Politics of Puerto Rico

Thepolitics of Puerto Ricotake place in the framework of ademocraticrepublicform of government that is under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of theUnited States Congressas anorganized unincorporated territory.Since the 1898 invasion of Puerto Rico by the United States during theSpanish–American War,politics inPuerto Ricohave been significantly shaped by its status as territory of the United States. The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico, in the United States, theUnited Nationsand theinternational community,with all major political parties in the archipelago calling it acolonialrelationship.

As a republican form of government, thegovernment of the Commonwealth of Puerto Ricois divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by theConstitution of Puerto Rico.The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by thegovernor,advised by a cabinet ofsecretariesthat are independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested upon theLegislature.Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of theTribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico,the Tribunal de Apelaciones (English: Court of Appeals), and Tribunal de Primera Instancia (English: Courts of First Instance). There is also aFederal Courtto hear cases of a federal nature or with federal jurisdiction.

Puerto Rico's governor, who is thehead of government,and the members of the legislature are elected every four years bypopular vote.Puerto Rico's legislature is abicameralbody consisting of aSenateand aHouse.The members of the judicial branch are appointed by the Governor with the approval of the Senate to serve until they reach age 70. Due to the status of Puerto Rico as a territory of the United States, its residents cannot vote in theU.S. presidential elections.

Politics in Puerto Rico revolve around amulti-party political system.The politics of Puerto Rico are dominated by three political parties: thePartido Nuevo Progresista(PNP), thePartido Popular Democratico(PPD), and, to a lesser extent, thePartido Independentista Puertorriqueño(PIP).

Political history and political parties

19th century

One year after the United States invasion of the island, Dr.José Celso Barbosaembraced the idea ofannexation as a U.S. stateas a solution to the colonial situation and founded thePartido Republicano Puertorriqueñoin 1899.

Celso Barbosa had been the leader in theAutonomist Partythat favored a republican government forSpain.For much of the 19th Century, the principal parties favored Puerto Rico becoming one of the Spanish provinces on equal footing with the rest of the provinces; such standing was given twice, under liberal governments, but it was revoked as many times when the monarchs regained their power. In this context, Dr. Barbosa returned to the original idea of equal footing, but this time with the constituent members of the American Republic.

During the last twenty years under the Spanish flag, the local parties, with the exception of thePartido Incondicional Español(Unconditional Spanish Party) embraced the idea of autonomy. The Incondicionales accepted whatever Spain had for Puerto Rico and the Crown duly recognized their support by giving aristocratic titles to the leaders. The leader of theCanadianmodel developed by theBritishand supported a similar development for Puerto Rico under Spain. Before Baldorioty de Castro, other leaders had mentioned the possibility of autonomy, generally as an answer to the Spanish insistence in instituting special laws to govern the colonies.

20th century

1900-1940

ThePartido Republicano Puertorriqueñowon the elections in 1900 and again in 1902. The new government of Puerto Rico, organized under theForaker Actof 1900, was a mixture of the British and the American system, somewhat similar to that established for theterritory of Orleansafter theLouisiana Purchase.The House of Delegates was elected directly by the voters (male, propertied) and the equivalent to the Senate was the Cabinet appointed by the Governor and by thePresident of the United States.Muñoz-Riveraexiled himself toNew Yorkafter the defeat, but returned once the Federal Party was no longer useful and joinedRosendo Matienzo Cintrónin organizing theUnion Party,also with them wasJosé de Diego.

Matienzo Cintrón had been a Republican, supporting statehood. But two years into the new government, he realized that statehood would not be granted and the desired equality as citizens was not feasible under the United States. He brought with him other former Republicans and practically all of Muñoz-Rivera's Federalists into a party that was to bring about the union of all political groups. He was successful, they won the elections of 1904 and all subsequent elections until the 1920s when another defection of Republicans allowed for the creation of yet another party bringing into it persons supporting a status change.

