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Coordinates:25°04′S130°06′W/ 25.067°S 130.100°W/-25.067; -130.100
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Pitcairn Islands
Pitkern Ailen(Pitcairn-Norfolk)
British Overseas Territory
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
Flag of Pitcairn Islands
Flag
Official seal of Pitcairn Islands
Coat of arms
Anthem:"God Save the King"
Local anthem: "Come Ye Blessed"
Map showing location of the Pitcairn Islands (circled at the lower-right and magnified in an inset)
Map showing location of the Pitcairn Islands (circled at the lower-right and magnified in an inset)
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Settlement15 January 1790
British colony30 November 1838
Capital
and largest settlement
Adamstown[note 1]
25°04′S130°06′W/ 25.067°S 130.100°W/-25.067; -130.100
Official languages
Ethnic groups
Pitcairn Islanders
Demonym(s)
  • Pitcairn Islanders
  • Pitkern
  • Pitcairnese
GovernmentDevolvedlocally governingdependency
Charles III
Iona Thomas
Lindsy Thompson[2]
Simon Young
LegislatureIsland Council
Government of the United Kingdom
•Minister
Jessie Norman
Area
• Total
47 km2(18 sq mi) (not ranked)
Highest elevation
330 m (1,080 ft)
Population
• 2024 estimate
42[3][better source needed](last)
• Density
1/km2(2.6/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP(nominal)2005 estimate
• Total
NZ$217,000[4]
• Per capita
NZ$4,617.02
CurrencyNew Zealand dollar(NZ$)[a](NZD)
Time zoneUTC-08:00
Driving sideleft
Calling code+64
UK postcode
PCRN 1ZZ
ISO 3166 codePN
Internet TLD.pn
Websitegovernment.pn
  1. ^ThePitcairn Islands dollaris also official legal tender, although it does not circulate as widely.

ThePitcairn Islands(/ˈpɪtkɛərn/PIT-kairn;[5]Pitkern:Pitkern Ailen), officiallyPitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands,[6][7][8][9]are a group of four volcanic islands in the southernPacific Oceanthat form the soleBritish Overseas Territoryin the Pacific Ocean. The four islands—Pitcairn,Henderson,DucieandOeno—are scattered across several hundred miles of ocean and have a combined land area of about 18 square miles (47 km2). Henderson Island accounts for 86% of the land area, but only Pitcairn Island is inhabited. The inhabited islands nearest to the Pitcairn Islands areMangareva(ofFrench Polynesia), 688 km to the west,[note 2]as well asEaster Island,1,929 km to the east.

ThePitcairn Islandersare a biracial ethnic group descended mostly from nineBountymutineersand a handful ofTahitianconsorts—as is still apparent from the surnames of many of the islanders. The mutiny and its aftermath have been the subject of many books and films. As of January 2020, the territory had only 47 permanent inhabitants.[10]

History[edit]

Main article:History of the Pitcairn Islands

Polynesian settlement[edit]

The earliest known settlers of the Pitcairn Islands werePolynesianswho appear to have lived on Pitcairn and Henderson for several centuries. Although archaeologists believe that Polynesians were living on Pitcairn as late as the 15th century, the islands were uninhabited when they were re-discovered by Europeans.[11]

European arrival[edit]

West side of Pitcairn Island
Pitcairn landing

Portuguese sailorPedro Fernandes de Queiróscame upon Ducie and Henderson Islands while sailing for the Spanish Crown, arriving on 26 January 1606. He named them La Encarnación ( "The Incarnation") and San Juan Bautista (" SaintJohn the Baptist"), respectively. However, some sources express doubt about exactly which of the islands were visited and named by Queirós, suggesting that La Encarnación may actually have been Henderson Island, and San Juan Bautista may have been Pitcairn Island.[12]

Pitcairn Island was sighted on 3 July 1767 by the crew of the BritishsloopHMSSwallow,commanded by CaptainPhilip Carteret.The island was named after midshipmanRobert Pitcairn,a 15-year-old crew member who was the first to sight the island. Robert Pitcairn was a son of British Marine MajorJohn Pitcairn,who was later killed at the 1775Battle of Bunker Hillin theAmerican War of Independence.

Carteret, who sailed without the newly inventedmarine chronometer,charted the island at25°02′S133°21′W/ 25.033°S 133.350°W/-25.033; -133.350,and although thelatitudewas reasonably accurate, his recorded longitude was incorrect by about 3°, putting his coordinates 330 km (210 mi) to the west of the actual island. This made Pitcairn difficult to find, as highlighted by the failure of captainJames Cookto locate the island in July 1773.[13][14]

European settlement[edit]

Further information:HMS BountyandMutiny on the Bounty
The mutineers turning Bligh and some of the officers and crew adrift fromHMSBountyon 29 April 1789.
Adamstown, the only settlement on the Islands

In 1790, nine of the mutineers from the British merchant shipHMS Bounty,along with the native Tahitian men and women who were with them (six men, 11 women, and a baby girl), settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to theBounty.The inhabitants of the island were well aware of theBounty's location, which is still visible underwater inBounty Bay,but the wreckage gained significant attention in 1957 when documented byNational GeographicexplorerLuis Marden.Although the settlers survived by farming and fishing, the initial period of settlement was marked by serious tensions among them.Alcoholism,murder,disease and other ills took the lives of most mutineers and Tahitian men.John AdamsandNed Youngturned to thescriptures,using the ship'sBibleas their guide for a new and peaceful society. Young eventually died of anasthmaticinfection.

Ducie Island was rediscovered in 1791 by Royal Navy captainEdward EdwardsaboardHMSPandora,while searching for theBountymutineers. He named it afterFrancis Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Baron Ducie,also a captain in the Royal Navy.

