MUSIC HISTORY".Encyclopaedia Iranica(online ed.).
  3. ^abc"GŌSĀN".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. Xi. February 17, 2012. pp. 167–170.
  4. ^"DĀSTĀN-SARĀʾĪ".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. VII. November 18, 2011. pp. 102–103.
  5. ^"Plutarch • Life of Crassus".penelope.uchicago.edu.Retrieved2021-02-20.
  6. ^Strabo(1983).Geography.Vol. 7. London:Harvard University Press.p. 179.ISBN9780674992665.
  7. ^Boyle, John Andrew."Ferdowsī".Encyclopædia Britannica.RetrievedJuly 18,2017.
  8. ^"BĀRBAD".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. III. December 15, 1988. pp. 757–758.
  9. ^"ČAKĀVAK".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. IV. December 15, 1990. pp. 649–650.(Pers.navā,Ar.laḥn,naḡma,etc.)
  10. ^abFarhat, Hormoz (2004).The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music.Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-54206-5.
  11. ^Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). "Ziryāb".The New Encyclopedia of Islam.Rowman Altamira. p. 492.ISBN9780759101906.
  12. ^ab"MUSIC HISTORY ii. CA. 650 TO 1370 CE".Encyclopædia Iranica.February 20, 2009.
  13. ^"ʿABDALLĀH, MĪRZĀ".Encyclopædia Iranica(online ed.). January 21, 2014.
  14. ^"VAZIRI, ʿAli-Naqi".Encyclopædia Iranica(online ed.). July 20, 2003.
  15. ^Bithell, Caroline; Hill, Juniper (2014).The Oxford Handbook of Music Revival.Oxford University Press. p. 278.ISBN9780199765034.
  16. ^"Dazzling Performance at TSO".Financial Tribune.May 29, 2016.
  17. ^abcd"ḴĀLEQI, RUḤ-ALLĀH".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. XV. April 19, 2012. pp. 377–380.
  18. ^abcdefSaba, Sadeq (November 26, 2003)."Obituary: Vigen Derderian".The Guardian.London.
  19. ^abcSaba, Sadeq (October 27, 2003)."Iranian pop legend dies at 74".BBC News.
  20. ^abcArmbrust, Walter (2000).Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond.University of California Press. p. 70.ISBN9780520219267.
  21. ^abc"Rock Rolls Once More in Iran As Hard-Liners Back Pop Revival".The Wall Street Journal.June 2, 2000.RetrievedApril 9,2010.
  22. ^"هفتهنامهٔ ایرانشهر"[Iranshahr weekly magazine]. 18. Ketab Corp. 2016: 10.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  23. ^"Roll Over, Khomeini! Iran Cultivates A Local Rock Scene, Within Limits".The Washington Post.August 23, 2001. Archived fromthe originalon October 26, 2012.
  24. ^"Iran's underground hip hop dance scene".The FRANCE 24 Observers.August 29, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon February 28, 2014.RetrievedMay 17,2018.
  25. ^"'اسکورپیو' در آپارات ".BBC Persian(in Persian). September 17, 2015.
  26. ^"Rebels of rap reign in Iran".SFGate.16 April 2008.RetrievedOctober 26,2015.
  27. ^Anuj Chopra in Tehran (January 28, 2008)."Iran's 'illegal' rappers want cultural revolution".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-06-18.
  28. ^"FOLK POETRY".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. X. January 31, 2012. pp. 66–71.
  29. ^BADĪHA-SARĀʾĪ.Vol. III. August 22, 2011. pp. 379–380.
  30. ^"KĀNUN-E PARVAREŠ-E FEKRI-E KUDAKĀN VA NOWJAVĀNĀN vi. Music and Sound Production".Encyclopædia Iranica.Vol. XV. April 20, 2012. pp. 512–515.
  31. ^Symphonische Dichtungen aus Persien.OCLC8632375– via WorldCat.