TheUnion Party,initially supported statehood or an autonomous government, it then later added independence. In fact, Matienzo-Cintrón went from statehood advocate to autonomist to independence advocate as a result of eight years of American civil government in Puerto Rico. The Union Party, from the very beginning, was against the colonial government established under theForaker Act.Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón,Manuel Zeno Gandía,Luis Lloréns Torres,Eugenio Benítez Castaño, and Pedro Franceschi started to organize theIndependence Partyin 1912,which paved the path for similar movements. The Union Party quickly gained the attention of the colonial governors, all Republicans, who were willing to work closely with them because of their control of the House of Delegates. The local Republicans protested bitterly and, at one point, they took statehood out of their platform – not reinstating it until the early 1920s. Many in the Union Party leadership were lawyers who had contracts with the sugar operations recently bought out and enlarged by the new American owners, thus establishing a close relationship between the nascent middle classes and the American corporate interests.

A coalition between the pro-independence Union Party presided byAntonio R. Barcelóand the pro-statehoodPartido Republicano Puertorriqueñopresided byJosé Tous Sotocalled the "Alianza Puertorriqueña"was formed. Differences between Barceló and Tous Soto andFélix Córdova Dávila,theresident commissioner of Puerto RicoinWashington,as to the goals of the alliance became apparent. The Unionist sector of the alliance decided to disaffiliate themselves from the "Alliance." Because of legal reasons, Barceló was unable to use the name "Union Party" and in 1932, founded the "Liberal Party of Puerto Rico".The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as the original Union Party's agenda and urged independence as a final political solution for Puerto Rico.After the Liberal Party was defeated in the 1936 elections, an assembly was held inNaranjaleson May 31, 1937, in whichLuis Muñoz Marínpresented his ideas as to how the party should be run, however, the majority of the party members objected and blamed him for their defeat. Muñoz Marín considered this action the same as having been expelled from the party.Muñoz Marín and his followers, among which were includedFelisa Rincon de GautierandErnesto Ramos Antonini,held an assembly in the town ofArecibofounded thePartido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo( "Clear, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party" ), claiming to be the true Liberal Party. The Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo, an independent political party, later became thePopular Democratic Party(PPD) which would ironically end up promoting the "Estado Libre Associado" (Free Associated State) status that Barceló, as president of Union Party, had asked for in 1923 under Campbell Bill and which Muñoz Marín had always opposed, instead of independence.

ThePuerto Rican Nationalist Partywas founded in 1922. It strongly criticized the American colonial regime for its menace to the Spanish and Latin American roots of the Puerto Rican culture. It also advocated for complete independence. The PNP began to grow with the leadership ofDr. Pedro Albizu Campos,who was later jailed by the colonial regime under charges as a subversive leader. On March 21, 1937, a peaceful march was organized in the southern city ofPonceby the nationalists after receiving authorization from the pertinent authorities.The march was organized to commemorate the abolition of slavery and to demand the release ofAlbizu Camposfrom federal prison. The permit, however, was revoked by the U.S.-appointed governor of the IslandBlanton Winshipminutes before the march was to start. The march turned into a bloody event when the Insular Police( "a force somewhat resembling theNational Guardof the typical U.S. state "and which answered to governor Winship) opened fire upon, what a U.S. Congressman and others reported were unarmedand defenselesscadets and bystanders alikekilling 19 and badly wounding over 200 more,many in their backs while running away.It came to be known as thePonce massacre.

1940–1968

Luis Muñoz Marínfounded thePopular Democratic Party(PPD) in 1940. Their slogan wasPan, Tierra y Libertad(Bread, Land and Liberty). The party favored independence from the United States in its initial stages but social and economic reform were priorities in their political agenda.

ThePuerto Rican Independence Partywas formed six years later by dissidents who saw the PPD moving away from the ideal of independence. During that period, the colonial regime appointed the first Puerto Rican governor,Jesús T. Piñero,until 1948 when the people elected Luis Muñoz Marín, the first electedgovernor.