The Pitcairn islanders reported it was not until 27 December 1795 that the first ship since theBountywas seen from the island, but it did not approach the land and they could not make out the nationality. A second ship appeared in 1801, but made no attempt to communicate with them. A third came sufficiently near to see their house, but did not try to send a boat on shore. Finally, the American sealing shipTopaz,underMayhew Folger,became the first to visit the island, when the crew spent ten hours on Pitcairn in February 1808.[15]Whalers subsequently became regular visitors to the island. The last recorded whaler to visit was theJames Arnoldin 1888.[16]

View of Pitcairn's Island, South Seas, 1814, J. Shillibeer

A report of Folger's discovery was forwarded to theAdmiralty,mentioning the mutineers and giving a more precise location of the island:25°02′S130°00′W/ 25.033°S 130.000°W/-25.033; -130.000.[17]However, this was not known to SirThomas Staines,who commanded a Royal Navyflotillaof two ships, HMSBritonand HMSTagus,which found the island at25°04′S130°25′W/ 25.067°S 130.417°W/-25.067; -130.417(by meridian observation) on 17 September 1814. Staines sent a party ashore and wrote a detailed report for the Admiralty.[18][19][20][21]By that time, only one mutineer, John Adams, remained alive. He was granted amnesty for his part in the mutiny.[18]

Henderson Island was rediscovered on 17 January 1819 by British Captain James Henderson of the BritishEast India CompanyshipHercules.[22]Captain Henry King, sailing onElizabeth,landed on 2 March to find the king'scoloursalready flying. His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree. Oeno Island was discovered on 26 January 1824 by American captainGeorge Worthaboard the whalerOeno.

In 1832, having tried and failed to petition the British government and theLondon Missionary Society,Joshua Hill,an American adventurer, arrived. He reported that by March 1833, he had founded a Temperance Society to combat drunkenness, a "Maundy Thursday Society",a monthly prayer meeting, a juvenile society, a Peace Society and a school.[23]

British colony[edit]

Main article:British Western Pacific Territories

Traditionally, Pitcairn Islanders consider that their islands officially became a British colony on 30 November 1838, at the same time becomingone of the first territories to extend voting rights to women.By the mid-1850s, the Pitcairn community was outgrowing the island; its leaders appealed to the British government for assistance, and were offeredNorfolk Island.On 3 May 1856, the entire population of 193 people set sail for Norfolk on board theMorayshire,arriving on 8 June after a difficult five-week trip. However, just 18 months later, 17 of the Pitcairn Islanders returned to their home island, and another 27 followed five years later.[18]

HMSThetisvisited Pitcairn Island on 18 April 1881 and "found the people very happy and contented, and in perfect health". At that time the population was 96, an increase of six since the visit ofAdmiral de Horseyin September 1878. Stores had recently been delivered from friends in England, including two whale-boats andPortland cement,which was used to make the reservoir watertight. HMSThetisgave the islanders 200 lb (91 kg) ofship's biscuits,100 lb (45 kg) of candles, and 100 lb of soap and clothing to the value of £31, donated by theship's company.An American trading ship calledVenushad in 1882 bestowed a supply ofcotton seed,to provide the islanders with a crop for future trade.[24]

Pitcairn islanders, 1916

In 1886, theSeventh-day AdventistlaymanJohn Tayvisited Pitcairn and persuaded most of the islanders to accept his faith. He returned in 1890 on the missionary schoonerPitcairnwith an ordained minister to performbaptisms.Since then, the majority of Pitcairn Islanders have been Adventists.[25]

The islands of Henderson, Oeno and Ducie were annexed by Britain in 1902: Henderson on 1 July, Oeno on 10 July, and Ducie on 19 December.[12]In 1938, the three islands, along with Pitcairn, were incorporated into a single administrative unit called the "Pitcairn Group of Islands". The population peaked at 233 in 1937.[26]It has since decreased owing to emigration, primarily to Australia and New Zealand.[27]

Sexual abuse in modern times[edit]

Three cases of imprisonment for sex with underage girls were reported in the 1950s.[28]

In 1999, Gail Cox, a police officer fromKent,UK,served on a temporary assignment on Pitcairn, and began uncovering allegations of sexual abuse. When a 15-year-old girl decided to pressrapecharges in 1999, criminal proceedings (code-named "Operation Unique" ) were set in motion. The charges include 21 counts ofrape,41 ofindecent assault,and two ofgross indecencywith a child under 14. Over the following two years, police officers inAustralia,New Zealand and theUnited Kingdominterviewed every woman who had lived on Pitcairn in the past 20 years, as well as all of the accused men. These interviews revealed stories of girls as young as three being sexually assaulted and as young as 10 being gang-raped.[29]

The file was held by Pitcairn's first Public Prosecutor Simon Moore, an Auckland Crown Solicitor appointed to the position by the British government for the purposes of the investigation.[30][29]

AustralianSeventh-day Adventistpastor Neville Tosen, who spent two years on Pitcairn around the turn of the millennium, said that on his arrival, he had been taken aback by the conduct of the children, but he had not immediately realised what was happening. "I noticed worrying signs such as inexplicable mood swings," he said. "It took me three months to realise they were being abused." Tosen tried to bring the matter before the Island Council (the legislative body which doubles as the island's court), but was rebuffed. One councillor told him, "Look, theage of consenthas always been 12 and it doesn't hurt them. "[31]

A study of island records confirmed anecdotal evidence that most girls bore their first child between the ages of 12 and 15. "I think the girls were conditioned to accept that it was a man's world and once they turned 12, they were eligible," Tosen said. Mothers and grandmothers were resigned to the situation, telling him that their own childhood experience had been the same; they regarded it as just a part of life on Pitcairn. One grandmother wondered what all the fuss was about. Tosen was convinced, however, that the early sexual experience was very damaging to the girls, outright stating, "They can't settle or form solid relationships. They did suffer, no doubt about it."[31][32]

