Jump to content

Poltava

Coordinates:49°35′22″N34°33′05″E/ 49.58944°N 34.55139°E/49.58944; 34.55139
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seePoltava (disambiguation).

Poltava
Полтава
City
Top left: Poltava Regional Museum, Top right:Poltava Holy Cross Monastery,Center: The Round Square, Bottom left: The White Arbor, Bottom right: Assumption Cathedral
Flag of Poltava
Flag
Coat of arms of Poltava
Coat of arms
Official logo of Poltava
Logo
Poltava is located in Poltava Oblast
Poltava
Poltava
Location of Poltava in Poltava Oblast.
Poltava is located in Ukraine
Poltava
Poltava
Poltava (Ukraine)
Coordinates:49°35′22″N34°33′05″E/ 49.58944°N 34.55139°E/49.58944; 34.55139
CountryUkraine
OblastPoltava Oblast
RaionPoltava Raion
HromadaPoltava urban hromada
Founded8991
Districts
  • Shevchenkivskyi District
  • Kyivskyi District
  • Podilskyi District
Area
• Total103 km2(40 sq mi)
Population
(2023)
• Total279,593
• Density2,700/km2(7,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2(EET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+3(EEST)
Postal code
36000—36499
Area code+380-532(2)
Licence plateCK, BI
Sister citiesFilderstadt,Ostfildern,Veliko Tarnovo,Lublin,Nice
Websiterada-poltava.gov.ua/foreign/
1The previously believed foundation date was 1174.
The shield of thePoltava Regiment,17th and 18th century
The shield of thePoltava Regimentheadquarters

Poltava(UK:/pɒlˈtɑːvə/,[1]US:/pəlˈ-/;[2][3]Ukrainian:Полтава,IPA:[polˈtɑwɐ]ⓘ) is a city located on theVorskla RiverinCentralUkraine.It serves as the administrative center ofPoltava Oblastas well asPoltava Raionwithin the oblast. It also hosts the administration ofPoltava urban hromada,one of thehromadasof Ukraine.[4]Poltava has a population of279,593 (2022 estimate).[5]

History[edit]

See also:Timeline of Poltava

It is still unknown when Poltava was founded, although the town was not attested before 1174. However, municipal authorities chose to celebrate the city's 1100th anniversary in 1999. The settlement is indeed an old one, as archeologists unearthed an ancientPaleolithicdwelling, as well asScythianremains, within the city limits.

Middle Ages[edit]

The present name of the city is traditionally connected to the settlementLtava,which is mentioned in theHypatian Chroniclein 1174.[6][7]According to the chronicle, on Saint Peter's Day (12 July) of 1182,Igor Sviatoslavich,chasing hordes of the Cuman khans Konchak and Kobiak, crossed theVorskla RivernearLtavaand moved towardsPereiaslav), where Igor's army was victorious over the Cumans.[6]During theMongol invasion of Rus'in 1238–39, many cities of the middle Dnipro region were destroyed, possibly including Ltava.[6]

In the mid-14th century the region was part of the Duchy of Kyiv, which was a vassal of theAlgirdas'Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[6]According to the Russian historian Aleksandr Shennikov, the region around modern Poltava was a Cuman Duchy belonging to Mansur, who was a son ofMamai.[8]Shennikov also claims that the Mansur Duchy joined the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as anassociated staterather than avassal state,and that the city of Poltava already existed at that time.[8]In 1399, Mansur's army assisted theGrand Ducal Lithuanian Armyin thebattle of the Vorskla River.According to legend, after the battle, theCossack MamayhelpedVytautasto escape death.[8]

The city is mentioned for the first time under the name ofPoltavano later than 1430.[6]Supposedly, in 1430 the Lithuanian dukeVytautasgave the city, along with Glinsk (today a village near the city ofRomny) and Glinitsa, toMurzaOlexa (Loxada Mansurxanovich), who moved to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from theGolden Horde.[6]In 1430 Murza Olexa was baptized as Alexander Glinsky, who was a progenitor of theGlinsky family.[6]According to Shenninkov, Alexander Glinsky must have been baptized in 1390 byCyprian, Metropolitan of Kyiv,who had just regained his title of Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Russia (rather than the Metropolitan ofRussia Minorand Lithuania). On 6 March 1390 Cyprian permanently moved toMuscovy.[8]