The years of 1944–1948 were crucial ones in the direction of the country. Luis Muñoz Marín shifted his goals from independence to state-like autonomy to accommodate better economic circumstances. This led to theU.S. Congressto enact the Public Law 81-600 which led to the Congressional approval of a local constitution drafted by a constitutional assembly elected by Puerto Rico and the renaming of the United States unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, using the same official name as the commonwealths of the U.S. states ofKentucky,Massachusetts,PennsylvaniaandVirginia,as well as that of other sovereign nation countries such asAustralia.The alternative pro-independence Tydings bill had languished in Congress.

In the 1950s, thePuerto Rican Nationalist Partydenounced theConstitutionandMuñoz Marínsupport as a sham, and staged a series of uprisings in 1950, known as thePuerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s,of which the most notable were the ones inJayuya,UtuadoandSan Juan,plus the attack onBlair House,and theUnited States House of Representativesin 1954. Twenty-three people were killed and more than 50 were injured.

GovernorMuñoz Marín inaugurated the new status calledEstado Libre Asociado—orFree Associated Statein English—and raised thePuerto Rican flagalong withLa Borinqueña,the official anthem of Puerto Rico, for the first time on July 25, 1952—date in which Puerto Ricans celebrate theConstitution of Puerto Rico.</ref> See also:Holidays in Puerto Rico

1968–1999

TheNew Progressive Party(PNP) was founded in August 1967 byLuis A. Ferré,a month after the July 23, 1967, local plebiscite and the year before the PNP won the 1968 elections. The party saw the ideology of annexation as a U.S. state as acivil rightsissue. The creation of the New Progressive Party polarized the political arena to a great degree as radical independence groups were formed in the 1970s and thePuerto Rican Socialist Party(PSP), aMarxistandCuba-friendly party, was created. Two of the radical groups were labeled as terrorist groups by theU.S. Government,Los Macheterosand theArmed Forces of National Liberation(FALN). These groups were viewed by many pro-independence followers as freedom fighters.

In 1972, the PNP lost to a reunified Popular Democratic Party (PPD).Rafael Hernández Colónbecame the undisputed leader of the PPD at age 36. He was, as the fourth electedgovernor,in favor of adding more powers to the commonwealth status. One of his projects was the Puerto Rican owned marine transportation. In order to control the costs of marine transport in Puerto Rico, the marine companySea Landwas bought to formNavieras of Puerto Ricoin 1974.

The fifth governor wasCarlos Romero Barceló,a supporter of annexation as the U.S. state of Puerto Rico. Under his administration, Section 936 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Tax Code (26 U.S.C.§ 936) was implemented as an economic incentive. This allowed American companies to profit in the island without paying taxes. His administration was shadowed by theCerro Maravilla (Maravilla Hill)affair, where two independence activists were killed by police agents. This created aWatergate-like scandal that was later investigated by the Senate.

In 1980, Romero Barcelo was reelected Governor by a controversial 0.2% margin, but lost control of the Senate and, a year later, the House of Representatives to the PPD. Independence radical groups placed bombs on 11 jet fighters in 1981 in the Muñiz Base (a U.S.military base), and the U.S. removed all of its fighter aircraft from Puerto Rico.Rafael Hernández Colónbecame the head of government for the second time in 1984, was reelected in 1988 and remained in power until 1992.

Pedro Rossellóbecame the sixth elected Governor in 1992. He pushed the political status dilemma inWashington, D.C.,and sponsored two local non-binding referendums, one in 1993 and another in 1998. While he was elected to a second term, his last four years were met with mounting allegations of corruption. After Rosselló's second term ended, former Speaker of the HouseEdison Misla Aldarondo(PNP) was jailed as well as many members of Rosselló's party. Most of the corruption allegations were based on extortion and appropriation of public funds.

20th century

2000s

The corruption led the PNP to lose the 2000 election and the Governorship when he ran again in 2004. In 2000,Sila María Calderón(PPD) was elected, becoming the first female governor of Puerto Rico, also gaining control of the Senate, presided over byAntonio Fas Alzamoraand the House of Representatives, headed by SpeakerCarlos Vizcarrondo.The PPD also electedAníbal Acevedo Viláas the island's non-voting delegate in Congress.