In 2016,Mike Warren,Pitcairn mayor from 2008 to 2013, was convicted and sentenced to 20 months imprisonment for possession of child pornography.[33][34]

Sexual assault trials of 2004[edit]

Main article:2004 Pitcairn Islands sexual assault trial

In 2004, charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad. This accounted for nearly a third of the male population, and half of the island's adult males. After extensive trials, most of the men were convicted, some with multiple counts of sexual encounters with children.[35]On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, includingSteve Christian,the island's mayor at the time.[36][37][38]In 2004, the islanders had about 20 firearms among them, which they surrendered ahead of thesexual assault trials.[39]After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley.[40][41]The men began serving their sentences in late 2006. By 2010, all had served their sentences or been granted home detention status.[42]

Geography[edit]

Main article:Geography of the Pitcairn Islands

The Pitcairn Islands form the southeasternmost extension of the geologicalarchipelagoof theTuamotusofFrench Polynesia,and consist of four islands:Pitcairn Island,Oeno Island(atoll with five islets, one of which is Sandy Island),Henderson IslandandDucie Island(atoll with four islets).

The Pitcairn Islands were formed by a centre of upwellingmagmacalled thePitcairn hotspot.Pitcairn Islandis a volcanic remnant primarily formed oftuff,where the north side of the cone has been eroded.[43]Pitcairn is the only permanently inhabited island. Adamstown, the main settlement on the island, lies within the volcanic basin.[43]Pitcairn is accessible only by boat through Bounty Bay, due to the island's steep cliffs.[43]Henderson Island, covering about 86% of the territory's total land area and supporting a rich variety of animals in its nearly inaccessible interior, is also capable of supporting a small human population despite its scarce fresh water, but access is difficult, owing to its outer shores being steep limestone cliffs covered by sharp coral. In 1988, this island was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site.[44]The other islands are at a distance of more than 100 km (62 mi) and are not habitable.

Pitcairn Island has no permanent water source; however, the island has three seasonal semi-permanent springs.[43]

Island or atoll Type Land area
(km2)		 Total area
(km2)		 Pop.
2020		 Coordinates
Ducie Island Atoll† 0.7 3.9 0 24°40′28″S124°47′10″W/ 24.67444°S 124.78611°W/-24.67444; -124.78611
Henderson Island Uplifted coral island 37.3 37.3 0 24°22′01″S128°18′57″W/ 24.36694°S 128.31583°W/-24.36694; -128.31583
Oeno Island Atoll† 0.65 16.65 0 23°55′40″S130°44′30″W/ 23.92778°S 130.74167°W/-23.92778; -130.74167
Pitcairn Island Volcanic island 4.6 4.6 50 25°04′00″S130°06′00″W/ 25.06667°S 130.10000°W/-25.06667; -130.10000
Pitcairn Islands
(all islands)		 – 43.25 62.45 50 23°55′40″ to 25°04′00″S,
124°47′10″ to 130°44′30″W

†Includes reef flat and lagoon of the atolls.

  • View from the east side of Pitcairn Island
    View from the east side of Pitcairn Island
  • Satellite photo of Pitcairn Island
    Satellite photo of Pitcairn Island
  • Map of the Pitcairn Islands
    Map of the Pitcairn Islands
  • View of Bounty Bay
    View ofBounty Bay

Climate[edit]

Geodesyoperations on the Pitcairn Islands
Main article:Climate of the Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn is located just south of the Tropic of Capricorn and experiences year-round warm weather.

Climate data for Pitcairn Island (1972-2004)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.3
(88.3) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.3
(84.7) 		33.3
(91.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.1
(79.0) 		24.6
(76.3) 		22.9
(73.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.2
(73.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		20.9
(69.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.6
(67.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.0
(69.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.6
(61.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		19.8
(67.6) 		18.9
(66.0)
Record low °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.4
(52.5) 		11.6
(52.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13.0
(55.4) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.0
(50.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 96.5
(3.80) 		132.7
(5.22) 		107.8
(4.24) 		114.8
(4.52) 		111.9
(4.41) 		152.8
(6.02) 		139.0
(5.47) 		131.6
(5.18) 		134.5
(5.30) 		143.0
(5.63) 		120.4
(4.74) 		157.7
(6.21) 		1,542.7
(60.74)
Source 1: NOAA[45]
Source 2: KNMI (precipitation)[46]

Flora[edit]

About nine plant species are thought tooccur onlyon Pitcairn. These include tapau, formerly an important timber resource, and thegiant nehe fern.Some, such as red berry (Coprosma rapensisvar.Benefica), are perilously close to extinction.[47]The plant speciesGlochidion pitcairnenseis endemic to Pitcairn and Henderson Islands.[48]Pitcairn is part of theTuamotu tropical moist foreststerrestrial ecoregion.[49]

Fauna[edit]

See also:List of birds of the Pitcairn IslandsandList of mammals of Pitcairn

Between 1937 and 1951,Irving Johnson,skipper of the 29-metre (96 ft) brigantineYankee Five,introduced fiveGalápagos giant tortoisesto Pitcairn. Turpen, also known asMr Turpen,or Mr. T, is the sole survivor. Turpen usually lives at Tedside by Western Harbour. A protection order makes it an offence should anyone kill, injure, capture, maim, or cause harm or distress to the tortoise.[50]