  32. ^"Alone again, naturally: women singing in Iran".The Guardian.August 29, 2014.
  33. ^https://operawire /iranian-conductor-ali-alexander-rahbari-to-conduct-in-marrinsky-theatre/
  34. ^"Pop Music in Iran".Iran Chamber Society.2003.
  35. ^"اولین کنسرت جز ایرانیزه شده با سبک تلفیقی بعد از انقلاب در ایران"[The First Iranized Jazz Concert with a Fusion Style After the Revolution in Iran].Musicema(in Persian). November 8, 2010.
  36. ^abCuriel, Jonathan (September 24, 2013)."Rana Farhan Sings the 'Persian Blues'".KQED Arts.RetrievedMarch 7,2015.
  37. ^Smith, Emily Esfahani (August 30, 2011)."Persian Poetry Gets the Blues".The Wall Street Journal.RetrievedApril 5,2018.
  38. ^"Iranian blues and jazz bands find fans in Tehran".Reuters.November 13, 2014.
  39. ^"Pallett Releases 'Endless Ending'".Financial Tribune.March 1, 2017.
  40. ^"Iranians love their klezmer".Public Radio International.February 26, 2016.
  41. ^"'اسکورپیو' در آپارات "[ "Eskorpioon Aparat "].BBC Persian(in Persian). February 27, 2013.
  42. ^"Iran's rock stars and their underground scene".The Guardian.June 4, 2014.
  43. ^"Iranian Metal Band ANGBAND Signs With Germany's PURE STEEL RECORDS".Blabbermouth.Archived fromthe originalon June 12, 2008.RetrievedJune 8,2008.
  44. ^"ANGBAND: New Album Release Date, Track Listing Revealed".Blabbermouth.RetrievedSeptember 16,2010.
  45. ^"ANGBAND - Three New Songs Streaming".BW&BK.RetrievedSeptember 10,2012.
  46. ^"Iran's underground hip hop dance scene".France 24.August 29, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon February 28, 2014.RetrievedFebruary 24,2014.
  47. ^"پشت دیوار کیه؟ رپ ایرانی؟".Hamshahri(in Persian). Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  48. ^"روزنامه اعتماد ملی 85/6/28 – رپ ایرانی ، صدای اعتراض نیست".Magiran.RetrievedJune 17,2015.
  49. ^Maestro Shajarian was awarded the Mozart Medal.(2007)

Further reading

[edit]
  • AzadehfarMohammad Reza Azadehfar,M R. 2011.Rhythmic Structure in Iranian Music,Tehran: University of Arts,ISBN964621892X.
  • During, Jean and Mirabdolbaghi, Zia, "The Art of Persian Music", Mage Pub; 1st edition (Book & CD) June 1, 1991,ISBN978-0-934211-22-2
  • Nelly Caron and Dariush Safvate, "Iran: Traditions Musicales" (Paris, 1966).
  • Nooshin, Laudan. "The Art of Ornament". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.),World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East,pp 355–362. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.ISBN1-85828-636-0.
  • Nettl, Bruno (1989).Blackfoot Musical Thought: Comparative Perspectives.Ohio: The Kent State University Press.ISBN0-87338-370-2.
  • Shelton, Tracey; Chamas, Zena (23 August 2020)."Iranian artists defy government restrictions on women singing and dancing".ABC News.Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  • Youssefzadeh, Ameneh. "Iran's Regional Musical Traditions in the Twentieth Century: A Historical Overview." Iranian Studies, volume 38, number 3, September 2005.Metapress[permanent dead link].
  • DVD of TOMBAK / Madjid Khaladj – Coproduction: Le Salon de Musique & Ecole de Tombak | Language: français, anglais, espagnol | 172 minutes | Booklet of 80 pages (French/English.)| EDV 937 CV. CD Infinite Breath / Madjid Khaladj, NAFAS / Bâ Music Records.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Iran&oldid=1253334079"