In 2004,Aníbal Acevedo Vilá(PPD) was declared the winner by theSupreme Court of Puerto Ricoasgovernorby about 3,000 votes, but his party lost control of the Senate, which elected PNP SenatorKenneth McClintockas its president, and the House of Representatives, which chose the PNP'sJosé Aponteas Speaker, and Puerto Rico's seat in Congress, due to the election ofLuis Fortuño.

During the 2005–2008 term, former Gov. Rosselló's unsuccessful attempt to unseat Senate President McClintock split the New Progressive Party, a split that continued as Rosselló initiated a fourth bid for the governorship against Resident Commissioner Fortuño in an internal primary that was held March 9, 2008, and which he lost. On the PPD side, Acevedo's rocky relationship with the PNP-controlled Legislature was compounded with Federal investigations and unsuccessful indictments of his past political fundraising by grand juries inPhiladelphiaandSan Juan, Puerto Rico.

In 2008,Luis Fortuño(PNP) was electedgovernor,giving theNew Progressive Partyits largest victory in history and beating incumbent Gov. Aníbal Acevedo Vilá of thePopular Democratic Party(PPD) by more than 223,000 votes. Also the PNP won supermajorities in the Commonwealth'sHouse of RepresentativesandSenate.

2010s

The PNP won the seat forPuerto Rico's sole delegatetoCongress,because of the election ofPedro Pierluisi.Alejandro García Padilla(PPD) was elected as the eleventhGovernor of Puerto Rico,by a narrow (0.6%) margin, defeating Fortuño 47.73% to 47.13% in the2012 gubernatorial elections.On November 8, 2016,Ricardo Rosselló,the son of former governor Pedro Rosselló (PNP) received 41% of the vote defeating five other gubernatorial candidates and was elected the twelfth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was sworn in on January 2, 2017.He resigned in 2019 after mass protest as a result of theTelegramgate.

2020s

In the2020 electionsPedro Pierluisi(PNP) was elected governor with 33% of the vote. The elections marked the first time third-party candidates other thanPuerto Rican Independence Partywon seats.In the2020 electionsthePopular Democratic Partytook a slight majority of the seats in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives.

In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act, which seeks to resolve its territorial status and relationship with the United States through a binding plebiscite at the federal level, was reintroduced in the House by Democrats.[1].

Political status

Main article:Political status of Puerto Rico

In 1950, theU.S. Congressgave Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention, contingent on the results of a referendum, where the electorate would determine if they wished to organize their own government pursuant to a constitution of their own choosing. Puerto Ricans expressed their support for this measure in a 1951 referendum, which gave voters a yes-or-no choice for the commonwealth status, defined as a 'permanent association with a federal union' but not choice for independence or statehood. A second referendum was held to ratify the constitution, which was adopted in 1952.

Before approving the new constitution, theConstitutional Conventionspecified the name by which thebody politicwould be known. On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word "Commonwealth",meaning a" politically organized community "or" state ", which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system.The convention adopted a translation into Spanish of the term, inspired by the Irish saorstát(Free State)of "Estado Libre Asociado" (ELA) to represent the agreement adopted "in the nature of a compact" between the people of Puerto Rico and the U.S. literally translated into English, the phrase means "Associated Free State."

In 1967, the Legislative Assembly tested the political interests of the Puerto Rican people by passing aplebisciteAct that allowed a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice on three political status options. Puerto Rican leaders had lobbied for such an opportunity repeatedly, in 1898, 1912, 1914, 1919, 1923, 1929, 1932, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1948, 1956, and 1960.The Commonwealth option, represented by the PPD, won with an overwhelming majority of 60.4% of the votes. ThePartido Republicano Puertorriqueñoand thePuerto Rican Independence Partyboycotted the plebiscite.

After the plebiscite, efforts in the 1970s to enact legislation to address the status issue died in Congressional committees. In the 1993 plebiscite, in which Congress played a more substantial role, Commonwealth status was again upheld.In the 1998 plebiscite, all the options were rejected when 50.3% of voters chose the "none of the above" option, favoring the commonwealth status quo by default.

