Jump to content

Shareware

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromPostcardware)

Sharewareis a type ofproprietary softwarethat is initially shared by the owner for trial use at little or no cost.[1]Often the software has limited functionality or incomplete documentation until the user sends payment to the software developer.[2]Shareware is often offered as adownloadfrom awebsite.Shareware differs fromfreeware,which is fully-featured software distributed at no cost to the user but without source code being made available; andfreeandopen-source software,in which the source code is freely available for anyone to inspect and alter.

There are many types of shareware and, while they may not require an initial up-front payment, many are intended to generate revenue in one way or another. Some limit use to personal non-commercialpurposes only, with purchase of a license required for use in a business enterprise. The software itself may be time-limited, or it may remind the user that payment would be appreciated.

Types of shareware[edit]

Trialware[edit]

Trialware ordemowareis a program that limits the time that it can be effectively used, commonly via a built-in time limit, number of uses, or only allowing progression up to a certain point (e.g. in video games, seeGame demo).[3]The user can try out the fully featured program until the trial period is up, and then most trialware reverts to either a reduced-functionality (freemium, nagware, or crippleware) or non-functional mode, unless the user purchases a full version.[4]Trialware has become normalized for online Software as a Service (SaaS).[citation needed]WinRARis a notable example of an unlimited trialware, i.e. a program that retains its full functionality even after the trial period has ended.

The rationale behind trialware is to give potential users the opportunity to try out the program to judge its usefulness before purchasing a license. According to industry research firm Softletter, 66% of online companies surveyed had free-trial-to-paying-customer conversion rates of 25% or less. SaaS providers employ a wide range of strategies to nurture leads, and convert them into paying customers.

Freemium[edit]

Main article:Freemium

Freemium works by offering a product or service free of charge (typically digital offerings such as software, content, games, web services or other) while charging a premium for advanced features, functionality, or related products and services. For example, a fully functional feature-limited version may be given away for free, with advanced features disabled until a license fee is paid. The wordfreemiumcombines the two aspects of the business model: "free" and "premium".[5]It has become a popular model especially in theantivirusindustry.

Adware[edit]

Main article:Adware

Adware, short for "advertising-supported software", is any software package which automatically renders advertisements in order to generate revenue for its author. Shareware is often packaged with adware to lower the shareware fees or eliminate the need to charge users a fee. The advertisements may take the form of abanneron an application window. The functions may be designed to analyze whichwebsitesthe user visits and to present advertising pertinent to the types of goods or services featured there. The term is sometimes used to refer to software that displays unwanted advertisements, which typically are more intrusive and may appear aspop-ups,as is the case in most ad-orientedspyware.[6]During the installation of the intended software, the user is presented with a requirement to agree to the terms of click through anend-user license agreementor similar licensing which governs the installation of the software.[7]

Crippleware[edit]

Main article:Crippleware

Crippleware has vital features of the program, such as printing or the ability to save files, disabled or unwanted features like watermarks onscreencastingandvideo editing software[8]until the user buys the software. This allows users to take a close look at the features of a program without being able to use it to generate output. The distinction between freemium and crippleware is that an unlicensed freemium program has useful functionality, while crippleware demonstrates its potential but is not useful on its own.

Donationware[edit]

Main article:Donationware

Donationware is a licensing model that supplies fully operational unrestricted software to the user and requests an optional donation be paid to the programmer or a third-party beneficiary (usually anon-profit).[9]The amount of the donation may also be stipulated by the author, or it may be left to the discretion of the user, based on individual perceptions of the software's value. Since donationware comes fully operational (i.e. notcrippleware) with payment optional, it is a type offreeware.In some cases, there is a delay to start the program or "nag screen" reminding the user that they haven't donated to the project. This nag feature and/or delayed start is often removed in an update once the user has donated to (paid for) the software.

Nagware[edit]

Nagware (also known as begware, annoyware or a nagscreen) is a pejorative term for shareware that persistently reminds the user to purchase a license.[10]It usually does this by popping up a message when the user starts the program, or intermittently while the user is using the application. These messages can appear as windows obscuring part of the screen, or as message boxes that can quickly be closed. Some nagware keeps the message up for a certain time period, forcing the user to wait to continue to use the program. Unlicensed programs that support printing may superimpose awatermarkon the printed output, typically stating that the output was produced by an unlicensed copy.

Some titles display adialog boxwith payment information and a message that paying will remove the notice, which is usually displayed either upon startup or after an interval while the application is running. These notices are designed to annoy the user into paying.

Postcardware[edit]

Postcardware, also called just cardware, is a style of software distribution similar to shareware, distributed by the author on the condition that users send the author apostcard.A variation of cardware, emailware, uses the same approach but requires the user to send the author anemail.Postcardware, like other novelty software distribution terms, is often not strictly enforced. Cardware is similar tobeerware.