The birds of Pitcairn fall into several groups. These include seabirds, wading birds and a small number of resident land-bird species. Of 20 breeding species, Henderson Island has 16, including the unique flightlessHenderson crake;Oeno hosts 12; Ducie 13 and Pitcairn six species. Birds breeding on Pitcairn include thefairy tern,common noddyandred-tailed tropicbird.ThePitcairn reed warbler,known by Pitcairners as a "sparrow", is endemic to Pitcairn Island; formerly common, it was added to theendangered specieslist in 2008.[51]

A small population ofhumpback whalesmigrate to the islands annually, toover-winterand breed.[52]

Important bird areas[edit]

The four islands in the Pitcairn group have been identified byBirdLife Internationalas separateImportant Bird Areas(IBAs). Pitcairn Island is recognised because it is the only nesting site of thePitcairn reed warbler.Henderson Island is important for its endemic land-birds as well as its breedingseabirds.Oeno's ornithological significance derives principally from itsMurphy's petrelcolony. Ducie is important for its colonies ofMurphy's,heraldandKermadec petrels,andChristmas shearwaters.[53]

Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve[edit]

In March 2015 the British government establishedone of the largestmarine protected areasin the world around the Pitcairn Islands. The reserve covers the islands' entireexclusive economic zone—834,334 square kilometres (322,138 sq mi). The intention is to protect some of the world's most pristine ocean habitat fromillegal fishingactivities. A satellite "watchroom" dubbed Project Eyes on the Seas has been established by theSatellite Applications Catapultandthe Pew Charitable Trustsat theHarwell Science and Innovation CampusinHarwell, Oxfordshireto monitor vessel activity and to gather the information needed to prosecute unauthorised trawling.[54][55][56][57]

Pitcairn Islands Dark Sky Sanctuary[edit]

In March 2019 theInternational Dark-Sky Associationapproved the Pitcairn Islands as a Dark Sky Sanctuary. The sanctuary encompasses all 4 islands in the Pitcairn Islands Group for a total land area of 43.25 km2(163⁄4sq. mi.).[58]

Politics[edit]

Main article:Politics of the Pitcairn Islands
Simon Young,the incumbentMayor of the Pitcairn Islands

The Pitcairn Islands are aBritish overseas territorywith a degree of local government. TheKing of the United Kingdomis represented by a Governor, who also holds office asBritish High CommissionertoNew Zealandand is based inWellington.[59]

The 2010 constitution gives authority for the islands to operate as arepresentative democracy,with the United Kingdom retaining responsibility for matters such as defence and foreign affairs. The Governor and the Island Council may enact laws for the "peace, order and good government"of Pitcairn. TheIsland Councilcustomarily appoints aMayor of Pitcairnas a day-to-day head of the local administration.

Since 2015, same-sex marriage has been legal on Pitcairn Island, although there are no people on the island known to be in such a relationship.[60]

The Pitcairn Islands have the smallest population of any democracy in the world.

TheUnited Nations Committee on Decolonizationincludes the Pitcairn Islands on theUnited Nations list of non-self-governing territories.[61]

Military[edit]

The Pitcairn Islands are aBritish Overseas Territory;defence is the responsibility of theMinistry of Defenceand theBritish Armed Forces.[27]TheRoyal Navymaintains twooffshore patrol vesselsin the Indo-Pacific region,HMSTamarandHMSSpey.Either may be periodically employed for sovereignty protection and other duties around Pitcairn and her associated islands.[62][63][64]

Economy[edit]

Agriculture[edit]

The fertile soil of the Pitcairn valleys, such as Isaac's Valley on the gentle slopes southeast ofAdamstown,produces a wide variety of fruits, including bananas (Pitkern:plun),papaya(paw paws),pineapples,mangoes,watermelons,cantaloupes,passionfruit,breadfruit,coconuts,avocadoes,andcitrus(includingmandarin oranges,grapefruit,lemons andlimes). Vegetables includesweet potatoes(kumura), carrots,sweet corn,tomatoes,taro,yams,peas,andbeans.Arrowroot(Maranta arundinacea) andsugarcaneare grown and harvested to produce arrowroot flour andmolasses,respectively. Pitcairn Island is remarkably productive and its benign climate supports a wide range of tropical and temperate crops.[65]All land allocation for any use including agriculture is under the discretion of the government. If the government deems agricultural production excessive then it may tax the land. If the agricultural land has been deemed not up to the standards of the government it may confiscate and transfer the land without compensation.[66]

Fish are plentiful in the seas around Pitcairn.Spiny lobsterand a large variety of fish are caught for meals and for trading aboard passing ships. Almost every day someone will go fishing, whether it is from the rocks, from a longboat, or diving with a spear gun. There are numerous types of fish around the island. Fish such as nanwee, white fish, moi, and opapa are caught in shallow water, while snapper, big eye, and cod are caught in deep water, and yellow tail and wahoo are caught by trawling.

Minerals[edit]

Manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver and zinc have been discovered within theexclusive economic zone,which extends 370 km (230 mi) offshore and comprises 880,000 km2(340,000 sq mi).[67]

Honey production[edit]

In 1998, the UK's overseas aid agency, theDepartment for International Development,funded anapicultureprogramme for Pitcairn which included training for Pitcairn'sbeekeepersand a detailed analysis of Pitcairn's bees and honey with particular regard to the presence or absence of disease. Pitcairn has one of the best examples of disease-free bee populations anywhere in the world and the honey produced was and remains exceptionally high in quality. Pitcairn bees are also a placid variety and, within a short time, beekeepers are able to work with them wearing minimal protection.[68]As a result, Pitcairn exports honey to New Zealand and to the United Kingdom. In London,Fortnum & Masonsells it and it is reportedly a favourite ofKing Charlesand formerlyQueen Elizabeth.[69]The Pitcairn Islanders, under the "Bounty Products" and "Delectable Bounty" brands, also export dried fruit including bananas, papayas, pineapples, and mangoes to New Zealand.[70]Honey production and all honey-related products are a protected monopoly.[71]All funds and management are under the supervision and discretion of the government.[72][73]

