Jump to content

Political views on the Macedonian language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Politics of North Macedonia
Constitution
Executive
Legislature
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
flagNorth Macedonia portal

The existence and distinctiveness of theMacedonian languageis disputed inBulgariaand the name of the language was disputed byGreece.By signing thePrespa Agreement,Greece accepted the name "Macedonian language" in reference to the official language ofNorth Macedonia.

Macedonian dialectsform acontinuumwithBulgarian dialectsforming theEastern South Slavicsub-group; they in turn form a broader continuum withSerbo-Croatianthrough the transitionalTorlakiandialects. Throughout history Macedonian has been often referred to as a variant ofBulgarian.It was standardized in Yugoslavia in 1945 based on thecentral-western dialectsof the region ofMacedonia.[1]Macedonian was recognized as a minority language in Bulgaria from 1946 to 1948. Though, it was subsequently described in Bulgaria again as a dialect or regional norm of Bulgarian.[2]

Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia in 1991, most of its academics, as well as the general public, continue to regard the language spoken there as a form of Bulgarian. However, after years of diplomatic impasse caused by this academic dispute, in 1999 the Bulgarian government settled the language issue by signing aJoint Declarationwhich used the euphemistic formulation:in Macedonian, pursuant toConstitution of the Republic of Macedonia,and in Bulgarian, pursuant the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria.[3]Nevertheless, the Bulgarian government continues to deny Macedonian as a separate language.[4]This issue was one of the main reasons for which the Bulgarian government has hinderedaccession of North Macedonia to the European Union.

Overview of issues

[edit]

Recognition

[edit]
The front page of theAbecedar,a school book published by the Greek government in 1925. Attempts to use Macedonian-language books in the Greek educational system were largely unsuccessful.[5]

Politicians and scholars from North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece often have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of Macedonian. Through history and especially before its codification, Macedonian has been variously referred to as a variant of Bulgarian,[6]Serbian[7]or a distinct language of its own.[8][9]Historically, after its codification, the use of the language has been a subject of different views in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. In theinterwar period,Macedonian was treated as a South Serbian dialect in Yugoslavia, in accordance with claims made in the 19th century. The government permitted its use in dialectal literature.[10]The 1940s saw opposing views on Macedonian in Bulgaria; while its existence was recognized in 1946-47 and allowed as the language of instruction in schools inPirin Macedonia,the period after 1948 saw its rejection and restricted domestic use.[5]

Until 1999, Macedonian had never been recognized as a minority language in Greece, and attempts to have Macedonian-language books introduced in education have failed.[5]For instance, a Macedonian primerAbecedarwas published in 1925 inAthens,but was never used and eventually most copies were destroyed.[10]ProfessorChristina Kramerargues that Greek policies have largely been based on denying connection between the Macedonian codified standard and that of the Slavophone minority in the country and sees it as "clearly directed towards the elimination of Macedonian".[5]The number of speakers of Macedonian in Greece has been difficult to establish since part of the Slavophone Greek population is also considered speakers of Bulgarian by Bulgarian linguists.[6][11][12]In recent years, there have been attempts to have the language recognized as a minority language in Greece.[13]In Albania, Macedonian was recognized after 1946 and mother-tongue instructions were offered in some village schools until grade four.[5]

Autonomous language dispute

[edit]

Bulgarian scholars have and continue to widely consider Macedonian part of theBulgarian dialect area.In many Bulgarian and international sources before the World War II, theEastern South Slavic dialect continuumcovering the area of today'sNorth MacedoniaandNorthern Greecewas referred to as a group of Bulgarian dialects. Some scholars argue that the idea of linguistic separatism emerged in the late 19th century with the advent ofMacedonian nationalismand the need for a separate Macedonian standard language subsequently appeared in the early 20th century.[14][15]Local variants used to name the language were alsobalgàrtzki,bùgarskiorbugàrski;i.e. Bulgarian.[16]

Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, most of its academics, as well as the general public, regarded the language spoken there as a form of Bulgarian.[2]Dialect experts of the Bulgarian refer to Macedonian asмакедонска езикова формаi.e. Macedonian linguistic norm of the Bulgarian language.[17]During Communist era Macedonian was recognized as a minority language in Bulgaria from 1946 to 1948, though, it was subsequently described again as a dialect or regional norm of Bulgarian.[18]Bulgarian government signed in 1956 an Agreement with Yugoslavia for mutual legal defense, where Macedonian is named along with Bulgarian, Serbo-Croat, and Slovene as one of the languages to be used officially for legal matters.[19]Nevertheless in the same year Bulgaria revoked finally its recognition of Macedonian nationhood and language and resumed implicitly its prewar position.[20]In 1999 the government in Sofia signed aJoint Declarationin the official languages of the two countries, marking the first time it agreed to sign a bilateral agreement written in Macedonian.[5]As of 2019, disputes regarding the language and its origins are ongoing in academic and political circles in the countries. Macedonian is still widely regarded as a dialect by Bulgarian scholars, historians and politicians alike including theGovernment of Bulgariaand theBulgarian Academy of Sciences,which denies the existence of a separate Macedonian language and declares it a written regional form of the Bulgarian language.[21][22]Similar sentiments are also expressed by the majority of the Bulgarian population.[23]The current international consensus outside of Bulgaria is that Macedonian is anautonomous languagewithin theEastern South Slavicdialect continuum.[17][24]As such, the language is recognized by 138 member states of theUnited Nations.[25]

Naming dispute

[edit]
Main article:Macedonian language naming dispute

The Greek scientific and local community was opposed to using the denomination Macedonian to refer to the language in light of theGreek-Macedonian naming dispute.The term is often avoided in the Greek context, and vehemently rejected by most Greeks, for whomMacedonianhas very different connotations. Instead, the language is often called simply "Slavic" or "Slavomacedonian" (translated to "Macedonian Slavic" in English). Speakers themselves variously refer to their language asmakedonski,makedoniski( "Macedonian" ),[26]slaviká(Greek:σλαβικά,"Slavic" ),dópiaorentópia(Greek:εντόπια,"local/indigenous [language]" ),[27]balgàrtzki(Bulgarian) or "Macedonian" in some parts of the region ofKastoria,[28]bògartski( "Bulgarian" ) in some parts of Dolna Prespa[16]along withnaši( "our own" ) andstariski( "old" ).[29]With thePrespa agreementsigned in 2018 between theGovernment of North Macedoniaand theGovernment of Greece,the latter country accepted the use of the adjective Macedonian to refer to the language using a footnote to describe it as Slavic.[30]

Historical overview

[edit]
Marko Teodorrovich's Primer, 1792
Ioakim Karchovski's vernacular book, 1814
Konikovo Gospel, 1852
Kulakia Gospel, 1863

Bulgarian ethnosin Macedonia existed long before the earliest articulations of the idea thatMacedonian Slavsmight form a separate ethnic group from theBulgariansin Danubian Bulgaria andThrace.Throughout the period ofOttomanrule, the Slav-speaking people of the geographic regions ofMoesia,ThraceandMacedoniareferred to their language as Bulgarian and called themselves Bulgarians.[31][32]For instance, the Croatian Bosnian researcher Stjepan Verković who was a long-term teacher in Macedonia sent by the Serbian government with a special assimilatory mission wrote in the preface of his collection of Bulgarian folk songs: "I named these songs Bulgarian, and not Slavic because today when you ask any Macedonian Slav: Who are you? he immediately answers: I am Bulgarian and call my language Bulgarian…"[33]The name "Bulgarian" for various Macedonian dialects can be seen from early vernacular texts such as the four-language dictionary of Daniil of Moschopole, the early works of Kiril Pejchinovich and Ioakim Kurchovski and some vernacular gospels written in the Greek Alpha bet. These written works influenced by or completely written in the Bulgarian vernacular were registered in Macedonia in the 18th and beginning of the 19th century and their authors referred to their language as Bulgarian.[34]The first samples of Bulgarian speech and the first grammar of the modern Bulgarian language were written by the leading Serbian literator Vuk Karadžić on the basis of the Macedonian Razlog dialect.[35]In those early years the re-emerging Bulgarian written language was still heavily influenced by Church Slavonic forms so dialectical differences were not very prominent between the Eastern and Western regions. Indeed, in those early years many Bulgarian activists sometimes even communicated in Greek in their writing.

When the Bulgarian national movement got underway in the second quarter of the 19th century some cities in Macedonia were among the first to demand education in Bulgarian and Bulgarian-speaking clerics for their churches.[36]By the 1860s however, it was clear that the Central Balkan regions of Bulgaria were assuming leadership in linguistic and literary affairs. This was to a large extent due to the fact that the wealthy towns on both sides of the Central Balkan range were able to produce more intellectuals educated in Europe than the relatively less developed other Bulgarian regions. Consequently, when the idea that the vernacular rather than Church Slavonic should be represented in the written language gained preponderance, it was the dialects of the Central Balkan region betweenVeliko TarnovoandPlovdivthat were most represented.[37]