In 1482, Poltava was razed by the Crimean KhanMengli I Giray.[6]

Early modern period[edit]

The Column of Glory commemorates the centenary of theBattle of Poltava(1709)

In 1537 Ografena Vasylivna Glinska (Baibuza) passed Poltava to her son-in-law Mykhailo Ivanovych Hrybunov-Baibuza.[6]

After theUnion of Lublinin 1569, the territory around Poltava became part of theCrown of Poland.In 1630 Poltava was passed to a Polish magnate, Bartholomew Obalkowski.[6]In 1641 it changed ownership again, to Alexander Koniecpolski.[6]In 1646 Poltava became part of Wiśniowiecki Ordynatsia (a large Wiśniowiecki estate in Left-bank Ukraine centered inLubny), governed by the Ruthenian-PolishmagnateJeremi Wiśniowiecki(1612–51).[6]

In 1648, the city became the base of a distinguished regiment ofUkrainianCossacks,and served as a Cossack stronghold during theKhmelnytsky Uprising.[6]In 1650, to commemorate a victory of the Cossack Host over the Polish army at thePoltavka River,the Metropolitan of Kyiv,Sylvester Kossov,ordered the establishment of theHoly Cross Exaltation Monasteryin Poltava. The project was financed by a number of prominent local residents, includingMartyn Pushkar,Ivan Iskra,Ivan Kramarand many others.[6]

During the 1654Pereyaslav Council,the Poltava city delegates pledged their allegiance to the Czar of Muscovy, after whichstolnikAndrei Spasitelev arrived in Poltava and recorded 1,335 residents who had pledged their allegiance.[6]In 1658 Poltava became a center of anti-government revolt led byMartyn Pushkar,who contested the legitimacy ofIvan Vyhovsky's election to the post ofHetman of Zaporizhian Host.[6]The uprising was extinguished with the help ofCrimean Tatars.[6]

On the issueboyarVasily Borisovich Sheremetevwrote toAlexei Mikhailovichon 8 June 1658: "... theCherkas[Cossack] city of Poltava is ravaged and burned to the ground and only if the Great Sovereign orders to rebuild on the Tatar Sokma (pathway) ofBakeyev Routeand protect many his sovereign cities from Tatar visits. And if the Great Sovereign allows to place avoivodein the city and rebuilt the city until the fall that in PoltavaCherkasy[Cossacks] and residents built their houses and stock-piled their food ".[6]With the signing of the 1667truce of Andrusovo,the city was finally subjected to theTsardom of Muscovy,while remaining part of theCossack Hetmanate.

The city suffered from theGreat Turkish Warwhen in 1695 Petro Ivanenko led an anti-Muscovite uprising with the help ofCrimean Tatars,who ravaged the local monastery.[6]The same year thePoltava Regimentactively participated in theAzov campaignswhich resulted in the taking of the Turkish fortress of Kyzy-Kermen (today the city ofBeryslav,Kherson Oblast).[6]On 8 July (New Style) or 27 June (Old Style) 1709 theBattle of Poltavatook place near the city during theGreat Northern War.The battle ended in a decisive victory ofPeter I of Russiaover theSwedishforces and had great historical importance for the Russians.[6]In 1710 there was a plague in the city and its surrounding area.[6]In the mid-18th century the Kolomak Woods near Poltava became a base ofhaidamaks(Cossack paramilitary bands).[6]

By 1770, Poltava had several brick factories, a regimental doctor, and a pharmacy; that same year the city conducted four fairs.[6]In 1775 it became a city ofNovorossiysk Governorate,guarded by the 8th Company of the Dnieper Pike Regiment headquartered inKobeliaky.[6]In 1775 Poltava's Holy Cross Exaltation Monastery became the seat of bishops of the newly createdEparchy(Diocese) of Slaviansk and Kherson. This large new diocese included the lands of theNovorossiyaGovernorate and theAzov Governoratenorth of theBlack Sea.[9][10]