Cuisine[edit]

Cuisine is not very developed because of Pitcairn's small population. The most traditional meal is pota, mash frompalm leavesandcoconut.[74]Domestictropical plantsare abundantly used. These includebasil,breadfruit,sugar cane,coconut,bananasandbeans.Meatcourses consist mainly offishandbeef.Given that most of the population's ancestry is from the UK, the cuisine is influenced byBritish cuisine;for example, themeat pie.[75]

The cuisine ofNorfolk Islandis very similar to that of the Pitcairn Islands, as Norfolk Islanders trace their origins to Pitcairn. The local cuisine is a blend ofBritish cuisineandTahitian cuisine.[76][77]

Recipes from Norfolk Island of Pitcairn origin include mudda (green banana dumplings) and kumara pilhi.[78][79]The island's cuisine also includes foods not found on Pitcairn, such as chopped salads and fruit pies.[80]

Tourism[edit]

Tourism plays a major role on Pitcairn. Tourism is the focus for building the economy. It focuses on small groups coming by charter vessel and staying at "home stays". About ten times a year, passengers from expedition-type cruise ships come ashore for a day, weather permitting.[81][82]As of 2019, the government has been operating the MVSilver Supporteras the island's only dedicated passenger/cargo vessel, providing adventure tourism holidays to Pitcairn every week. Tourists stay with local families and experience the island's culture while contributing to the local economy. Providing accommodation is a growing source of revenue, and some families have invested in private self-contained units adjacent to their homes for tourists to rent.

Entry requirements for short stays, up to 14 days, which do not require a visa, and for longer stays, that do require prior clearance, are explained in official documents.[83][84]All persons under 16 years of age require prior clearance before landing, irrespective of the length of stay.[85]

Crafts and external sales[edit]

See also:Postage stamps and postal history of the Pitcairn Islands
Stamp of the Pitcairn Islands,1940, displaying portraits ofKing George VIand Fletcher Christian

The government holds a monopoly over "any article of whatsoever nature made, manufactured, prepared for sale or produced by any of the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island".[72]The flow of funds from these revenue sources are from customer to the government to the Pitcairners.[73]The Pitcairners are involved in creating crafts and curios (made out of wood fromHenderson). Typical woodcarvings include sharks, fish, whales, dolphins, turtles, vases, birds, walking sticks, book boxes, and models of theBounty.Miro (Thespesia populnea), a dark and durable wood, is preferred for carving. Islanders also producetapa clothand painted Hattie leaves.[86]

The major sources of revenue have been the sale of coins and postage stamps to collectors,.pndomain names, and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships, most of which are on the United Kingdom to New Zealand route via thePanama Canal.[87]The Pitcairn Islands issued their first stamp in 1940. These became very popular withstamp collectors,and their sale became the dominant source of revenue for the community. Profits went into a general fund which enabled the island to be mostly self-sufficient. This fund was used to meet the regular needs of the community, and pay wages. Funds in excess of regular expenses were used to build a school and hire a teacher from New Zealand, the first professional teacher hired on the island. The fund was also used to subsidise imports and travel to New Zealand. At later points, the sale of coins and.pn domain names also contributed to the fund. Towards the end of the 20th century, as writing letters became less common and stamp collecting became less popular, revenue for the fund declined.[88]In 2004, the island went bankrupt, with the British government subsequently providing 90% of its annual budget.[89]

Electricity[edit]

Diesel generators provide the island with electricity 24/7. A wind power plant was planned to be installed to help reduce the high cost of power generation associated with the import of diesel, but was cancelled in 2013 after a project overrun of three years and a cost of £250,000.[90]

All homes have solar systems generating over 95% of that required for home use.

The only qualified high-voltage electrician on Pitcairn, who manages the electricity grid, reached the age of 67 in 2020.[91]

Demographics[edit]

Main article:Pitcairn Islanders

The islands have suffered a substantial population decline since 1940, and the island's community recognise that for the long-term sustainability repopulation is the number one strategic development objective (see#Population decline,below). The government is committed to attracting migrants.[92]

Only two children were born on Pitcairn in the 21 years prior to 2012. However in this period other children were born to Pitcairn mothers who travelled to New Zealand to receive increased health care safeguards during pregnancy and childbirth.[93]In 2005, Shirley and Simon Young became the first married outsider couple in history to obtain citizenship on Pitcairn.[94]

Language[edit]

Over 60% of Pitcairn Islanders aredescendants of theBountymutineersand Tahitians (or other Polynesians).Pitkernis acreole languagederived from 18th-century English, with elements of theTahitian language.[27][44]It is spoken as a first language by the population and is taught alongside English at the island's only school. It is closely related to the creole languageNorfuk,spoken onNorfolk Island,because Norfolk was repopulated in the mid-19th century by Pitcairners.

Religion[edit]

The only church building on the island isSeventh-day Adventist.[27]The Seventh-day Adventist Church is not astate religion,as no laws concerning its establishment were passed by thelocal government.A successful Seventh-day Adventist mission in the 1890s was important in shaping Pitcairn society. In recent years, the church population has declined, and as of 2000,eight of the then forty islanders attended services regularly,[95]but most attend church on special occasions. From Friday at sunset until Saturday at sunset, Pitcairners observe a day of rest in observance of theSabbath,or as a mark of respect for observant Adventists.

Adamstown
Church of Adamstown

The church was built in 1954. The Sabbath School meets at 10 am on Saturday mornings, and is followed by Divine Service an hour later. On Tuesday evenings, there is another service in the form of a prayer meeting.