Some prominent Bulgarian educators from Macedonia likeParteniy ZografskiandKuzman Shapkarevcalled for a stronger representation of Macedonian dialects in the Bulgarian literary language but their advice was not heeded at the time and sometimes met with hostility.[37]In the articleThe Macedonian QuestionbyPetko Rachev Slaveykov,published on 18 January 1871 in theMakedoniyanewspaper in Constantinople,Macedonismwas criticized, his adherents were named Macedonists, and this is the earliest surviving indirect reference to it, although Slaveykov never used the wordMacedonism.The term's first recorded use is from 1887 byStojan Novakovićto describe Macedonism as a potential ally for the Serbian strategy to expand its territory toward Macedonia, whose population was regarded by almost all neutral sources as Bulgarian at the time. The consternation of certain Macedonians with what they saw as the domineering attitude of Northern Bulgarians towards their vernacular was later deftly exploited by the Serbian state, which had begun to fear the rise of Bulgarian nationalism in Macedonia.

Up until 1912/18 it was the standard Bulgarian language that most Macedonians learned (and taught) in the Exarchate schools. All activists and leaders of the Macedonian movement, including those of the left, used standard Bulgarian in documents, press publications, correspondence and memoirs and nothing indicates they viewed it as a foreign language.[38]This is characteristic even of the members ofIMRO (United)well into the 1920s and 1930s, when the idea of a distinct Macedonian nation was taking shape.[39]

From the 1930s onwards the Bulgarian Communist Party and the Comintern sought tofoster a separate Macedonian nationality and languageas a means of achieving autonomy for Macedonia within a Balkan federation. Consequently, it was Bulgarian-educated Macedonians who were the first to develop a distinct Macedonian language, culture and literature.[40][41]When Socialist Macedonia was formed as part of Federal Yugoslavia, these Bulgarian-trained cadres got into a conflict over the language with the more Serbian-leaning activists, who had been working within the Yugoslav Communist Party. Since the latter held most of the political power, they managed to impose their views on the direction the new language was to follow, much to the dismay of the former group.[42]Dennis P. Hupchick,American professor of history, states that "the obviously plagiarized historical argument of the Macedonian nationalists for a separate Macedonian ethnicity could be supported only by linguistic reality, and that worked against them until the 1940s. Until a modern Macedonian literary language was mandated by the socialist-led partisan movement from Macedonia in 1944, most outside observers and linguists agreed with the Bulgarians in considering the vernacular spoken by the Macedonian Slavs as a western dialect of Bulgarian".[43]

After 1944 the communist-dominated government sought to create a Bulgarian-YugoslavBalkan Communist Federationand part of this entailed giving "cultural autonomy" to the Pirin region. Consequently, Bulgarian communists recognised Macedonian as distinct from Bulgarian on 2nd Nov 1944 with a letter from the Bulgarian Workers' Party (communists) to Marshal Tito and CPY.[44]From January 1945 the regional newspaper Pirinsko Delo printed in Bulgaria started to publish a page in Macedonian.[45][46]After theTito–Stalin splitin 1948, those plans were abandoned. This date also coincided with the first claims of Bulgarian linguists as to theSerbianisationof the Macedonian.[47]Officially Bulgaria continued to support the idea of aMacedonian unificationand a Macedonian nation but within the framework of a Balkan Federation and not within Yugoslavia.[48]However, a reversal in theMacedonisationpolicy was already announced in the secret April plenum of the BCP in 1956 and openly proclaimed in the plenum of 1963. 1958 was the first time that a "serious challenge" to the Macedonian position was launched by Bulgaria.[49]These developments led to violent polemics between Yugoslav and Bulgarian scholars and sometimes reflected on the bilateral relations of the two countries.[46]

Macedonian views

[edit]

According to the now-prevalent and official Macedonian view in the books in the Republic of North Macedonia,[citation needed]Macedonian was the first official language of the Slavs[citation needed],thanks to theSt. Cyril and St. Methodius's introduction ofSlavic literacy languagethrough theGlagoliticscript, that was based on Southern Macedonian dialect from the neighbourhood[citation needed]ofThessaloniki,the home of the two saints.[50]Later on, Macedonia fell under the rule of Bulgarians, and theByzantinesregarded all Slavic Macedonians as Bulgarians. However,Krste Misirkov,who allegedly set the principles of the Macedonian literary language in the late 19th century, stated: "We speak a Bulgarian language and we believed with Bulgaria is our strong power."[51]