Since much of that area had only recently been seized from theOttoman Empireby Russia, and a large number of Orthodox Greek settlers had been invited to settle in the region, theimperial governmentselected a renowned Greek scholar,Eugenios Voulgaris,to preside over the new diocese. After his retirement in 1779, he was replaced by another Greek theologian,Nikephoros Theotokis.[9][10]

Alexander Square in 1850

In 1779 the city established the Poltava county school, which became its first secular educational institution.[6]In 1787Catherine the Greatstopped in Poltava on the way fromCrimea,escorted byGrigori Potemkin,Alexander SuvorovandMikhail Kutuzov.[6]In Poltava, on 7 June 1787, before anotherRusso-Turkish War,Potemkin received his title "Prince of Taurida", while Suvorov received asnuffboxwith monogram.[6]In 1802 the city became the seat of the newly establishedPoltava Governorate.[6]The city's population in 1802 consisted of some 8,000 residents.[6]That same year Poltava opened a government-funded hospital of 20 beds.[6]

19th century[edit]

Map of Poltava 1857
The 200th Anniversary celebrations of the Battle of Poltava in June 1909

On 2 February 1808, the Poltava Male Gymnasium was established.[6]On 20 June 1808 some 54 families of craftsmen were invited to the city from German principalities and settled in the newly established German Sloboda neighborhood with about 50 clay-made houses.[6]In 1810 there were 8,328 people living in Poltava;[6]that same year, the city's first theater was built.[6]In August 1812, on orders of Little Russia Governor GeneralLobanov-Rostovsky,the famed Ukrainian writer and statesmanIvan Kotlyarevskyformed the 5th Poltava Cavalry Cossack Regiment.[6]

By 1860, Poltava had around 30,000 inhabitants, a district school, a gymnasium, anInstitute for Noble Maidens,a spiritual academy, acadet corps,a library and a number of schools. In 1870 a railway station was opened, leading to rapid economic growth in the region. However, by 1914 the Population of Poltava (around 60,000) was mostly working in small enterprises. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Poltava became an important cultural centre, where many representatives ofUkrainian national revivalwere active.

20th century[edit]

ThePoltava Museum of Long-Range and Strategic Aviation

During theevents of 1917–1920,Poltava was under the rule of a number of governments, including theCentral Rada,Hetmanate,Ukrainian People's Republic,White MovementandBolsheviks.From 1918 to 1919 there wasOccupation of Poltava by the Bolsheviks.After becoming a part ofUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,Poltava experienced accelerated industrial growth, and its population increased to 130,000 by 1939.

InWorld War II,theNaziWehrmachtoccupiedPoltava from 18 September 1941 until 23 September 1943, when it was retaken during the Chernigov-Poltava Strategic Offensive of theBattle of the Dnieper.During the Nazi occupation the Jewish population (9.9% of the total population in 1939) was imprisoned in aghettobefore being murdered during mass executions perpetrated by anEinsatzgruppeand buried in mass graves in the area.[11]

By the summer of 1944, theUnited States Army Air Forcesconducted a number ofshuttle bombingraids against Nazi Germany under the name ofOperation Frantic.Poltava Air Base,as well asMyrhorod Air Base,were used as eastern locations for landingB-17 Flying Fortressheavy bombers involved in those operations.[citation needed]

The post-war restoration of Poltava continued in the 1950s and 1960s. The city became an important centre of military education in theSoviet Union,where missile and communications officers were prepared, and was also home to aSoviet Air Forcedivision of heavy bombers.[citation needed]

Until 18 July 2020, Poltava was designated as acity of oblast significanceand did not belong to Poltava Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Poltava Oblast to four, the city was merged into Poltava Raion.[12][13]

Population[edit]

Language[edit]

Distribution of the population by native language according to the2001 census:[14]