Education[edit]

Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 15.[96]Children up to the age of 12 are taught atPulau School,while children of 13 and over attend secondary school in New Zealand, or are educated via correspondence school.[97]

The island's children have produced a book inPitkernand English calledMi Bas Side orn PitcairnorMy Favourite Place on Pitcairn.

The school on Pitcairn, Pulau School, provides pre-school and primary education based on the New Zealand syllabus. The teacher is appointed by the governor from suitable qualified applicants who are registered in New Zealand as teachers. The government officially took responsibility for education in 1958; the Seventh-day Adventist Church had done so from the 1890s until 1958. There were ten students in 1999; enrollment was previously 20 in the early 1950s, 28 in 1959, and 36 in 1962. The Pulau School has a residence for teachers built in 2004; there was a previous such facility built in 1950.[96]

The school closed in November 2023 when the last 3 children went to attend secondary school in New Zealand.[citation needed]

Historical population[edit]

Pitcairn's population has significantly decreased since its peak of over 200 in the 1930s, to fewer than fifty permanent residents today (2021).[98][99]

Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population Year Population
1790 27 1880 112 1970 96 1992 54 2002 48 2012 48
1800 34[i] 1890 136 1975 74 1993 57 2003 59 2013 56
1810 50 1900 136 1980 61 1994 54 2004 65 2014 56
1820 66 1910 140 1985 58 1995 55 2005 63 2015 50
1830 70 1920 163 1986 68 1996 43 2006 65 2016 49
1840 119 1930 190 1987 59 1997 40 2007 64 2017 50
1850 146[ii] 1936 250 1988 55 1998 66 2008 66 2018 50
1856 193/0[iii] 1940 163 1989 55 1999 46 2009 67 2019 50
1859 16[iv] 1950 161 1990 59 2000 51 2010 64 2020 50
1870 70 1960 126 1991 66 2001 44 2011 67 2021 47[v]
  1. ^two men and nine women from theBountyremain
  2. ^last person from theBounty,Terauradies
  3. ^Migration to Norfolk Island in 1856 leaves Pitcairn uninhabited
  4. ^First group returns from Norfolk Island
  5. ^Latest population figure[100]

Structure of the population[edit]

Population by age group (Census 19.II.2020):[101]
Age Group Total %
Total 45 100
0–4 2 4.44
5–9 0 0
10–14 3 6.67
15–19 2 4.44
20–24 2 4.44
25–29 1 2.22
30–34 0 0
35–39 3 6.67
40–44 1 2.22
45–49 4 8.89
50–54 1 2.22
55–59 7 15.56
60–64 5 11.11
65-69 7 15.56
70-74 2 4.44
75-79 0 0
80-84 1 2.22
85-89 0 0
90-94 1 2.22
95-99 0 0
100+ 0 0
Age group Total Per cent
0–14 5 11.11
15–64 26 57.78
65+ 11 24.44
unknown 3 6.67

Population decline[edit]

As of April 2021,the total resident population of the Pitcairn Islands was 47.[100]It is rare for all the residents to be on-island at the same time; it is common for several residents to be off-island for varying lengths of time visiting family, for medical reasons, or to attend international conferences. Adiasporasurvey completed by Solomon Leonard Ltd in 2014 for thePitcairn Island Counciland theUnited Kingdom Governmentprojected that by 2045, if nothing were done, only three people of working age would be left on the island, with the rest being very old. In addition, the survey revealed that residents who had left the island over the past decades showed little interest in coming back. Of the hundreds of emigrants contacted, only 33 were willing to participate in the survey and just three expressed a desire to return.[102]

As of 2014,the labour force consisted of 31 able-bodied persons: 17 males and 14 females between 18 and 64 years of age. Of the 31, just seven are younger than 40, but 18 are over the age of 50.[91]Most of the men undertake the more strenuous physical tasks on the island such as crewing the longboats, cargo handling, and the operation and maintenance of physical assets. Longboat crew retirement age is 58. There were then 12 men aged between 18 and 58 residing on Pitcairn. Eachlongboatrequires a minimum crew of three; of the four longboatcoxswains,two were in their late 50s.[91]

The Pitcairn government's attempts to attract migrants have met with some success. Since 2015 settlement applications were approved for 8 persons, 3 of whom are living on Pitcairn.[91][92][103]The migrants are expected to have at leastNZ$30,000 per person in savings and are expected to build their own house at average cost of NZ$140,000.[104][105]It is also possible to bring off-island builders at an additional cost of between NZ$23,000 and NZ$28,000.[105]The average annual cost of living on the island isNZ$9,464.[104]There is, however, no assurance of the migrant's right to remain on Pitcairn; after their first two years, the council must review and reapprove the migrant's status.[106][107][108][109]

Freight fromTaurangato Pitcairn on theMVClaymore II(Pitcairn Island's dedicated passenger and cargo ship chartered by the Pitcairn government) is charged at NZ$350/m3for Pitcairners and NZ$1,000/m3for all other freight.[110]Additionally, Pitcairners are charged NZ$500 for a one-way trip; others are charged NZ$5,000.[91]

In 2014,the government's Pitcairn Islands Economic Report stated that "[no one] will migrate to Pitcairn Islands for economic reasons as there are limited government jobs, a lack of private sector employment, as well as considerable competition for the tourism dollar." The Pitcairners take turns to accommodate those few tourists who occasionally visit the island.[91]

As the island remains aBritish Overseas Territory,the British government may at some stage be required to make a decision about the island's future.[111][112]

Culture[edit]

The once-strict moral codes, which prohibited dancing,public displays of affection,smoking, and consumption of alcohol, have been relaxed. Islanders and visitors no longer require a six-month licence to purchase, import, and consume alcohol.[113]There is now one licensed café and bar on the island, and the government store sells alcohol and cigarettes.