During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Greece were all under Ottoman reign. During the nineteenth century, the primary source of identity was religion.[52]Because Slavs in the geographical regions of Macedonia and Bulgaria were both Orthodox Christian and the Greek Orthodox Church was attempting to Hellenize the population, Macedonian and Bulgarian intellectuals banded together to establish a Slavic literary language in opposition to Greek.[52]Two competing centers of literacy rose at the beginning of the nineteenth century: southwestern Macedonia and northeastern Bulgaria.[52]These centers were different enough at every linguistic level to be competing to become the literary language. When the Bulgarian Exarchate was recognized as a millet on par with the Greek millet (on religious grounds), the designation Bulgarian was still a religious term, in opposition to Greek, and the language began to be standardized on the basis of the Bulgarian center of literacy.[52]Intellectuals from the Macedonian center of literacy felt that their dialects were being excluded from the literary Bulgarian language.[52]By the time the Bulgarian state gained independence in 1878, the population of Macedonia and Bulgaria was subjected to conflicting claims from the Serbian, Bulgarian, and Greek states and churches, which provided education, and a distinct Macedonian national identity was written about in print.[52]By 1903, a separate Macedonian identity and language is solidified in the works ofKrste Petkov Misirkov,who advocates for a distinct Macedonian literary language.[52]

Bulgarian views

[edit]
A page fromSlavonic-Bulgarian History,written in 1762 by Macedonia-bornSaint Paisius of Hilendar.

In 1946Elections for a constituent assembly in Octobergave the Communists a majority. The new authorities officially recognized Macedonian, but it lasted only until theTito–Stalin splitin 1948. However, from 1948 to 1963 some Bulgarian linguists still continued to recognize Macedonian as a separate Slavic language.[53]The first big "language scandal" between Bulgaria and Macedonia happened in November 1966 when the president of the Bulgarian Association of Writers Georgi Dzagarov refused to sign an agreement for friendship and cooperation that was prepared in both Bulgarian and Macedonian.[45]In 1993 the Bulgarian government refused to sign the first bilateral agreement with the Republic of Macedonia because the Macedonian language was mentioned in the agreement in the last clause: "This agreement is written and signed in Bulgarian and Macedonian". That started a dispute that was resolved in February 1999 when the governments of Bulgaria and Macedonia signed aJoint Declarationwhere in the last paragraph both governments signed the declaration in: "Bulgarian according to the constitution of Bulgaria and in Macedonian according to the constitution of Macedonia." The denial to recognize Macedonian though persisted in Bulgarian society, so in August 2017 both governments signed anotherAgreement for Friendshipwith a clause that mentions the Macedonian language again. In the Bulgarian society there still exists a perception that Bulgaria did not and does not recognize Macedonian as a distinct language.

Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, most of its academics, as well as the general public, regard the language spoken there as a form of Bulgarian.[46]However, after years of diplomatic impasse caused by an academic dispute, in 1999 the government in Sofia solved the problem with the Macedonian language under the formula: "the official language of the country (Republic of Macedonia) in accordance with its constitution".[54]

Most Bulgarian linguists consider the Slavic dialects spoken in theregion of Macedoniaas a part of theBulgarian dialect area[55][56]which form adialect continuum.Numerous shared features of these dialects with Bulgarian are cited as proof.[55]Bulgarian scholars also claim that the overwhelming majority of the Macedonian population had no consciousness of a Macedonian language separate from Bulgarian prior to 1945. Russian scholars cite the early references to the language in Slavic literature from the middle of the 10th century to the end of the 19th century as "bulgarski" or "bolgarski" as proof of that claim.[37]From that, the conclusion is drawn that modern standard Macedonian is not a language separate from Bulgarian either but just another written "norm" based on a set of Bulgariandialects.

Moreover, Bulgarian linguists assert that the Macedonian and Yugoslav linguists who were involved in codifying the new language artificially introduced differences from literary Bulgarian to bring it closer to Serbian.[57]They are also said to have resorted to falsifications and deliberate misinterpretations of history and documents in order to further the claim that there was a consciousness of a separate Macedonian ethnicity before 1944.[58]Although the original aim of the codifiers of Macedonian was to distance it from both Bulgarian and Serbian[citation needed],Bulgarians today view standard Macedonian as heavily Serbianised, especially with regards to its vocabulary.[59]Bulgarian scholars such as Kosta Tsrnushanov claim there are several ways in which standard Macedonian was influenced by Serbian.[60]Venko Markovski,writer, poet andCommunistpolitician from theregion of Macedonia,who in 1945 participated in the Commission for theCreation of the Macedonian Alphabetand once wrote in Macedonian and published what was the first contemporary book written in standardized Macedonian, stated in an interview forBulgarian National Televisiononly seven days prior to his death, thatethnic Macedoniansand the Macedonian language do not exist and that they were a result ofCominternmanipulation.[61]Part of the Bulgarian scholars and people hold the view that Macedonian is one of three "norms" of the Bulgarian language, the other two being standard Bulgarian and the language of theBanat Bulgarians.This formulation was detailed in 1978 in a document of theBulgarian Academy of Sciencesentitled "The Unity of the Bulgarian Language Today and in the Past".[46]Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of theRepublic of Macedonia,it has not recognized Macedonian as a unique language[62]since it reversed its recognition of the language and ethnic group in the late 1950s.[63][64]This was a major obstacle to the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries until a compromise solution was worked out in 1999.[clarification needed][citation needed]

