Police impersonation
Police impersonationis the act of falsely portraying oneself as a member of thepolicefor the purpose of deception.
Typology and methods
[edit]Criminologyresearch has developed a typology of police impersonators, categorizing offenders as (1) "police enthusiasts" (or "wannabe cops" ); (2) compulsive deviants; and (3) common criminals seeking material gain through thefts and robberies committed throughvehicle pull-oversandhome invasions.[1]
A 2012 article in theAmerican Journal of Criminal Justicenoted that "Distinguishing between real and phony officers can be difficult, and impersonators present themselves in numerous manners and commit a wide variety of crimes. Impersonators do more than just pretend to be a law enforcement officer. At times, impersonators engage in serious and wide ranging crimes includingrobbery,rape,andhomicide."[1]The same study found that "in general, police impersonators, depending on the type of offense, may be easily deterred. Invehicle pull-overcases, most impersonators fled when the targeted victim was on the phone with911verifying the legitimacy of the stop. Additionally, potential victims who questioned the legitimacy of the stop and challenged the fake officer tended to avoid further victimization. "[1]
The 2012 study examined 56 police impersonation episodes from May 2002 to February 2010 from three U.S. metropolitan areas, dealing with 63 offenders and 71 victims. The study found that these incidents "most often involve one victim (76%), one offender (91%), no witnesses (75%), no weapon (68%), and result in no injury to the victim (96%)."[1]The mean value of cash and property lost was $616.[1]Of police impersonation episodes, 45% occurred on a highway, roadway, or alley; 20% occurred in or near the victim's home (such as a fake "knock and talk"); and 34% occurred in some other place.[1]The study found that only 46% of police impersonation incidents were "cleared" (i.e., arrest made or resolved in some other way).[1]
Police impersonation has also facilitatedextortionandassault.[1]Police "wannabees" may drive cars equipped withpolice-style emergency lights,wearpolice uniforms,and carry fake police badges.[1]Somesexual predatorshave impersonated police to commitsexual abuse,harassment,and rape.[1][2]Impersonation involving police vehicle and uniforms has also been used byMexican drug cartelstosmugglecurrency across theU.S.–Mexico border;[3]within Mexico,Gulf Carteloperatives have also posed as members of theMexican policeandmilitary.[4]
In the United Kingdom, police impersonation "with intent to deceive" is criminalised by Section 90 of thePolice Act 1996.[5]The same section also restricts the sale of police uniforms and paraphernalia,[5]although illicit trade in items such aswarrant cardscontinues in the UK.[6]
History
[edit]Police impersonation has a long history. In 17th and 18th-centuryLondon,impostors presented to beconstables,Marshalsea,orsheriffs' officers to extort bribes or commit sex crimes.[7]Between 1685 and 1701, 29 men in London were caught assuming the identities of law officers.[8]In 18th-centuryQing China,thepolice,officials, andyamenrunners were often vulnerable to impersonation.[9]There were almost 150 surviving recorded cases inNazi Germanyof impersonations of its police, mostly the notoriousGestaposecret police.A study byRobert Gellatelyconcluded that: "As the Gestapo and to some considerable extent also theKripoattained a reputation for ruthlessness, brutality and mystery, their powers and reputation not only deterred, but called forth amateur imitators. From the point-of-view of impostors, the Gestapo (and Kripo) had the additional advantage of being detectives operating mostly in civilian clothes. "[10]
In Nigeria, impersonation ofNigeria Police Forceofficers remains a problem, inhibiting public confidence in police.[11]
During atwo-day rampage in Nova Scotia in April 2020,the perpetrator, who killed 22 people, posed as aRoyal Canadian Mounted Policeofficer and a drove a replica RCMP cruiser.[12]
Effects
[edit]There is a limited body of research concerning police impersonation.[1]Some scholars suggest that police impersonation may weaken public confidence in law enforcement and trust in authority, "particularly if victims believe that the event was a 'legitimate' police action undertaken by a corrupt cop."[1]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^abcdefghijklRennison, Callie Marie; Dodge, Mary (2012)."Police Impersonation: Pretenses and Predators"(PDF).American Journal of Criminal Justice.37(4): 505–522.doi:10.1007/s12103-011-9153-z.ISSN1066-2316.S2CID143548460.
- ^Hatch, Jenavieve (March 6, 2018)."Men Are Impersonating Police To Sexually Exploit Women, And We're Not Paying Enough Attention".HuffPost.
- ^Paul Rexton Kan & Barry R. McCaffrey,Cartels at War: Mexico's Drug-Fueled Violence and the Threat to U.S. National Security(2012), p. 79.
- ^Nancy E. Marion, "Gulf Cartel" inDrugs in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law,Vol. 3 (eds. Nancy E. Marion & Willard M. Oliver: ABC-CLIO, 2014), p. 453.
- ^ab"Police Act: Section 90",legislation.gov.uk,The National Archives,1996 c. 30 (s. 90),retrieved1 October2021
- ^"Inside Out South East reveals illegal trade in police uniforms"(Press release). BBC. October 18, 2010.
- ^Gregory Durston,Whores and Highwaymen: Crime and Justice in the Eighteenth-century Metropolis(Waterside Press, 2012), pp. 165-66.
- ^Jennine Hurl-Eamon,The Westminster imposters: Impersonating law enforcement in early Eighteenth Century London,Eighteenth-Century Studies(2005), 38(3), 461–483.
- ^Mark McNicholas,Forgery and Impersonation in Imperial China: Popular Deceptions and the High Qing State(University of Washington Press: 2016), pp. 93-94.
- ^Robert Gellately,Crime, Identity and Power: Stories of Police Imposters in Nazi Germany,Crime, Histoire & Sociétés/Crime, History & Societies(2000), 4(2), pp. 5-18.
- ^Usman Adekunle Ojedokun,Situational and Contextual Factors Sustaining Police Impersonation in Nigeria,Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice(2018).
- ^Nadine Yousif,Nova Scotia mass shooting inquiry heavily criticises police response,BBC News (30 March 2023).