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Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

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"PFLP" redirects here. For other meanings, seePFLP (disambiguation).

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين
General SecretaryAhmad Sa'adat
(imprisoned)
Deputy General SecretaryJamil Mezher
FounderGeorge Habash
Founded1967(1967)
HeadquartersDamascus,Syria
Paramilitary wingAbu Ali Mustafa Brigades
Ideology
Political positionFar-left
National affiliationPalestine Liberation Organization
Democratic Alliance List
International affiliationInternational Communist Seminar(defunct)
Axis of Resistance
Legislative Council (2006, defunct)
3 / 132
Party flag
Website
pflp.ps

ThePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine(PFLP;Arabic:الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين,romanized:al-Jabha ash-Shaʿbīyya li-Taḥrīr Filasṭīn[3]) is a secular PalestinianMarxist–Leninistandrevolutionary socialistorganization founded in 1967 byGeorge Habash.It has consistently been the second-largest of the groups forming thePalestine Liberation Organization,the largest beingFatah.

Ahmad Sa'adat,who was sentenced in 2006 to 30 years in an Israeli prison, has served as General Secretary of the PFLP since 2001. The PFLP currently considers both the Fatah-led government in theWest Bankand theHamasgovernment in theGaza Stripillegal because elections to thePalestinian National Authorityhave not been held since 2006.[4]As of 2015,the PFLP boycotts participation in thePLO Executive Committee[5][6][7]and thePalestinian National Council.[8]

The PFLP has generally taken a hard-line on Palestinian national aspirations, opposing the more moderate stance of Fatah. It does not recognize Israel, and promotes aone-state solutionto theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict,in a "democratic Palestine", where "Arabs and Jews would live without discrimination". The military wing of the PFLP is called theAbu Ali Mustafa Brigades.

The PFLP is well known for pioneering armedaircraft-hijackingsin the late 1960s and early 1970s.[9]According to PFLP Politburo member[10]and former aircraft-hijackerLeila Khaled,the PFLP does not see suicide bombing as a form of resistance to occupation or as a strategic action or policy and no longer carries out such attacks. The PFLP has been designated aterrorist organizationby theUnited States,[11]Japan,[12]Canada,[13]and theEuropean Union.[14]

History

Arab Nationalist Movement

George Habash,a Palestinian Christian, was PFLP's Secretary General at its beginning. He had been influenced by the ideas ofConstantin ZureiqandSati' al-Husri,Arab nationalists of the 1940s and 1950s

The PFLP grew out of theHarakat al-Qawmiyyin al-Arab,orArab Nationalist Movement(ANM), founded in 1953 byGeorge Habash,a Palestinian Christian fromLydda.In 1948, 19-year-old Habash, a medical student, went to his home town of Lydda during the1948 Arab–Israeli Warto help his family. While he was there, theIsrael Defense Forcesattacked the city and forced most of its civilian population to leave in what became known as theLydda Death March.They marched for three days without food or water until they reached theArabarmies' front lines, leading to the death of his sister. Habash finished his medical education inLebanonat theAmerican University in Beirut,graduating in 1951.[15]

In an interview with US journalistJohn K. Cooley,Habash argued for viewing "the liberation of Palestine as something not to be isolated from events in the rest of the Arab world" and identified "the main reason for [Palestinians'] defeat" as triumph of "the scientific society of Israel" over "our own backwardness in the Arab world"; because of this, he "called for the total rebuilding of Arab society into a twentieth-century society" and a "scientific and technical renaissance in the Arab world".[16]The ANM was founded in this nationalist spirit. "[We] held the 'Guevaraview' of the 'revolutionaryhuman being'",Habash told Cooley." A new breed of man had to emerge, among the Arabs as everywhere else. This meant applying everything in human power to the realization of a cause. "[16]

The ANM formed underground branches in several Arab countries, includingLibya,Saudi ArabiaandKuwait,then still under British rule. It adoptedsecularismandsocialisteconomic ideas, and pushed for armed struggle. In collaboration with thePalestinian Liberation Army,the ANM establishedAbtal al-Audah(Heroes of the Return) as acommandogroup in 1966.