Greek views

[edit]
The "A Dictionary of Three languages"(1875) -" Slavo-Macedonian "- Albanian - Turkish

From theGreekpoint of view, there is only one true meaning for the termMacedonia,and that is in reference to ancientMacedonand the modern Greek region ofMacedonia.[65]Therefore Greeks were objecting to the use of the "Macedonian" name in reference to the modern Slavic language, calling it "Slavomacedonian"(Greek:σλαβομακεδονική γλώσσα), a term coined by some members of the Slavic-speaking community of northern Greece itself and used byGeorgi Pulevskiin his book "A Dictionary of Three languages".[66]

Demetrius Andreas Floudas, Senior Associate ofHughes Hall, Cambridge,explains that it was only in 1944 thatJosip Broz Tito,in order to increase his regional influence, gave to the southernmost province ofYugoslavia(officially known asVardarska banovinaunder thebanateregional nomenclature) the new name ofPeople's Republic of Macedonia.At the same time, in a "political master-stroke",[67]the local language - which was until then held to be awestern Bulgariandialect - was unilaterally christened "Macedonian" and became one of Yugoslavia's official languages.[68]Greece similarlyrejectsthe former name "Republic of Macedonia",seeing it as an implicit territorial claim on the whole of the region.

Books have been published in Greece which purport to expose the alleged artificial character of Macedonian.[69]

On 3 June 2018, the Greek Minister of Shipping and Island Policy Panagiotis Kouroublis, acknowledged that Greece had fully recognized the term "Macedonian language" for the modern Slavic language, since the 1977 UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names,[70]a fact confirmed on 6 June by the Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias, who stated that the language was recognized by theNew Democracy-led government of that time. Kotzias also revealed classified documents confirming the use of the term "Macedonian Language" by the past governments of Greece, as well as pointing out to official statements of the Greek Prime MinisterEvangelos Averoffwho in 1954 and 1959 used the term "Macedonian language" to refer to the South Slavic language.[71][72]New Democracy denied these claims, noting that the 1977 UN document states clearly that the terminology used thereof (i.e. the characterization of the languages) does not imply any opinion of the General Secretariat of the UN regarding the legal status of any country, territory, borders etc. Further, New Democracy stated that in 2007 and 2012, as governing party, included Greece's objections in the relevant UN documents.[73]

On 12 June 2018, North Macedonia's Prime Minister Zoran Zaev, announced that the recognition of Macedonian by Greece is reaffirmed in thePrespa agreement.[74]Within Greece itself however, the term "Slavomacedonian" (Σλαβομακεδονικα) is most commonly used.[75]

Serbian views

[edit]

Serbiaofficially recognises Macedonian as a separate language fromBulgarian.In the 2002 census c.26,000 people declared themselves asMacedonians.[76]

Views of linguists

[edit]
TheEastern South Slavicdialectal area.
Torlakian dialects
Northern Macedonian dialects
Western Macedonian
Central Macedonian
Southeastern Macedonian dialects
Southwestern Bulgarian dialects(or Eastern Macedonian dialects)
Northwestern Bulgarian dialects
Rup dialects
Balkan dialects
Moesian dialects
Standard Bulgarianis based on theRup,BalkanandMoesian( "Eastern Bulgarian") dialects.
Standard Macedonianis based on theWestern Macedonian dialects,consisting of the 'Western' and 'Central Macedonian' subgroups.

Horace Luntwrote: "Bulgarian scholars, who argue that the concept of a Macedonian language was unknown before World War II, or who continue to claim that a Macedonian language does not exist look not only dishonest, but silly, while Greek scholars who make similar claims are displaying arrogant ignorance of their Slavic neighbours".[77]Loring Danforth,a professor of anthropology, addresses the stance of linguists, who attribute the origin of the Macedonian language to their will, stressing that all languages in the standardisation process have a certain political and historical context to them and the fact that the Macedonian language had a political context in which it was standardised does not mean it is not a language.[78]