Language Number Percentage
Ukrainian 265 355 85.39%
Russian 43 706 14.06%
Other or undecided 1 694 0.55%
Total 310 755 100.00 %

According to a survey conducted by theInternational Republican Institutein April-May 2023, 75 % of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 12 % spoke Russian.[15]

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Poltava has a warm-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfb), with four distinct seasons, it is one of the coldest cities inUkraine.The annual precipitation is fairly evenly distributed, with the highest concentration in summer, and which falls as snow in winter.[16][17][18]

Climate data for Poltava (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		16.0
(60.8) 		23.6
(74.5) 		29.9
(85.8) 		34.2
(93.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.4
(102.9) 		35.2
(95.4) 		29.6
(85.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		13.5
(56.3) 		39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.1
(80.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		12.9
(55.2) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		13.2
(55.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		1.7
(35.1) 		9.9
(49.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.2
(59.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		8.8
(47.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		10.6
(51.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		16.4
(61.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		4.9
(40.8)
Record low °C (°F) −32.2
(−26.0) 		−29.1
(−20.4) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−21.5
(−6.7) 		−28.6
(−19.5) 		−32.2
(−26.0)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 41.7
(1.64) 		34.6
(1.36) 		37.5
(1.48) 		39.3
(1.55) 		53.0
(2.09) 		72.7
(2.86) 		69.0
(2.72) 		42.9
(1.69) 		54.1
(2.13) 		50.7
(2.00) 		45.2
(1.78) 		41.8
(1.65) 		582.5
(22.93)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 8.6 7.5 7.8 7.1 7.8 9.0 7.7 5.6 6.6 6.1 7.7 8.5 90.0
Averagerelative humidity(%) 85.9 82.5 76.4 64.8 61.3 67.2 66.7 63.1 70.5 77.4 85.9 86.6 74.0
Mean monthlysunshine hours 68 76 132 183 266 293 301 285 215 144 59 42 2,064
Source 1: Pogoda.ru[19]
Source 2:World Meteorological Organization(humidity and precipitation 1981–2010; sun 1961–1990)[20][21]

Government and subdivisions[edit]

See also:List of mayors of Poltava
Building of the regional administration (byVasyl Krychevsky)

Poltava is theadministrative centerof thePoltava Oblast(province) as well as of the Poltava Raion housed within the city. However, Poltava is acity of oblast subordinance,thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.

Poltava's government consists of the 50-member Poltava City Council (Ukrainian:Полтавська Міська рада) which is headed by the Secretary (currently Oleksandr Kozub). The city's current mayor is Oleksandr Mamay, who was sworn in on 4 November 2010 after being elected with more than 61 percent of the vote.[22]In 2015 he was re-elected as a candidate ofConscience of Ukrainewith 62.9% in a second round of Mayoral election.[23]

The territory of Poltava is divided into 3urban districts:[24]

  1. Shevchenkivskyi District,[25][26]to the south-west with an area of 2077 hectares and a population of 147,600 in 2005. It is a largely residential area and includes the city centre.
  2. Kyivskyi District,[27]is the largest by area, comprising 5437 hectares, or 52.8% of the city total situated in the north and north-west. Its census in 2005 was 111,900. This district has a large industrial zone.
  3. Podilskyi District,[28]to the east and south-east, in the valley of the Vorskla river, with an area of 2988 hectares and a population of 53,700 in 2005.

The village ofRozsoshentsi,Shcherbani,Tereshky,KopylyandSuprunivkaare officially considered to be outside the city, but constitute part of the Poltava agglomeration.

Culture[edit]

Assumption Cathedral

The centre of the old city is a semicircular Neoclassical square with theTuscan columnof cast iron (1805–11), commemorating the centenary of theBattle of Poltavaand featuring 18 Swedish cannons captured in that battle. AsPeter the Greatcelebrated his victory in the Saviour church, this 17th-century wooden shrine was carefully preserved to this day. The five-domed city cathedral, dedicated to theExaltation of the Cross,is a superb monument ofCossack Baroque,built between 1699 and 1709. As a whole, the cathedral presents a unity which even the Neoclassical belltower has failed to mar. Another frothy Baroque church, dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos, was destroyed in 1934 and rebuilt in the 1990s.