The concept was first used byAaron Giles,author ofJPEGView.[11]Another well-known piece of postcardware is theroguelikegameAncient Domains of Mystery,whose author collects postcards from around the world.Orbitronis distributed as postcardware.Exiferis a popular application amongdigital photographersthat has been postcardware.[12]Caledos Automatic Wallpaper Changer is a "still alive" project cardware. "Empathy" is a postcardware for password-protected executables.Dual Module PlayerandLinuxwere also postcardware for a long time.[13]An example for emailware is thevideo gameJump 'n Bump.[14]Another popular postcardware company is the Laravel package developers from Spatie, which has released over 200 open-source packages to theLaravel framework,which are postcardware licensed, and all shown at their website.[15]

History[edit]

In 1982,Andrew Fluegelmancreated a program for the IBM PC calledPC-Talk,atelecommunicationsprogram, and used the termfreeware;he described it "as an experiment in economics more than altruism".[16]About the same time,Jim "Button" KnopfreleasedPC-File,adatabaseprogram, calling ituser-supported software.[17]Not much later,Bob WallaceproducedPC-Write,a word processor, and called itshareware.Appearing in an episode ofHorizontitledPsychedelic Scienceoriginally broadcast 5 April 1998, Bob Wallace said the idea for shareware came to him "to some extent as a result of mypsychedelic experience".[18]

In 1983Jerry Pournellewrote of "an increasingly popular variant" of free software "that has no name, but works thus: 'If you like this, send me (the author) some money. I prefer cash.'"[19]In 1984,Softalk-PCmagazine had a column,The Public Library,about such software.Public domainis a misnomer for shareware, andFreewarewas trademarked by Fluegelman and could not be used legally by others, andUser-Supported Softwarewas too cumbersome. So columnistNelson Fordhad a contest to come up with a better name.

The most popular name submitted wasShareware,which was being used by Wallace. However, Wallace acknowledged that he got the term from anInfoWorldmagazine column by that name in the 1970s[failed verification][citation needed],and that he considered the name to be generic,[20]so its use became established overfreewareanduser-supported software.[21]

Fluegelman, Knopf, and Wallace clearly established shareware as a viable software distribution model by becoming wealthy.[22][23]

Prior to the popularity of theWorld Wide Weband widespread Internet access, shareware was often the only economical way for independent software authors to get their product onto users' desktops. Those withInternetorBBSaccess could download software and distribute it amongst their friends or user groups, who would then be encouraged to send the registration fee to the author, usually via postal mail. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, shareware software was widely distributed overonline services,bulletin board systemsand on diskettes. Contrary to commercial developers who spent millions of dollars urging users "Don't Copy That Floppy",shareware developers encouraged users to upload the software and share it on disks.

Commercial shareware distributors such as Educorp and Public Domain Inc printed catalogs describing thousands of public domain and shareware programs that were available for a small charge on floppy disk. These companies later made their entire catalog available on CD-ROM. One such distributor,Public Software Library(PSL), began an order-taking service for programmers who otherwise had no means of accepting credit card orders. Meanwhile major online service provider CompuServe enabled people to pay (register) for software using their CompuServe accounts. When AOL bought out CompuServe, that part of CompuServe called SWREG (Shareware Registration) was sold to UK businessman Stephen Lee of Atlantic Coast PLC who placed the service on to the internet and enabled over 3,000 independent software developers to use SWREG as a back office to accept various payment methods including credit, debit and charge cards, Paypal and other services in multiple currencies. This worked in realtime so that a client could pay for software and instantly download it which was novel at the time. SWREG was eventually bought by Digital River, Inc. Also, services like Kagi started offering applications that authors could distribute along with their products that would present the user with an onscreen form to fill out, print, and mail along with their payment. Oncetelecommunicationsbecame more widespread, this service also expanded online. Toward the beginning of the Internet era, books compiling reviews of available shareware were published, sometimes targeting specific niches such assmall business.These books would typically come with one or morefloppy disksorCD-ROMscontaining software from the book.[24]

As Internet use grew, users turned to downloading shareware programs from FTP or web sites. This spelled the end of bulletin board systems and shareware disk distributors. At first, disk space on a server was hard to come by, so networks likeInfo-Macwere developed, consisting of non-profitmirror siteshosting large shareware libraries accessible via the web or ftp. With the advent of the commercialweb hostingindustry, the authors of shareware programs started their own sites where the public could learn about their programs and download the latest versions, and even pay for the software online. This erased one of the chief distinctions of shareware, as it was now most often downloaded from a central "official" location instead of being sharedsamizdat-style by its users. To ensure users would get the latest bug-fixes as well as an install untainted by viruses or othermalware,some authors discouraged users from giving the software to their friends, encouraging them to send a link instead.