Vittore Pisani stated "the Macedonian language is actually an artifact produced for primarily political reasons".[79]German linguist Friedrich Scholz argues that the Macedonian national consciousness and from that conscientious promotion of Macedonian as a written language first appears just in the beginning of the twentieth century and is strengthened particularly during the years between the two world wars.[80]Austrian linguist Otto Kronsteiner states that the Macedonian linguists artificially introduced differences from the literary Bulgarian language to bring Macedonian closer to Serbian, jesting that the Macedonian language is a Bulgarian one, but written on a Serbian typewriter.[81]According to theEncyclopedia of Language and Linguistics(ed. linguistRonald E. Asher), Macedonian can be called a Bulgarian dialect, as structurally it is most similar to Bulgarian.[82]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Matthew H. Ciscel, Multilingualism and the disputed standardizations of Macedonian and Moldovan, pp. 309–328; in Matthias Hüning, Ulrike Vogl, Olivier Moliner as ed., Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History, John Benjamins Publishing, 2012,ISBN902727391X,p. 314.
  2. ^Ranko Bugarski, Celia Hawkesworth as editors, Language in the Former Yugoslav Lands, Slavica Publishers, 2004,ISBN0893572985,p. 201.
  3. ^"1999/02/22 23:50 Bulgaria Recognizes Macedonian Language".Aimpress.ch.Retrieved2014-08-07.
  4. ^Wayne C. Thompson, Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2018-2019, Edition 18, Rowman & Littlefield, 2018,ISBN1475841523,p. 584.
  5. ^abcdefKramer 1999,p.?
  6. ^abInstitute of Bulgarian Language (1978).Единството на българския език в миналото и днес[The unity of the Bulgarian language in the past and today] (in Bulgarian).Sofia:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.p. 4.OCLC6430481.
  7. ^Comrie & Corbett 2002,p. 251
  8. ^Max K. Adler. Marxist Linguistic Theory and Communist Practice: A Sociolinguistic Study; Buske Verlag (1980), p.215
  9. ^Seriot 1997,pp. 270–271
  10. ^abFriedman 2001,p. 436
  11. ^Shklifov, Blagoy (1995).Проблеми на българската диалектна и историческа фонетика с оглед на македонските говори(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Kacharmazov. p. 14.
  12. ^Shklifov, Blagoy (1977).Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Book VIII. pp. 201–205.
  13. ^"Report of the independent expert on minority issues, Gay McDougall Mission to Greece 8–16 September 2008"(PDF).Greek Helsinki Monitor.United Nations Human Rights Council.2009-02-18. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-06-17.
  14. ^Fishman, Joshua A.; de Gruyter, Walter (1993).The Earliest Stage of Language Planning: The "First Congress" Phenomenon.Walter de Gruyter. pp. 161–162.ISBN3-11-013530-2.Retrieved2014-08-07.
  15. ^Danforth, Loring M. (1995).The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world.Princeton University Press. p. 67.ISBN0-691-04356-6.Retrieved2014-08-07.
  16. ^abShklifov, Blagoy; Shklifova, Ekaterina (2003).Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония[Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia] (in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 28–36.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^abReimann, Daniel (2014).Kontrastive Linguistik und Fremdsprachendidaktik Iberoromanisch(in German). Gunter Narr Verlag.ISBN978-3823368250.
  18. ^Ranko Bugarski, Celia Hawkesworth as editors, Language in the Former Yugoslav Lands, Slavica Publishers, 2004,ISBN0893572985,p. 201.
  19. ^"Agreement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia for mutual legal defense".Държавен вестник No 16. February 22, 1967.RetrievedJanuary 13,2020.
  20. ^Raymond Detrez, (2010) The A to Z of Bulgaria, Issue 223 of A to Z Guides, Edition 2, Scarecrow Press, 2010,ISBN0810872021.
  21. ^"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is firm that" Macedonian language "is Bulgarian dialect".Bulgarian National Radio. 12 November 2019.Retrieved20 March2020.
  22. ^Jakov Marusic, Sinisa (10 October 2019)."Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia's EU Progress".Balkan Insights.Retrieved18 March2020.
  23. ^Nihtinen 1999,p.?
  24. ^Trudgill 1992,p.?
  25. ^"Повелба за македонскиот јазик"[Charter for the Macedonian language](PDF)(in Macedonian). Skopje:Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.3 December 2019.Retrieved18 March2020.
  26. ^Lois Whitman (1994):Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of GreeceHelsinki Human Rights Watch. p.39[1]atGoogle Books
  27. ^"Greek Helsinki Monitor – Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities".Archived fromthe originalon 2003-05-23.Retrieved2009-01-12.
  28. ^Danforth, Loring M.The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World.p. 62.Retrieved2014-08-07.
  29. ^Whitman, Lois (1994).Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece.Helsinki Human Rights Watch. p. 37.ISBN1564321320.
  30. ^"Republic of North Macedonia with Macedonian language and identity, says Greek media".Meta.mk.Meta. 12 June 2018.Retrieved12 June2018.
  31. ^Verković, StjepanNarodne pesme makedonski bugara (Folk Songs of the Macedonian Bulgarians).Beograd, 1860.