Fishing and swimming are two popular recreational activities. A birthday celebration or the arrival of a ship or yacht will involve the entire Pitcairn community in a public dinner in the Square, Adamstown. Tables are covered in a variety of foods, including fish, meat, chicken, pilhi, baked rice, boiledplun(banana), breadfruit, vegetable dishes, an assortment of pies, bread, breadsticks, an array of desserts, pineapple, and watermelon.

Paid employees maintain the island's numerous roads and paths. As of 2011,the island had alabour forceof over 35 men and women.[27]

Bounty Dayis an annualpublic holidaycelebrated on Pitcairn on 23 January[114]to commemorate the day in 1790 when the mutineers arrived on the island aboardHMSBounty.

Sport[edit]

There is atennis courton the island.[115]The Pitcairn Islands are the only member of thePacific Communitythat does not take part in thePacific Games.[116]In 2019, the territory approached thePacific Games Councilabout the possibility of membership.[117]

AustralianNational Rugby LeagueplayerDylan Walker's mother is from Pitcairn.[116]

Media and communications[edit]

Post[edit]

TheUK Postcodefor directing mail to Pitcairn Island is PCRN 1ZZ.[118]

Newspapers[edit]

ThePitcairn Miscellanyis a monthly newspaper available in print and online editions.[119]Dem Tullwas an online monthly newsletter published between 2007 and 2016.[120]

Telecommunications[edit]

Further information:Telephone numbers in the Pitcairn Islands

Pitcairn uses New Zealand'sinternational calling code,+64.It is still on themanual telephone system.

Radio[edit]

There is no broadcast station. Marine bandwalkie-talkieradios are used to maintain contact among people in different areas of the island. Foreign stations can be picked up onshortwave radio.

Amateur radio[edit]

Callsign websiteQRZ.COMlists sixamateur radiooperators on the island, using theITU prefix(assigned through the UK) of VP6, two of whom have a second VR6 callsign. However, two of these 6 are listed by QRZ.COM as deceased, while others are no longer active. Pitcairn Island has one callsign allocated to its Club Station, VP6PAC.

QRZ.COM lists 29 VP6 callsigns being allocated in total, 20 of them to off-islanders. Of these, five were allocated to temporary residents and ten to individuals visiting. The rest were assigned to theDX-peditionsto Pitcairn, one of which took place in 2012.[121]In 2008, a major DX-pedition visitedDucie Island.[122]In 2018, another major DX-pedition visitedDucie Island.[123]

Television[edit]

Pitcairn can receive a number of television channels but only has capacity to broadcast two channels to houses at any one time. The channels are currently switched on a regular basis.[124]The transmitter was installed in 2006.[125]

Internet[edit]

There is one government-sponsoredsatellite Internetconnection, with networking provided to the inhabitants of the island. Pitcairn'scountry code top-level domainis.pn.Residents pay NZ$120 (about £60) for unlimited data per month.[126]In 2012, a single 1 Mbit/s link installed provided the islanders with an Internet connection, the 1 Mbit/s was shared across all families on the island. By December 2017, the British Government implemented a 4G LTE mobile network in Adamstown with shared speeds of 5 Mbit/s across all islanders.[127]

Starlinksystems are arriving in February 2024 and will provide a stable reliable internet service for the future.

Transport[edit]

All settlers of the Pitcairn Islands arrived by boat or ship. Pitcairn Islanddoes not have an airport,airstrip or seaport; the islanders rely onlongboatsto ferry people and goods between visiting ships and shore through Bounty Bay.[81]Access to the rest of the shoreline is restricted by jagged rocks. The island has one shallow harbour with a launch ramp accessible only by small longboats.[128]In 2014, a medical emergency requiring transport to a hospital inPapeeteinvolved a 335nautical mile(540 km) trip in anopen boatto the island ofMangareva,then anair ambulanceflight 975nautical miles(1570 km) toPapeete.It was organized by medical authorities in theUnited KingdomandNew Zealand,andFrench authoritiesinMangarevaandPapeete.TheBritish High Commissioner to New Zealandsaid "It can be a hazardous sea voyage from Pitcairn to Mangareva. This is especially so for open long boats. However, I'm pleased to say that all went well and both boats arrived safely in Mangareva mid-morning today, New Zealand time."[129]

A dedicated passenger and cargo supply ship chartered by the Pitcairn Island government, theMVClaymore II,was until 2018 the principal transport fromMangarevain theGambier IslandsofFrench Polynesia.The supply ship was replaced in 2019 byMVSilver Supporter.

Totegegie Airportin Mangareva can be reached by air from the French Polynesian capitalPapeete.[130]

There is one 6.4-kilometre (4 mi) paved road leading up from Bounty Bay through Adamstown.

The main modes of transport on Pitcairn Islands are by four-wheel drivequad bikesand on foot.[81]Much of the road and track network and some of the footpaths of Pitcairn Island are viewable onGoogle'sStreet View.[131][132]

Notable people[edit]