Major download sites such asVersionTrackerandCNet'sDownloadbegan to rank titles based on quality, feedback, and downloads. Popular software was sorted to the top of the list, along with products whose authors paid for preferred placement.

Registration[edit]

If features are disabled in the freely accessible version, paying may provide the user with alicense keyor code they can enter into the software to disable the notices and enable full functionality. Some pirate web sites publish license codes for popular shareware, leading to a kind of arms race between the developer and the pirates where the developer disables pirated codes and the pirates attempt to find or generate new ones. Some software publishers have started accepting known pirated codes, using the opportunity to educate users on the economics of the shareware model.[25]

Some shareware relies entirely on the user's honesty and requires no password. Simply checking an "I have paid" checkbox in the application is all that is required to disable the registration notices.[26][27]

Games[edit]

Main article:Game demo

In the early 1990s, shareware distribution was a popular method of publishing games for smaller developers, including then-fledgling companies Apogee Software (also known as3D Realms), Epic MegaGames (nowEpic Games),Ambrosia Softwareandid Software.It gave consumers the chance to play the game before investing money in it, and it gave them exposure that some products would be unable to get in the retail space.

With theKrozseries, Apogee introduced the "episodic" shareware model that became the most popular incentive for buying a game.[28]While the shareware game would be a truly complete game, there would be additional "episodes" of the game that were not shareware and could only be legally obtained by paying for the shareware episode. In some cases these episodes were neatly integrated and would feel like a longer version of the game, and in other cases the later episodes would be stand-alone games. Sometimes the additional content was completely integrated with the unregistered game, such as in Ambrosia'sEscape Velocityseries, in which a character representing the developer's petparrot,equipped with an undefeatable ship, would periodically harass and destroy the player after they reached a certain level representing the end of the trial period.

Racks of games on single 5 1/4-inch and later 3.5-inchfloppy diskswere common in retail stores. However,computer shows[citation needed]andbulletin board systems(BBS) such asSoftware Creations BBSwere the primary distributors of low-cost software. Free software from a BBS was the motivating force for consumers to purchase a computer equipped with a modem, so as to acquire software at no cost. The success of shareware games, including id Software hitsCommander KeenandDoom,depended in part on the BBS community's willingness to redistribute them from one BBS to another across North America. The reasons for redistribution included allowing modem users who could not afford long-distance calls the opportunity to view the games.[29]

The important distinguishing feature between a shareware game and a game demo is that the shareware game is (at least in theory) a complete working software program albeit with reduced content compared to the full game, while a game demo omits significant functionality as well as content. Shareware games commonly offered both single player and multiplayer modes plus a significant fraction of the full game content such as the first of three episodes, while some even offered the entire product as shareware while unlocking additional content for registered users. By contrast a game demo may offer as little as one single-player level or consist solely of a multiplayer map, this makes them easier to prepare than a shareware game.

Industry standards and technologies[edit]

There are several widely accepted standards and technologies that are used in the development and promotion of shareware.