International status

On November 27, 1953, shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth, theGeneral Assembly of the United NationsapprovedResolution 748,removing Puerto Rico's classification as anon-self-governing territoryunder article 73(e) of theCharter from UN.But the General Assembly did not apply its full list of criteria to Puerto Rico to determine if it has achieved self-governing status.

In August 1977, the Chairman of the Democratic Party of Puerto Rico, Franklin Delano López, testified before theUN Decolonization Committeedenouncing the colonial nature of the Commonwealth Status. As a result of his statement, many other statehooders and commonwealth supporters went to the United Nations requesting the end of the colonial status.

Political status within the United States

Under theConstitution of Puerto Rico,Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree ofadministrative autonomysimilar to that of aU.S. state. Puerto Ricans "were collectively madeU.S. citizens"in 1917 as a result of theJones–Shafroth Act.The act was signed into law by PresidentWoodrow Wilsonon March 2, 1917. U.S. Federal law8 U.S.C.§ 1402approved by the PresidentHarry S. Trumanon June 27, 1952, declared all persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941, to becitizens of the U.S. at birthand all persons born in Puerto Rico between April 11, 1899, and January 12, 1941, and meeting certain other technical requirements, and not citizens of the United States under any other Act, were declared to be citizens of the U.S. as of January 13, 1941.

Only the "fundamental rights"under the federal constitution apply to Puerto Rico like thePrivileges and Immunities Clause(U.S. Constitution,Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the 'Comity Clause') that prevents astatefrom treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner, with regard to basic civil rights. The clause also embraces a right to travel, so that a citizen of one state can go and enjoy privileges and immunities in any other state; this constitutional clause was expressly extended to Puerto Rico by theU.S. Congressthrough the federal law48 U.S.C.§ 737and signed by the PresidentHarry S. Trumanin 1947.Other fundamental rights like theDue Process Clauseand theequal protectionguarantee of theFourteenth Amendmentwas expressly extended to Puerto Rico by theU.S. Supreme Court.In a brief concurrence in the judgment ofTorres v. Puerto Rico,U.S. Supreme Court JusticeBrennan,argued that any implicit limits from the Insular Cases on the basic rights granted by the Constitution (including especially theBill of Rights) were anachronistic in the 1970s.

PresidentGeorge H. W. Bushissued a memorandum on November 30, 1992, to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations.

Puerto Rico does participate in the internal political process of both theDemocraticandRepublicanparties in the U.S., accorded equal-proportional representation in both parties, and delegates from the islands vote in each party's national presidential convention.

Puerto Ricans may enlist in theU.S. military.Since 1917, Puerto Ricans have been included in the compulsory draft whenever it has been in effect and more than 400,000 Puerto Ricans have served in the United States Armed Forces. Puerto Ricans have participated in all U.S. wars since 1898, most notablyWorld War I,World War II,theKoreanandVietnamwars, as well as the currentMiddle Eastern conflicts.Several Puerto Ricans became notable commanders, five have been awarded theMedal of Honor,the highest military decoration in the United States, also several Puerto Ricans have attained the rank ofGeneralorAdmiral,which requires a Presidential nomination and Senate confirmation.In World War II,the Korean Warand the Vietnam WarPuerto Ricans were the most decorated Hispanic soldiers and in some cases they were the first to die in combat.

Implications of the current political status

Main article:Implications of Puerto Rico's current political status

See also:Voting rights in Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is an organized unincorporated U.S. territory which has been given internal self-governing powerswhich, taken together, are referred to as "Commonwealth"status. Puerto Rico has more latitude over its internal affairs than the U.S. territories ofGuam,theU.S. Virgin Islands,orAmerican Samoa.

Puerto Rico has approximately the same degree of authority over its internal affairs as an Americanstate.However, it does not have the sovereignty that a state of the Union has, given that Puerto Rico is a possession of the United States and it is, thus, not protected by the US Constitution to the same degree that states are.