  • Ned Young(bc.1762, d 1800 on Pitcairn), mutineer from the famous HMSBountyincident, and co-founder of the mutineers' Pitcairn Island settlement.
  • Teraura(bc.1775, d 1850 on Pitcairn), Tahitian noblewoman and tapa weaver, 'partner' of Ned Young, Matthew Quintal and Thursday October Christian I.
  • William McCoy(bc.1763, d 1798 on Pitcairn), a Scottish sailor and a mutineer on board HMSBounty.
  • Fletcher Christian(b 1764, d 1793 on Pitcairn), Master's mate on board HMSBounty,died here at age 28.[133]
  • Matthew Quintal(b 1766, d 1799 on Pitcairn), a Cornish able seaman and mutineer aboard HMSBounty
  • John Adams(b 1767, d 1829 on Pitcairn), the last survivor of the HMSBountymutineers who settled on Pitcairn Island in January 1790, the year after the mutiny
  • Thursday October Christian I(1790–1831), the first son ofFletcher Christian
  • George Adams(1804–1873), served as Chief Magistrate on Pitcairn in 1848
  • Thursday October Christian II(1820–1911), a Pitcairn Islands political leader. Grandson ofFletcher Christianand son ofThursday October Christian I
  • Simon Young(1823–1893), served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands in 1849
  • Moses Young(1829–1909), served as magistrate of Pitcairn Island four times, between 1865 and 1881
  • James Russell McCoy(1845–1924), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island 7 times, between 1870 and 1904
  • Benjamin Stanley Young(1851–1934), served as Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands twice, from 1884 to 1885, and in 1892
  • Rosalind Amelia Young(1853–1924), a historian from Pitcairn Islands
  • William Alfred Young(1863–1911), served as President of the council, and Magistrate of Pitcairn Island three times, between 1897 and 1908
  • Matthew Edmond McCoy(1868–1929), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island in 1909
  • Gerard Bromley Robert Christian(1870–1919), served as Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1910 to 1919
  • Edgar Allen Christian(1879–1960), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on several occasions between 1923 and 1939
  • Charles Richard Parkin Christian(1883–1971), a long-serving politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island for eleven years at various times between 1920 and 1957
  • Frederick Martin Christian(1883–1971), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island on three occasions between 1921 and 1943
  • John Lorenzo Christian(1895–1984), twice served as Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island: 1952–54 and 1961–66
  • Ivan Christian(1919–1991), a politician from Pitcairn and Chief Magistrate of Pitcairn Island from 1976 to 1984
  • Tom Christian(1935–2013), radio operator
  • Brenda Christian(born 1953), a political figure from the Pitcairn Islands who served the territory as its first female Mayor from 8 November to 15 December 2004
  • Jay Warren(born 1956), a political figure who served as the 3rd Mayor of Pitcairn Islands
  • Charlene Warren-Peu,a political figure who was the first woman elected in as Mayor for a full 3-year term
  • Simon Young(born 1965), a political figure who is the first non-native-born Pitcairn Islander to be elected in as the Mayor. An immigrant from Pickering in North Yorkshire, England who emigrated to Pitcairn in 2000

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ThePresent Committee on Geographic Namesstated that Auckland, New Zealand is the administrative centre for these islands because the Governor of Pitcairn, theBritish High Commissioner to New Zealand,is based in Auckland. However the same cited document describes Adamstown as the capital of the BOT on the following page.[1]
  2. ^TheTemoeatoll ofFrench Polynesia,although closer, is uninhabited.

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Further reading[edit]

Mutiny on theBounty[edit]

  • Mutiny on the Bountyby Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1932
  • The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bountyby Caroline Alexander (Harper Perennial, London, 2003 pp. 491)
  • The Discovery of Fletcher Christian: A Travel Bookby Glynn Christian, a descendant ofFletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer(Guild Press, London, 2005 pp. 448)

After the Mutiny[edit]

  • Men Against the Seaby Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1933
  • Pitcairn's Islandby Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall, 1934
  • The Pitcairnersby Robert B. Nicolson (Pasifika Press, Auckland, 1997 pp. 260)
  • After the Bounty: The Aftermath of the Infamous Mutiny on the HMS Bounty—An Insight to the Plight of the Mutineersby Cal Adams, a descendant ofJohn Adams, Bounty Mutineer(Self-published, Sydney, 2008 pp. 184)
  • The "Re-colonising of Pitcairnby Sue Farran, Senior Lecturer, University of Dundee; Visiting Lecturer, University of the South Pacific.
  • Ball, Ian M. –Pitcairn: Children of Mutiny.1973
  • Belcher, Lady –The Mutineers of the Bounty and Their Descendants in Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands.1870
  • Birkett, Dea–Serpent in Paradise.Anchor Doubleday, 1997.ISBN0-385-48870-X.
  • Brodie, Walter –Pitcairn Island and the Islanders in 1850.1851
  • Christian, Glynn –Fragile Paradise: The Discovery of Fletcher Christian, Bounty Mutineer.2005
  • Clarke, Peter –Hell and Paradise: The Norfolk-Bounty-Pitcairn Saga.1986
  • Fullerton, W. Y.–The Romance of Pitcairn Island.1923
  • Hancock, W. K. –Politics in Pitcairn and Other Essays.1947
  • Lucas, Charles –The Pitcairn Island Register Book.1929
  • Lummis, Trevor–Pitcairn Island: Life and death in Eden.1997
  • Manorial Research with the National Maritime Museum (UK) –Mutiny on the Bounty, 1789-1989.1989
  • Murray, Rev. T. B. –Pitcairn: The Island, the People, and the Pastor.1853
  • Oliver, Dawn, ed. –Justice, Legality and the Rule of Law: Lessons from the Pitcairn Prosecutions.2009
  • Oliver, Douglas –Return to Tahiti: Bligh's Second Breadfruit Voyage.1988
  • Randall, John E. –Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands.2005
  • Shapiro, Harry L.–The Heritage of the 'Bounty': The Story of Pitcairn Through Six Generations.1936
  • Silverman, David –Pitcairn Island.1967
  • Tobin, George, Lt.–Captain Bligh's Second Chance: An eyewitness account of his return to the South Seas.2007

Fiction[edit]

Other[edit]

External links[edit]

Government[edit]

Travel[edit]

Local news[edit]

Study groups[edit]

25°04′S130°06′W/ 25.067°S 130.100°W/-25.067; -130.100

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