  • FILE_ID.DIZis a descriptive text file often included in downloadable shareware distribution packages.
  • Portable Application Description(PAD) is used to standardize shareware application descriptions. PAD file is an XML document that describes a shareware or freeware product according to the PAD specification.[30]
  • DynamicPADextends the Portable Application Description (PAD) standard by allowing shareware vendors to provide customized PAD XML files to each download site or any other PAD-enabled resource. DynamicPAD is a set of server-side PHP scripts distributed under a GPL license and a freeware DynamicPAD builder for 32-bit Windows. The primary way to consume or submit a DynamicPAD file is through the RoboSoft application by Rudenko Software, the DynamicPAD author. DynamicPAD is available at theDynamicPAD web site.
  • Code signingis a technology that is used by developers to digitally sign their products. Versions ofMicrosoft WindowssinceWindows XPService Pack 2 show a warning when the user installs unsigned software. This is typically offered as a security measure to prevent untrusted software from potentially infecting the machine withmalware.However, critics see this technology as part of a tactic to delegitimize independent software development by requiring hefty upfront fees and a review process before software can be distributed.[31]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Bink, Thomas (April 4, 1996). "Shareware Profitable and Popular".The Kingston Whig-Standard(Kingston, Ontario, Canada). p. 17.
  2. ^Gnoffo Jr., Anthony (July 4, 1993). "The Shareware Computer Industry, A Growing World Of Innovation, Trust".Night-Ridder Newspapers.Rutland Daily Herald (Rutland, Vermont). p. 8D.
  3. ^Alvarez, Julian; Michaud, Laurent (July 2008).Serious Games: Advergaming, edugaming, training and more(PDF).IDATE.p. 45.ISBN978-2-84822-169-4.RetrievedJune 4,2022.
  4. ^Flynn, Laurie (November 14, 1993). "Cheap, Easy Shareware Big Business".Knight-Ridder Newspapers.Sun Herald (Biloxi, Mississippi). p. C7.
  5. ^Jepson, Anna; Lundin, Elin (April 3, 2009).Freemium for large enterprises(Thesis).KTH Royal Institute of Technology.p. 14.urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99781.
  6. ^Wang, Wallace (2006)."Adware and Spyware".Steal This Computer Book 4.0: What They Won't Tell You About the Internet.No Starch Press.p. 285.ISBN1-59327-105-0.RetrievedJune 4,2022.
  7. ^Sipior, Janice C.; Ward, Burke T.; Roselli, Georgina R. (Spring 2005). "The Ethical and Legal Concerns of Spyware".Information Systems Management.22(2): 43.doi:10.1201/1078/45099.22.2.20050301/87276.5.S2CID26291227.
  8. ^Franceschetti, Donald R. (2016).Principles of Computer Science.Salem Press.pp. 112–114.ISBN978-1-68217-139-4.
  9. ^Milian, Mark (June 13, 2011)."Reading apps sell subscriptions to fuzzy feelings".CNN.Archivedfrom the original on May 22, 2014.RetrievedMay 22,2014.
  10. ^Parberry, Ian (June 1995)."The Internet and the Aspiring Games Programmer"(PDF).Proceedings of DAGS 95, "Electronic Publishing and the Information Superhighway".Boston: Birkhauser. p. 2.Archived(PDF)from the original on March 4, 2016.
  11. ^Giles, Aaron."Aaron's Computing History".Archived fromthe originalon March 16, 2012.RetrievedAugust 7,2006.
  12. ^"Exifer for Windows".friedemann-schmidt.Archived fromthe originalon November 12, 2006.RetrievedJanuary 18,2016.
  13. ^Torvalds, Linus(May 2001).Just for Fun.New York: HarperCollins Publishers.ISBN0-06-662072-4.
  14. ^Jump 'n Bump(Archived2015-12-22 at theWayback Machine). readme.txt: "JUMP 'N BUMP by Brainchild Design in 1998 Jump 'n Bump is e-mailware. That means you're supposed to send us an e-mail. Write for example where you're from and what you thought about this game. If you do that, you will greatly encourage us to make more games for you!"
  15. ^https://spatie.be/open-source/postcards
  16. ^Magid, Lawrence J. (August 1982)."PC-Talk".PC Magazine.p. 143.Archivedfrom the original on May 26, 2021.RetrievedOctober 21,2013.
  17. ^Callahan, Michael E."The History of Shareware".Paul's Picks. Archived fromthe originalon February 2, 2008.RetrievedMay 13,2008.
  18. ^Horizon: Psychedelic science by Bill Eagles, (about 41 mins into programme)
  19. ^Pournelle, Jerry (July 1983)."Interstellar Drives, Osborne Accessories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley".BYTE.p. 323.RetrievedAugust 28,2016.
  20. ^Markoff, John (September 26, 2002)."Bob Wallace, 53, Software Pioneer, Dies".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on June 25, 2016.RetrievedMay 26,2016.
  21. ^"Association of Software Professionals - A community of real people using real names running real software businesses".asp-shareware.org.Archivedfrom the original on April 2, 2010.RetrievedApril 28,2018.
  22. ^"Bob Wallace Timeline".Erowid.January 12, 2004.Archivedfrom the original on March 2, 2013.RetrievedMarch 7,2013.
  23. ^Article about Jim "Button" KnopfArchived2007-02-10 at theWayback Machine,fromDr. Dobb's Journal
  24. ^"PC Mag Nov 24, 1992".November 24, 1992.Archivedfrom the original on August 17, 2021.RetrievedApril 1,2015.
  25. ^"Software That is both Shareware and Guiltyware".Archivedfrom the original on May 24, 2014.
  26. ^"FTP".Archivedfrom the original on February 21, 2016.
  27. ^"Anarchie v1.1.3 © 1993-94 Peter N Lewis".Archived fromthe originalon October 28, 2015.If you purchase a site license, contact me for information on how to make Anarchie automatically set the ÒI PaidÓ flag in the Preferences dialog (for those who are interested, I leave the ÒI PaidÓ checkbox off on my machine to ensure that the About box is not too annoying and it doesnÕt trouble me, so live with it:-)
  28. ^Hague, James (February 8, 1999)."Gimme Your Money: A Half-Baked History of Shareware".Loonygames.Archivedfrom the original on February 23, 2020.RetrievedFebruary 23,2020.
  29. ^Driscoll 2022,pp. 117–120.
  30. ^"PAD specification".Archived from the original on June 12, 2007.RetrievedMay 12,2006.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  31. ^"Code Signing and You".rogueamoeba.Archivedfrom the original on October 18, 2016.RetrievedApril 28,2018.

Works cited[edit]

External links[edit]

Look upsharewarein Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shareware&oldid=1225170978#Postcardware"