Some differences between Puerto Rico and a state of the American Union are:

• "Unlikestates,Puerto Ricodoes not have a zone of reserved sovereignty that is beyond the reach of Congress in the latter's exercise of its territorial powers. "That is, Puerto Rico has no recourse to challenge unilateral actions by the United States government that affect citizens of Puerto Rico.
• Some residents of Puerto Rico are exempt from some aspects of theInternal Revenue Code
• Puerto Rico has international representation in sports and other international events as a distinct nation.
• Puerto Rico does not have the rights of a state as granted by the US constitution, because it is not a state. These include:
  • Lack of voting representation in either House of theU.S. Congress.
  • Puerto Rico residents cannot vote inpresidential elections

Despite the fact that the U.S. Federal Government holds ultimate sovereignty over all U.S. citizens and the territory of Puerto Rico, residents of Puerto Rico are without an effective voice in the Federal government. This is not because Puerto Rico residents do not have the right to vote, but rather because the territory itself does not have voting representation in theUnited States Congress,nor is it represented in theUnited States Electoral College.Puerto Ricans do, however, play an indirect role in electing thePresident of the United States,since both theRepublican Partyand theDemocratic Partyhold primaries in Puerto Rico, giving Puerto Ricans a voice selecting each party's presidential nominee.

Both thePuerto Rican Independence Partyand theNew Progressive Partyoutright reject the status quo that permits disfranchisement. The remaining political organization, thePopular Democratic Party,is less active in its opposition of this case of disfranchisement but has officially stated that it favors fi xing the remaining "deficits of democracy" that theBill ClintonandGeorge W. BushAdministrations have publicly recognized in writing through Presidential Task Force Reports.

Presidential politics in Puerto Rico

Although theRepublican PartyandDemocratic Partychapters in Puerto Rico have selected voting delegates to the national nominating conventions since the early 1900s, public interest in these processes heightened as a result of the efforts of a group of Democratic statehooders led byFranklin Delano Lópezin 1976 to elect delegates supporting former Georgia Gov.Jimmy Carterto that year'sDemocratic National Convention.On October 23, 1979, the first primary of a party affiliated to the Democratic National Committee was held in Puerto Rico. Franklin Delano López was elected Chairman of the New Democratic Party of Puerto Rico by the direct votes of 374,000 American citizens residing on the Island. Lopez then moved the Puerto Rican Legislature to adopt a Presidential Primary Law. During the discussion of the Presidential primary Law, Lopez managed to persuade Presidential Chief of Staff,Hamilton JordanandTimothy Kraftto grant Puerto Rico the right for a more robust delegation, the inclusion of Puerto Rico afterPennsylvaniain the roll call of the state in exchange of eliminating from the bill that Puerto Rico was going to be the first Presidential Primary in the Nation. As a result of that effort, the Puerto Rico Legislature approved a law regulating presidential primaries in 1979, the first of which was held in 1980, withGeorge H. W. Bushwinning theRepublicanprimary and PresidentCarterbeating SenatorEdward "Ted" Kennedyin a hard-fought Democratic primary. More than 1.2 million American citizens residing in Puerto Rico participated in the primaries.

In the first internal primary of a National political party, the new slate of statehooders, headed by Franklin Delano López took control of the local Democratic party chapter. In January 1980 after clashing with GovernorCarlos Romero Barceló,Lopez was forced to resign the chairmanship of the New Democratic Party in exchange of the Governor becoming the President of Carter's campaign in Puerto Rico and throwing the New Progressive Party behind the president's re-election efforts. Lopez' fight with Governor Romero, on behalf of President Carter, paid off and was appointed Deputy Campaign Manager of President Carter national campaign. Lopez efforts moved to Puerto Rico and the status issue at the forefront of the National political discussion. Subsequently, both the statehood faction and the commonwealth shared control on a 50-50 basis from 1984 to 1988 and lost control that year as a result of their defeat in an internal primary that year between PPD forces led by then Senate presidentMiguel Hernández Agostoand PNP forces led by former Gov.Carlos Romero Barceló.While the PPD Democratic faction controls the Democratic party chapter under the state chairmanship of former senatorRoberto Prats,two of the five DNC members residing in Puerto Rico, Senate presidentKenneth McClintockandFrancisco Domenechare statehooders.