Aminor planet2983 Poltavadiscovered in 1981 bySovietastronomerNikolai Stepanovich Chernykhis named after the city.[29]

Sports[edit]

The most popular sport isfootball (soccer).Two professional football teams are based in the city:Vorskla Poltavain theUkrainian Premier LeagueandFC Poltavain theSecond League. There are 3 stadiums in Poltava:Butovsky Vorskla Stadium(main city stadium),Dynamo Stadiumare situated in the city centre andLokomotiv Stadiumwhich is situated in Podil district.

Notable people[edit]

Marusia Churai,postage stamp, 2000
Nikolai Gogol,1845
Ivan Paskevich,1823
Symon Petliura,1920s
Alina Treiger,2010

Sport[edit]

Ruslan Rotan,2016

Economy and infrastructure[edit]

Transportation[edit]

The Kyivskyi Vokzal, the city's main railway station.

Poltava's transportation infrastructure consists of two major train stations with railway links toKyiv,Kharkiv,andKremenchuk.Poltava's Kyiv line is electrified and is used by the Poltava Express. The electrification of the Poltava-Kharkiv line was completed in August 2008.[33]

The Avtovokzal serves as the city's intercity bus station. Buses for local municipal routes depart from "AC-2" (autostation No. 2 – alongShevchenkostreet) and "AC-3" (Zinkivska street). Local municipal routes are parked along theTaras ShevchenkoStreet.Marshrutkaminibuses serve areas where regular bus access is unavailable; however, they are privately owned and cost more per ride. In addition, a 10-routetrolleybusnetwork of 72.6 kilometres (45.1 mi) runs throughout the city. On the routes of the city go more than 50 units of trolleybuses.

Poltava is also served by an International Airport, situated outside the city limits near the village of Ivashky. The international highwayM03,linking Poltava with Kyiv and Kharkiv, passes through the southern outskirts of the city. There is also a regional highway P-17 crossing Poltava and linking it with Kremenchuk andSumy.[34]

Education[edit]

Poltava has always been one of the most important science and education centres in Ukraine. Major universities and institutions of higher education include the following:

Theological seminary, which duringWorld War Iwas converted into a military school quartering the Vilno Cadet School

Astronomy

  • Poltava gravimetric observatory (PGO) is situated a bit north from city centre (27–29 Miasoyedov St.). Its main work directions are measurements of Earth rotation, latitude variations (applying zenith stars observations, lunar occultation observations and other)
  • Observational station of PGO in rural area, some 20 km east along the M03-E40 highway. Radiotelescope URAN-2 (Ukrainian:УРАН-2) is situated there too.

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Poltava istwinnedwith:

Gallery[edit]

  • Building of the Noble Assembly
    Building of the Noble Assembly
  • State administrative building (Russian Empire)
    State administrative building (Russian Empire)
  • Church of the Savior
    Church of the Savior
  • Poltava Theatre of Music and Drama
    Poltava Theatre of Music and Drama
  • Merchant Ginzburg's "Grand Hotel"
    Merchant Ginzburg's "Grand Hotel"
  • Obelisk at the Ivan Kotlyarevsky's burial
    Obelisk at theIvan Kotlyarevsky's burial
  • Moorish-styled mansion of Bakhmatsky
    Moorish-styledmansion of Bakhmatsky
  • Exaltation of the Cross nunnery
    Exaltation of the Cross nunnery
  • Traditional Ukrainian well, krynytsia (Kotlyarevsky's estate)
    Traditional Ukrainian well,krynytsia(Kotlyarevsky's estate)
  • Former Regional Administration building
    Former Regional Administration building
  • Former Institute of Noble Maidens (today - National Technical University)
    Former Institute of Noble Maidens (today - National Technical University)
  • Mass burial of 1345 Russian soldiers (perished at the Battle of Poltava)
    Mass burial of 1345 Russian soldiers (perished at theBattle of Poltava)
  • Main pedestrian street of Poltava
    Main pedestrian street of Poltava
  • State security office
    State securityoffice
  • Round square in central Poltava
    Round square in central Poltava