Formation of the PFLP

After theSix-Day Warof June 1967, ANM merged in August with two other groups, Youth for Revenge andAhmed Jibril's Syrian-backedPalestine Liberation Front,to form the PFLP, with Habash as leader.[citation needed]Three other independent groups, namely Heroes of the Return, the National Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Independent Palestine Liberation Front, also met with Habash to form the PFLP.[17]

By early 1968, the PFLP had trained between one and three thousandguerrillas.It had the financial backing ofSyria,and was headquartered there, and one of its training camps was based inas-Salt,Jordan.In 1969, the PFLP declared itself aMarxist–Leninistorganization, but it has remained faithful toPan-Arabism,seeing the Palestinian struggle as part of a wider uprising against Westernimperialism,which also aims to unite theArab worldby overthrowing "reactionary"regimes. It published a magazine,al-Hadaf(The Target, or Goal), which was edited byGhassan Kanafani.

Operations

The PFLP gained notoriety in the late 1960s and early 1970s for a series of armed attacks andaircraft hijackings,including on non-Israeli targets.Abu Ali Mustafa Brigadesalso claimed responsibility for several suicide attacks during theAl-Aqsa Intifada.See#Armed attacks of the PFLPbelow.

Breakaway organizations

A PFLP patrol in Jordan, 1969

In 1967,Palestinian Popular Struggle Front(PPSF) broke away from the PFLP.

In 1968,Ahmed Jibrilbroke away from the PFLP to form the Syrian-backedPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command(PFLP-GC).

In 1969, theDemocratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine(DFLP) formed as a separate, ostensiblyMaoist,organization underNayef HawatmehandYasser Abd Rabbo,initially as the PDFLP.

In 1972, thePopular Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Palestinewas formed following a split in PFLP.

The PFLP had a troubled relationship with George Habash's one-time deputy,Wadie Haddad,who was eventually expelled because he refused orders to stop attacks and kidnapping operations abroad. Haddad has been identified in released Soviet archival documents as having been a KGB intelligence agent in place, who in 1975 received arms for the movement directly from Soviet sources in a nighttime transfer in the Sea of Aden.[18]

PLO membership

The PFLP joined thePalestine Liberation Organization(PLO), theumbrella organizationof the Palestinian national movement, in 1968, becoming the second-largest faction afterYassir Arafat'sFatah.[17]In 1974, it withdrew from thePLO Executive Committee(but not from the PLO) to join theRejectionist Frontfollowing the creation of thePLO's Ten Point Program,accusing the PLO of abandoning the goal of destroying Israel outright in favor of abinational solution,which was opposed by the PFLP leadership.[19]It rejoined the executive committee in 1981.[20]

In December 1993 PFLP withdrew from the PLO and became one of the ten founding members of the Damascus-basedAlliance of Palestinian Forces,eight of which had been members of the PLO, which was opposed to the Oslo Accords process. PFLP withdrew from APF in 1998. Currently, the PFLP is boycotting participation in the PLO Executive Committee[5]and thePalestinian National Council.[8]

In December 2009, around 70,000 supporters demonstrated in Gaza to celebrate the PFLP's 42nd anniversary.[21]

After the Oslo Accords

After the occurrence of theFirst Intifadaand the subsequentOslo Accordsthe PFLP had difficulty establishing itself in theWest BankandGaza Strip.At that time (1993–96) the popularity ofHamaswas rapidly increasing in the wake of[colloquialism]their successful strategy ofsuicide bombingsdevised byYahya Ayyash( "the Engineer" ). Thedissolution of the Soviet Uniontogether with the rise ofIslamism—and particularly the increased popularity of the Islamist groups Hamas andPalestinian Islamic Jihad—disoriented many left activists who had looked towards the Soviet Union, and has marginalized the PFLP's role in Palestinian politics and armed resistance. However, the organization retains considerable political influence within the PLO, since no new elections have been held for the organization's legislative body, thePNC.

The PFLP developed contacts at this time with Islamic fundamentalist groups linked toIran– both Palestinian Hamas, and the Lebanon-basedHezbollah.The PLO's agreement with Israel in September 1993, and negotiations which followed, further isolated it from the umbrella organization and led it to conclude a formal alliance with the Iranian backed groups.[22]

As a result of its post-Oslo weakness, the PFLP has been forced to adapt slowly and find partners among politically active, preferably young, Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, in order to compensate for their dependence on their aging commanders returning from or remaining in exile.[citation needed]The PFLP has therefore formed alliances with other leftist groups formed within thePalestinian Authority,including thePalestinian People's Partyand thePopular Resistance Committeesof Gaza.[citation needed]