On the Republican side PNP-affiliated statehood Republicans control the GOP local chapter (Republican Party of Puerto Rico), headed by state chair andAguadillamayorCarlos Méndez,Republican National Committeeman and GovernorLuis Fortuñoand Republican National Committeewoman Zoraida Fonalledas.

The 2008 Republican presidential primary was slated to be held in February, while Democrats held their primary in June. Then Senate President and Democratic National CommitteemanKenneth McClintock,former Sen.Roberto Prats,Puerto Rico's Democratic State Chair and former PPD gubernatorial candidateJosé Alfredo Hernández Mayoralwere appointed co-chairs of Sen.Hillary Clinton's National Hispanic Leadership Council whileYoung Democrats of AmericaDemocratic National CommitteemanFrancisco Domenechco-chaired Clinton's young professionals organization. Prats and McClintock subsequently co-chaired Clinton's Puerto Rico campaign, whileFrancisco Domenechbecame the Deputy Campaign Manager. Senator Clinton won the Puerto Rico Primary by a 68% to 32% margin.Being the last big primary before the last two states voted on June 3, Puerto Rico's Democratic presidential primary attracted historic levels of national media coverage.

Several local politicians have expressed concern that Puerto Rico has become a "piggy bank" for presidential campaigns.Recent examples include Vice PresidentDick Cheney's whirlwind two-hour visit to collect $300,000 in 2006 and SenatorBarack Obama's 50% longer three-hour trip in November, 2007 to collect $200,000

Speculation, which began in late 2009 by a national media blogand byGrover Norquist,a well-known Republican commentator, mentioned Gov.Fortuñoas a long-shot inclusion in a national political ticket.

Recent developments

According to a December 2005 report by thePresident's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status,it is not possible "to bind future (U.S.) Congresses to any particular arrangement for Puerto Rico as a Commonwealth".This determination was based on articles in theU.S. Constitutionregarding territories. Prominent leaders in the pro-statehood and pro-independence political movements agree with this assessment. In 2005 and 2007, two reports were issued by the U.S. President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status.Both reports conclude that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory of U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress.Reactions from Puerto Rico's two major political parties were mixed. The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) challengedthe task force's report and committed to validating the current status in all international forums, including theUnited Nations.It also rejectsany "colonial or territorial status" as a status option, and vows to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998 which included sovereignty, an association based on "respect and dignity between both nations", and common citizenship.The New Progressive Party (PNP) supportedtheWhite HouseReport's conclusions and supported bills to provide for a democratic referendum process among Puerto Rico voters.It stated that theU.S. Justice Departmentin 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to theTerritorial Clauseof the U.S. Constitution.In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the "U.S. House Committee on Resourcesstated that PR's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government ". It concluded that Puerto Rico is still an unincorporated territory of the U.S. under the territorial clause, that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress, and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose.The application of the Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by theInsular Cases.

On December 21, 2007, the Bush Administration's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status reiterated and confirmed that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory of the U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress,a position shared by the remaining two-major parties:New Progressive Partyand thePuerto Rican Independence Party.

On June 15, 2009, theUnited Nations Special Committee on Decolonizationapproved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.

Following the reports recommendations the 2009 bill (H.R. 2499), was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on May 19, 2009, byPedro Pierluisi(D-Puerto Rico).The bill would have provided for a referendum giving Puerto Ricans the choice between the options of retaining their present political status, or choosing a new status.If the former option won, the referendum would have been held again every 8 years. If the latter option won, a separate referendum would be held where Puerto Ricans would have been given the option of being admitted as a US State "on equal footing with the other states", or becoming a "sovereign nation, either fully independent from or in free association with the United States." The bill enjoyed bi-partisan support in the House of Representatives, with 182 co-sponsors and was reported out of the House Resources Committee on a 30–8 vote. The measure was passed by the House on April 29, 2010.The bill did not pass in the Senate.