References[edit]

  1. ^"Poltava".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 22 March 2020.
  2. ^"Poltava".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed.). HarperCollins.Retrieved4 September2019.
  3. ^"Poltava".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Retrieved4 September2019.
  4. ^"Полтавская городская громада"(in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
  5. ^Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022[Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022](PDF)(in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv:State Statistics Service of Ukraine.Archived(PDF)from the original on 4 July 2022.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajPoltava: chronicles of the most important events."History of Poltava" website.
  7. ^Antipovich, G., Buryak, Voloskov, V., others.Poltava: a book for tourists.Ed.2. "Prapor". Kharkiv, 1989.
  8. ^abcdDuchy of the Mamai's descendants.Zarusskiy.org. 29 June 2008
  9. ^abЕвгений Булгарис(Eugenios Voulgaris's biography)(in Russian)
  10. ^abНикифор Феотоки(Nikephoros Theotoki's biography)(in Russian)
  11. ^"The Untold Stories. The Murder Sites of the Jews in the Occupied Territories of the Former USSR".yadvashem.org.Retrieved18 June2017.
  12. ^"Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ".Голос України(in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020.Retrieved3 October2020.
  13. ^"Нові райони: карти + склад"(in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
  14. ^"Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України"(in Ukrainian).
  15. ^"Municipal Survey 2023"(PDF).ratinggroup.ua.Retrieved9 August2023.
  16. ^"Poltava, Ukraine Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)".Weatherbase.Retrieved2 October2020.
  17. ^"Climate in Poltava, Ukraine".Worlddata.info.Retrieved2 October2020.
  18. ^"Climate Poltava Oblast: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Poltava Oblast - Climate-Data.org".en.climate-data.org.Retrieved2 October2020.
  19. ^Погода и Климат – Климат Полтава[Weather and Climate – The Climate of Poltava] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат).Retrieved29 October2021.
  20. ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010".World Meteorological Organization. Archived fromthe originalon 17 July 2021.Retrieved17 July2021.
  21. ^"Poltava Climate Normals 1961–1990".World Meteorological Organization. Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2021.Retrieved18 July2021.
  22. ^"Oleksandr Mamay won at the elections for the mayor of Poltava"(in Ukrainian). Dzerkalo Tyzhnya. 6 November 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 23 August 2011.Retrieved14 May2011.
  23. ^Mamai reelected as Poltava mayor – election commission,Interfax-Ukraine(16 November 2015)
  24. ^"Poltavska Oblast, city of Poltava (raion councils of the cities)"(in Ukrainian).Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.Archived fromthe originalon 21 May 2011.Retrieved4 January2009.
  25. ^"Official resource"(in Ukrainian). Oktiabrskyi Raion Council of Poltava. 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 2 December 2008.Retrieved3 January2009.
  26. ^"Information of the Oktiabrskyi Raion of Poltava"(in Ukrainian). Poltava City Council. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 5 April 2009.Retrieved3 January2009.
  27. ^"Information of the Kyivskyi Raion of Poltava"(in Ukrainian). Poltava City Council. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 5 April 2009.Retrieved3 January2009.
  28. ^"Information of the Leninskyi Raion of Poltava"(in Ukrainian). Poltava City Council. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 5 April 2009.Retrieved3 January2009.
  29. ^Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).Dictionary of Minor Planet Names(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 246.ISBN3-540-00238-3.
  30. ^Karageorgevitch, Bojidar(1911)."Bashkirtseff, Maria Constantinova".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 466.
  31. ^Shedden-Ralston, William Ralston(1911)."Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 190–191.
  32. ^"Paskevich, Ivan Fedorovich".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 883–884.
  33. ^"Poltava-Kharkiv rail line"(in Russian).Retrieved21 September2008.
  34. ^Poltava – Plan. Kyiv Army-Cartographic Fabric.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toPoltava.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forPoltava.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poltava&oldid=1229491299"