In 1990, the PFLP transformed itsJordanbranch into a separatepolitical party,theJordanian Popular Democratic Unity Party.From its foundation, the PFLP soughtsuperpowerpatrons, early on developing ties with theSoviet Union,thePeople's Republic of China,and, at various times, withregional powerssuch asSyria,South Yemen,Libya,North Korea,andIraq,as well as with left-wing groups around the world, including theFARCand theJapanese Red Army.[23][24]When that support diminished or stopped, in the late 1980s and 1990s, the PFLP sought new allies and developed contacts withIslamistgroups linked toIran,despite the PFLP's strong adherence to secularism andanti-clericalism.The relationship between the PFLP and theIslamic Republic of Iranhas fluctuated – it strengthened as a result of Hamas moving away from Iran due to differing positions on theSyrian Civil War.Iran rewarded the PFLP for its pro-Assadstance with an increase in financial and military assistance.[25]The PFLP has been accused by Israel of diverting European humanitarian aid fromPalestinian NGOsto itself.[26]

Elections in the Palestinian Authority

Following the death ofYasser Arafatin November 2004, the PFLP entered discussions with the DFLP and the Palestinian People's Party aimed at nominating a joint left-wing candidate for thePalestinian presidential electionto be held on 9 January 2005. These discussions were unsuccessful, so the PFLP decided to support the independentPalestinian National Initiative's candidateMustafa Barghouti,who gained 19.48% of the vote.

In the municipal elections of December 2005 it had more success, e.g. inal-BirehandRamallah,and winning the mayorship ofBir Zeit.[27]There are conflicting reports about the political allegiance ofJanet MikhailandVictor Batarseh,the mayors of Ramallah andBethlehem;they may be close to the PFLP without being members.[according to whom?]

The PFLP participated in thePalestinian legislative elections of 2006as the "Martyr Abu Ali Mustafa List". It won 4.2% of the popular vote, winning three of the 132 seats in thePalestinian Legislative Council.Its deputies areAhmad Sa'adat,Jamil Majdalawi,andKhalida Jarrar.In the lists, its best vote was 9.4% inBethlehem,followed by 6.6% inRamallah and al-Bireh,and 6.5% inNorth Gaza.Sa'adat was sentenced in December 2006 to 30 years in an Israeli prison.

Successors to George Habash

At the PFLP's Sixth National Conference in 2000, Habash stepped down as General Secretary.Abu Ali Mustafawas elected to replace him, but was assassinated on 27 August 2001 when an Israelihelicopterfired rockets at his office in the West Bank town of Ramallah.

After Mustafa's death, the Central Committee of the PFLP on 3 October 2001 electedAhmad Sa'adatas General Secretary. He has held that position, though since 2002 he has been incarcerated in Palestinian and Israeli prisons.

Attitude to the peace process

When it was formed in the late 1960s the PFLP supported the established line of most Palestinianguerrillafronts and ruled out any negotiated settlement with Israel that would result intwo statesbetween theJordan Riverand theMediterranean Sea.Instead, George Habash in particular, and various other leaders in general advocated one state with anArab identityin whichJewswere entitled to live with the same rights as any minority. The PFLP declared that its goal was to "create a people's democratic Palestine, where Arabs and Jews would live without discrimination, a state without classes and national oppression, a state which allows Arabs and Jews to develop their national culture."

The PFLP platform never compromised on key points such as the overthrow of conservative ormonarchistArab states likeMoroccoand Jordan, theRight of Returnof allPalestinian refugeesto their homes in pre-1948Palestine,or the use of the liberation of Palestine as a launching board[colloquialism]for achieving Arab unity – reflecting its beginnings in thePan-ArabANM. It opposed theOslo Accordsand was for a long time opposed to the idea of atwo-state solutionto theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict,but in 1999 came to an agreement with the PLO leadership regarding negotiations with theIsraeli government.However, in May 2010, PFLP general secretaryAhmad Sa'adatcalled for an end to the PLO's negotiations with Israel, saying that only aone-state solutionwas possible.[2]

In January 2011, the PFLP declared that theCamp David Accordsstood for "subservience, submission, dictatorship and silence", and called forsocialandpolitical revolutioninEgypt.[28]

In December 2013, the PFLP stated: "Hamas is a vital part of the Palestinian national movement, and this is the position of the PFLP."[29]

Armed attacks before 2000

PFLPMay Dayposter

The PFLP gained notoriety in the late 1960s and early 1970s for a series of armed attacks andaircraft hijackings,including on non-Israeli targets:

  • Thehijacking of El Al Flight 426from Rome toLod airportin Israel on 23 July 1968.[30]The Western media reported that the flight was targeted because the PFLP believed Israeli generalYitzhak Rabin,who was Israeli ambassador to the US, was on board. Several individuals involved with the hijacking, includingLeila Khaleddeny this. The plane was diverted toAlgiers,where 21 passengers and 11 crew members were held for 39 days, until 31 August.
  • Gunmenopened fire on El Al Flight 253inAthensabout to take off for New York on 26 December 1968, killing one Israeli – this prompteda reprisal by Israel destroying airliners in Beirut.
  • Anattack on El Al Flight 432passengers jet atZürichairport on 18 February 1969, killing the co-pilot and wounding the pilot; an Israeli undercover agent thwarted the hijacking after killing the terrorist leader.
  • Bombings byRasmea Odehand other PFLP members killed 21-year-old Leon Kanner of Netanya and 22-year-old Eddie Joffe on 21 February 1969.[31][32][33]The two were killed bya bomb placed in a crowded Jerusalem SuperSol supermarketwhich the two students stopped in at to buy groceries for a field trip.[34][35]The same bomb wounded 9 others.[36]A second bomb was found at the supermarket, and defused.[32]Odeh was also convicted of bombing and damaging theBritish Consulatefour days later.[37][38][39][40]In 1980, Odeh was among 78 prisoners released by Israel in an exchange with the PFLP for one Israeli soldier captured in Lebanon.[31][34][35]
  • Thehijacking of TWA Flight 840from Los Angeles toDamascuson 29 August 1969 by a PFLP cell led byLeila Khaled,who became the PFLP's most noted recruit. Two Israeli passengers were held for 44 days.
  • Three adult Palestinians and three boys aged 14 and 15 years old threwgrenadesat the IsraeliembassiesinThe Hague,Bonnand the El Al office inBrusselson the same day, 9 September 1969 with no casualties.
  • Attack on a bus containing El Al passengers atMunichairport, killing one passenger and wounding 11 on 10 February 1970.
  • On 6 September 1970, the PFLP, including Leila Khaled,hijacked four passenger aircraftfromPan Am,TWAandSwissairon flights to New York fromBrussels,FrankfurtandZürich,and failed in an attempt to hijack an El Al aircraft which landed safely in London after one hijacker was killed and the other overpowered; and on 9 September 1970, hijacked aBOACflight fromBahrainto London viaBeirut.The Pan Am flight was diverted toCairo;the TWA, Swissair and BOAC flights were diverted to Dawson's Field inZarqa,Jordan. The TWA, Swissair and BOAC aircraft were subsequently blown up by the PFLP on 12 September, in front of the world media, after all passengers had been taken off the planes. The event is significant, as it was cited as a reason for theBlack Septemberclashes between Palestinian and Jordanian forces.
  • On 30 May 1972,28 passengers were gunned downatBen Gurion International Airportby members of theJapanese Red Armyin collaboration with the PFLP's Waddie Haddad in what became known as the Lod Airport massacre. Haddad had been ordered to stop planning operations, and ordered the attack without the PFLP's knowledge.
  • On 13 October 1977, the PFLPhijacked Lufthansa Flight 181,a Boeing 737 flying from Palma de Mallorca to Frankfurt. After various stopovers the pilot was killed. The remaining passengers and crew were eventually rescued by German counter-terrorism special forces.
  • On 12 April 1984 abus from Tel Aviv was hijacked.Bassam Abu Sharifin Damascus issued a statement in the name of the PFLP claiming responsibility.[41]
PFLP graffiti inBethlehem

Armed attacks after 2000

The PFLP'sAbu Ali Mustapha Brigadeshas carried out attacks on both civilians and military targets during theAl-Aqsa Intifada.Some of these attacks are:

  • The killing of Meir Lixenberg, councillor and head of security in four settlements, who was shot while travelling in his car in theWest Bankon 27 August 2001. PFLP claimed that this was a retaliation for the killing ofAbu Ali Mustafa.[44][45]
  • 21 October 2001 assassination of Israeli Minister for TourismRehavam ZeevibyHamdi Quran.
PFLP graffiti inSebastia
  • A suicide bombing in a pizzeria inKarnei Shomron,on theWest Bankon 16 February 2002, killing three Israeli teenagers.[45]
  • A suicide bombing inArielon 7 March 2002, which left wounded[quantify]but no fatalities.
  • A suicide bombing in aNetanyamarket in Israel, on 19 May 2002, killing three Israelis. This attack was also claimed byHamas,[45]but the Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades have identified the perpetrator on their website as one of their members.
  • A suicide bombing in the bus station atGeha JunctioninPetah Tikvaon 25 December 2003 which killed four Israelis.[46]
  • A suicide bombing in theJordan Rift Valleyon 22 May 2004, which left no fatalities.[47]
  • A suicide bombing in theCarmel MarketinTel Avivon 1 November 2004, which killed three Israeli civilians.[48]
  • On 14 April 2009, PFLP militants fired a homemade projectile at theKerem Shalom border crossinginHaDarom.[49]
  • On 23 October 2012, a PFLP roadside bomb targeting an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) patrol near Kibbutz Kissufim, Southern Israel, was detonated. An IDF commander was seriously injured in the blast.[50]
  • On 10 November 2012, PFLP militants fired an anti-tank missile towardsKarni Crossingnear the Gaza Strip, near Nahal Oz. The explosive device struck an Israeli Givati Brigade jeep, injuring four soldiers and destroying the vehicle.[51]
  • The PFLP claimed responsibility for theNovember 2014 Jerusalem synagogue massacrein which four Jewish worshippers and a policeman were killed with axes, knives, and a gun, while seven were injured.[52][53][54][55]The Israeli police concluded the attack was alone wolfoperation.
  • On 29 June 2015, the PFLP claimed responsibility for an attack in which Palestinians in a vehicle fired on a passing Israeli car. Four people were injured; one was severely injured and died the next day in hospital.[56][57]
  • Israeli police suspect the PFLP to be responsible for the2019 murder of Israeli teenager Rina Shnerb.[58][59][60]
  • During the2023 Israel–Hamas war,the Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades published videos of it storming Israeli watchtowers.[61]