On March 16, 2011, the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status issued a third reportthat reaffirmed the legal position adopted by the three previous presidents over nearly a quarter century that Puerto Rico remains today "subject to the Territory Clause of the U.S. Constitution (see Report at p. 26), that the territory's long-term economic well-being would be enhanced by an early resolution of the political status problem (p. 33) and devotes most of the report to extensive economic analysis and recommendations.

On December 11, 2012, theLegislative Assembly of Puerto Ricoenacted aconcurrent resolutionto request thePresidentand theCongress of the United Statesto respond diligently and effectively, and to act on the demand of the people of Puerto Rico, as freely and democratically expressed in the plebiscite held on November 6, 2012, to end, once and for all, its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico to the Union as a State.

On May 15, 2013, headed by non-voting Resident CommissionerPedro Pierluisi,a group of 119 Democratic and 12 Republican members of Congress introduced H.R. 2000, the Puerto Rico Status Resolution Act to Congress, requesting a process for voting to admit Puerto Rico as a State to be approved and a vote to ratify Puerto Rico as a state.It did not receive a vote in the House.

The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States is the subject of ongoing debate in the United Nations and theInternational Community.According to two consecutive Bush Administration President's Task Force Reports,the latest of which was issued on December 21, 2007Puerto Rico is an unincorporatedorganized territoryof the United States, subject to theplenary powersof the United States government. ThePopular Democratic Partyhas challenged the Bush Administration's Task Force Reports stating that in 1953 Puerto Rico achieved a compact of association between both nations that was recognized by the United Nations. Nonetheless, the aforementioned U.S. Presidential and Congressional Reports state that the current prerogatives assumed by the Puerto Rico government are delegated by the U.S. Congress and may be amended or eliminated at its sole behest.

In a letter sent by the former governor of Puerto Rico to the former U.S. Secretary of State,Condoleezza Riceand the Co-Chairs of the White House's Presidential Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status on the Bush administration, former governor Acevedo Vilá stated:

"My Administration's position is very clear: if the Task Force and the Bush Administration stand by their 2005 conclusions, then for over 50 years the U.S Government has perpetuated a 'monumental hoax' on the people of Puerto Rico, on the people of the United States and on the international community. If the 2005 report articulates the new official position of the United States, the time has come now for theState Departmentto formally notify the United Nations of this new position and assume the international legal consequences. You cannot have a legal and constitutional interpretation for local, political purposes and a different one for the international community. If it is a serious, relevant document, the report must have international consequences. Alternatively, the Task Force may review and amend the 2005 conclusions to make them consistent with legal and historical precedent, and therefore allow future status developments based on a binding compact. "

On December 15, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite.

In September 2023, Roger Wicker reintroduced legislation in the United States Congress on the territorial status of Puerto Rico. a two-round consultation process. The first vote is scheduled for August 4, 2024, where Puerto Ricans will have the choice between four alternatives: annexation to the United States, independence, sovereignty in free association, and a free state associated with the United States.

In July 2024, Governor Pedro Pierluisi calls a plebiscite on the status of Puerto Rico in November 2024. For the first time, the island's current status as a U.S. territory will not be an option during the non-binding plebiscite. The executive order follows the U.S. House of Representatives' approval in 2022 of a bill to help Puerto Rico move toward a change in territorial status. Voters have a choice between statehood, independence, or independence with free association, the terms of which would be negotiated regarding foreign affairs, U.S. citizenship, and use of the U.S. dollar.

See also

• List of political parties in Puerto Rico
• Political party strength in Puerto Rico
• Elections in Puerto Rico
• Municipalities of Puerto Rico
• Puerto Rico political status plebiscites

External links

• Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
• Governor
• Resident Commissioner (U.S. House)ArchivedOctober 25, 2008, at theWayback Machine
• Puerto Rico House of Representatives
• Puerto Rico Senate
• Commonwealth Elections Commission (CEEPUR)
• Bandera Roja Newspaper
• Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA)'s press release providing an up-to date country profile on Puerto RicoArchivedSeptember 29, 2007, at theWayback Machine
• ¿Qué es y por qué lucha el MST?
• Central Intelligence Agency (USA).The World Factbook(2003). United States of America.