  32. ^Miladinov, D. and Miladinov, K.Bulgarian Folk Songs (Български народни песни).Zagreb, 1861.
  33. ^"Но ја сам ове песме назвао бугарскима, а не словенскима, због тога, јер данас кад би когод македонског Славенина запитао: што си ти? с места би му отговорно: я сам болгарин, а свој језик зову болгарским...", p. 13
  34. ^Prof. Dr. Gustav Weigand, ETHNOGRAPHIE VON MAKEDONIEN, Geschichtlich-nationaler, spraechlich-statistischer Teil, Leipzig, Friedrich Brandstetter, 1924.
  35. ^Vuk Karadjić.Dodatak k sanktpeterburgskim sravniteljnim rječnicima sviju jezika i narječja sa osobitim ogledom Bugarskog језика.Vienna, 1822.
  36. ^F. A. K. Yasamee "NATIONALITY IN THE BALKANS: THE CASE OF THE MACEDONIANS" inBalkans: A Mirror of the New World Order,Istanbul: EREN, 1995; pp. 121-132.
  37. ^abcСтрукова, К. П.Общественно-политическое развитие Македонии в 50-70-е гг XIX века,Российская Академия наук, Москва 2004, стр. 85-136.ISBN5-7576-0163-9
  38. ^Как пишеха народните будители и герои,Иван Михайлов
  39. ^Димитър ВлаховБорбите на македонския народ за освобождение,Библиотека Балканска Федерация, № 1, Виена;Dimitar Vlahov,"The liberation struggle of the Macedonian people"
  40. ^Доц. д-р Петър Галчин "МАКЕДОНСКИ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕН КРЪЖОК (1938–1941 г.)",Македонски Преглед,София, бр. 1 & 2, 2002
  41. ^Юлия Митева,"Идеята за езика в Македонския литературен кръжок - естетически и идеологически аспекти"
  42. ^Palmer, S. and R. King,Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question,Archon Books, 1971, p. 137.ISBN0-208-00821-7
  43. ^Dennis P. Hupchick,Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe,Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 143
  44. ^"Especially in view of the establishment of a free Macedonian state within the framework of a federal Yugoslavia, making the first appropriate step for the realization of the Macedonian ideal of emancipation, a united Macedonia, we would like to inform you that our Party and our people most sincerely welcome the new Macedonian state." The full text of the letter:A letter from the Centarl Committee of the Bulgarian Workers' Party to Tito
  45. ^ab"От" интернационализъм "към национализъм – част 1".29 July 2013.
  46. ^abcdMahon, M. (1998) "The Macedonian question in Bulgaria" inNations and Nationalism.Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 389-407
  47. ^Friedman, V. (1998) "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results" inInternational Journal of the Sociology of Language.Issue 131. pp. 31-57
  48. ^Palmer and King, p. 126
  49. ^Palmer and King, p. 163.
  50. ^Encyclopædia Britannica - Old Church Slavonic languageArchived2007-12-21 at theWayback Machine
  51. ^Misirkov, K. "On the Macedonian Matters", Sofia 1903
  52. ^abcdefgFriedman, Victor."Linguistic Emblems and Emblematic Languages: On Language as Flag in the Balkans"(PDF).Department of Slavic and East European Languages, The Ohio State University.
  53. ^Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, 2010,ISBN0080877753,p. 664.
  54. ^"1999/02/22 23:50 Bulgaria Recognises Macedonian Language".aimpress.ch.Retrieved2022-02-27.
  55. ^abInstitute of Bulgarian Language (1978).Единството на българския език в миналото и днес(in Bulgarian).Sofia:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.p. 4.OCLC6430481.
  56. ^Стойков (Stoykov), Стойко(2002) [1962].Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology)(in Bulgarian). София: Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов".ISBN954-430-846-6.OCLC53429452.
  57. ^Ив. Кочев и Ив. Александров,ДОКУМЕНТИ ЗА СЪЧИНЯВАНЕТО НА МАКЕДОНСКИЯ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК(in Bulgarian)
  58. ^Коста Църнушанов,Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него,Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992
  59. ^Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia,Author Bernard A. Cook, Publisher Taylor & Francis, 2001,ISBN0-8153-4058-3,p 187.
  60. ^"Makedonski Pregled - 1991 No 1 - K. Tsyrnushanov".promacedonia.org.Retrieved2022-02-27.
  61. ^Mitewa, Yulia (2001).ИДЕЯТА ЗА ЕЗИКА В МАКЕДОНСКИЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕН КРЪЖОК – ЕСТЕТИЧЕСКИ И ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АСПЕКТИ.Veliko Tarnovo: Litera.
  62. ^Synovitz, Ron (16 December 2018)."Skopje, Sofia Not Speaking Same Language When It Comes To Macedonian".Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.Retrieved13 April2020.
  63. ^Shoup, Paul (1968). Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, (New - York: Columbia University Press).
  64. ^War Report, Sofia, Skopje, and the Macedonian Question, No.35, July/August - 1995.
  65. ^Danforth, L. (1997) The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World (Princeton: Princeton University Press)ISBN0-691-04356-6
  66. ^Although acceptable in the past, current use of this name in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be consideredpejorativeand offensive by ethnic Macedonians. In the past, the Macedonian Slavs in Greece seemed relieved to be acknowledged asSlavomacedonians.Pavlos Koufis, a native of Greek Macedonia, pioneer of ethnic Macedonian schools in the region and local historian, says inLaografika Florinas kai Kastorias(Folklore of Florina and Kastoria), Athens 1996:

    "[During its Panhellenic Meeting in September 1942, the KKE mentioned that it recognises the equality of the ethnic minorities in Greece] the KKE recognised that the Slavophone population was ethnic minority of Slavomacedonians. This was a term, which the inhabitants of the region accepted with relief. [Because] Slavomacedonians = Slavs+Macedonians. The first section of the term determined their origin and classified them in the great family of the Slav peoples."

    TheGreek Helsinki Monitorreports:

    "... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it."
  67. ^Floudas, Demetrius Andreas."Pardon? A Name for a Conflict? FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited"(PDF).in: Kourvetaris et al. (eds.), The New Balkans, East European Monographs: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 85.
  68. ^Floudas, Demetrius Andreas."'Macedonia Nostra'"(PDF).ResearchGate.LSE Conference Paper; Greece: Prospects for Modernisation, London, 1994.
  69. ^Roudometof, V. (1996) "Nationalism and Identity Politics in the Balkans: Greece and the Macedonian Question" inJournal of Modern Greek StudiesVol. 14, pp. 253–302.
  70. ^"Kouroublis: In 1977, Greece recognized" Macedonian language "(original: Κουρουμπλής: To 1977 η Ελλάδα αναγνώρισε" μακεδονική γλώσσα ")".Skai Channel. 3 June 2018.Retrieved3 June2018.
  71. ^Τα απόρρητα έγγραφα που κατέθεσε ο Κοτζιάς για ΠΓΔΜ)[The classified documents submitted by Kotzias about the Republic of Macedonia].thepressproject.gr(in Greek). The Press Project. 6 June 2018.Retrieved23 August2018.
  72. ^Τα απόρρητα αρχεία που κατέθεσε στη Βουλή ο Νίκος Κοτζιάς (pics)[The classified files submitted by Nikos Kotzias in the Parliament (pics)].cnn.gr(in Greek). CNN. 18 June 2018.Retrieved24 August2018.
  73. ^"Η ΝΔ καταρρίπτει τις κατηγορίες πως είχε αναγνωρίσει «μακεδονική» γλώσσα από το 1977".ProtoThema(in Greek). 2018-06-08.Retrieved2022-02-27.
  74. ^"Zaev:We made a deal - Republic of North Macedonia, with Macedonian language and Macedonian identity".kajgana(in Macedonian). Кајгана. 12 June 2018.Retrieved12 June2018.
  75. ^"Μάθετε τις πιο σημαντικές λέξεις στα σλαβομακεδονικά!".17-minute-world-languages.Retrieved2020-11-02.
  76. ^SN31[permanent dead link]
  77. ^Loring M. Danforth (6 April 1997).The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World.Princeton University Press. p. 67.ISBN9780691043562.
  78. ^Danforth, Loring (April 12, 2008)."Macedonia and the language of nationalism"(radio debate).Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).RetrievedNov 8,2008.
  79. ^Pisani, V. "Il Macedonico, Paideia, Rivista Letteraria di informazione bibliografica", vol. 12, p. 250, 1957
  80. ^Friedrich Scholz,Slavische Etymologie,Harrassowitz, 1966
  81. ^Der Zerfall Jugoslawiens und die Zukunft der makedonischen Literatursprache: Der späte Fall von Glottotomie? Autor Kronsteiner, Otto, Herausgeber Schriftenreihe Die slawischen Sprachen, Erscheinungsjahr 1992, Seiten 142-171.
  82. ^Asher, Ronald E., ed. (1994).The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 1.Pergamon. p. 429.

Works cited

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_views_on_the_Macedonian_language&oldid=1219779374"