See also

Footnotes

References

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  2. ^ab"Jailed PFLP leader: Only a one-state solution is possible".Haaretz.29 April 2012.Retrieved8 May2012.
  3. ^"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine | Palestinian political organization | Resistance, Activism, Liberation | Britannica".britannica.17 January 2024.Retrieved22 January2024.
  4. ^"Fatah slams Hamas' intention to reshuffle its deposed government".People's Daily Online.26 December 2010.Retrieved4 February2012.[dead link][dead link]
  5. ^abIbrahim, Arwa (13 February 2015)."PROFILE: The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine".Middle East Eye.
  6. ^"Bringing the PFLP back into PLO fold?".Ma'an News Agency.2 October 2010.
  7. ^"Profile: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)".BBC News.18 November 2014.
  8. ^abSawafta, Ali (30 April 2018)."Palestinian forum convenes after 22 years, beset by division".reuters.
  9. ^"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine".BBC News.26 January 2008.Retrieved4 February2012.
  10. ^"Ms. Khaled is a member of the Politburo of the PFLP [...]".Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2017.Retrieved13 June2018.
  11. ^"Foreign Terrorist Organizations".U.S. Department of State (2009-2017.state.gov).
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  13. ^"About the listing process".publicsafety.gc.ca.Retrieved17 July2015.
  14. ^"EUR-Lex – Official Journal of the European Union".lex.europa.eu.
  15. ^Kazziha, Walid,Revolutionary Transformation in the Arab World: Habash and his Comrades from Nationalism to Marxism.p. 17–18
  16. ^abCooley, John K.(1973).Green March Black September: The Story of the Palestinian Arabs.London: Frank Cass & Co,. Ltd. p.135.ISBN0-7146-2987-1.
  17. ^abAlexander, Yonah (1 January 2003). "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine".Palestinian Secular Terrorism: Profiles of Fatah, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, and Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.Ardsley, NY:Transnational Publishers. pp. 33–39.doi:10.1163/9789004479500_004.ISBN9789004479500.
  18. ^"Welcome bukovsky-archives.net - Hostmonster"(PDF).bukovsky-archives.net.
  19. ^Parkinson, Sarah E. (2023).Beyond the Lines: Social Networks and Palestinian Militant Organizations in Wartime Lebanon.Cornell University Press. p. 40.hdl:20.500.12657/62032.ISBN978-1-5017-6630-5.
  20. ^Parkinson 2023,pp. 47–48.
  21. ^"Revolutionary roses".Al Ahram.17 March 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 24 January 2012.Retrieved8 May2012.
  22. ^The PFLP's Changing Role in the Middle East,Harold Cubert, 1997, p.xiii
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  26. ^"Four Palestinians to be charged with diverting European aid to terrorism".The Jerusalem Post.
  27. ^Nassar Ibrahim (22 December 2005)."Palestinian Municipal Elections: The Left is advancing, while Hamas capitalizes on the decline of Fatah".Alternatives International.Retrieved4 February2012.
  28. ^"PFLP salutes the Egyptian people and their struggle".Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). 27 January 2011.Retrieved4 February2012.
  29. ^"PFLP: Hamas is part of the Palestinian national movement and we do not call upon them to abandon their ideology".Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). 30 December 2013.Retrieved3 January2013.
  30. ^Mark Ensalaco (2008).Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11.Philadelphia, PA:University of Pennsylvania Press.p. 14.ISBN978-0-8122-4046-7.JSTORj.ctt3fhmb0.
  31. ^abMichael Tarm (24 October 2013)."Rasmieh Yousef Odeh, Community Activist, Accused Of Hiding Terror Conviction To Gain Citizenship".The Huffington Post.
  32. ^ab"Jerusalem Supersol Re-opens for Business; 2 Young Bombing Victims Are Buried".Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 24 February 1969.
  33. ^"Arab-American activist on trial for allegedly concealing terror role in immigration papers".The Guardian.5 November 2014.
  34. ^ab"Trial set for Jerusalem terror convict who moved to US".The Times of Israel.3 September 2014.
  35. ^ab"Palestinian convicted of two bombings back in U.S. court over immigration fraud".Haaretz.2 September 2014.
  36. ^Jillian Kay Melchior (26 February 2014)."Convicted Terrorist Worked as Obamacare Navigator in Illinois".National Review Online.
  37. ^"Trial set for U.S.-Palestinian immigrant convicted in Israel deaths; Rasmieh Odeh is accused of hiding she was convicted in Israel for terror attacks from American immigration officials".Haaretz.3 October 2014.
  38. ^Lorraine Swanson (21 October 2014)."Evergreen Park Woman Accused of Hiding Terrorist Past".Evergreen Park, Illinois Patch.
  39. ^"Evergreen Park woman Rasmieh Odeh charged with lying about Palestinian terrorist past".ABC13 Houston. 23 October 2013.
  40. ^Jason Meisner (22 October 2013)."Feds: Woman hid terror conviction to get citizenship".Chicago Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon 8 July 2018.Retrieved18 November2014.
  41. ^The Times(London), 14 April 1984. Robert Fisk.
  42. ^Middle East International No 377, 8 June 1990, PublishersLord Mayhew,Dennis Walters MP;“Fourteen days in brief” p. 15
  43. ^Middle East International No 389, 7 December 1990, PublishersLord Mayhew,Dennis Walters MP;Hai’m Baram p.12
  44. ^"Palestinian leader killed by Israeli rockets".The Telegraph.27 August 2001.
  45. ^abc"Middle East: Israel and the Occupied Territories and the Palestinian Authority: Without distinction – attacks on civilians by Palestinian armed groups".Amnesty International (Index Number: MDE 02/003/2002). 10 July 2002.Retrieved4 February2012.
  46. ^"ynet ארבעה הרוגים בפיגוע בצומת גהה – חדשות".Ynet.20 June 1995.Retrieved8 May2012.
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  50. ^"Incident Summary for GTDID: 201210230007".start.umd.edu.
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  53. ^"Israel Shaken by 5 Deaths in Synagogue Assault",The New York Times
  54. ^"Jerusalem synagogue axe attack kills five".Telegraph.18 November 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.
  55. ^"PFLP Claims Responsibility for Jerusalem synagogue attack"Archived8 May 2015 at theWayback Machine,The Hindu
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  58. ^"Netherlands admits to paying terrorists who killed 17-year-old Israeli".The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.Retrieved11 June2022.
  59. ^JTA and TOI staff."Netherlands suspends aid to group that employed suspected Palestinian terrorists".timesofisrael.Retrieved11 June2022.
  60. ^Gross, Judah Ari."Spanish-Palestinian woman pleads guilty to raising PFLP funds through charity".timesofisrael.Retrieved11 June2022.
  61. ^"صادر عن كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى الجناح العسكري للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين".الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين. 7 October 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 8 October 2023.Retrieved7 October2023.

Sources

External links

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