Poula language

Poula
Poula
Poumai
Native to	Manipur,Nagaland
Ethnicity	Poumai Naga
Native speakers	140,000 (2011)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Angami-Pochuri Angami Poula; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pmx
Glottolog	poum1235

Poulais anAngami-Pochuri languagethat is predominantly spoken by thePoumai Nagapeople inSenapati districtinManipurandPhek districtinNagaland,India.The language ofChingjaroiis also closely related to Poula but is distinct. Adescriptive grammarof Poula is available.^[2]

Grammar

Phonology

Thephonologyof Poula lackssyllable codasand also disallowsconsonant clustersinonsetposition. There are 25 consonantphonemesin Poula.

Consonants

Consonants^[3]
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	c	k
	voiced	pʰ	tʰ	cʰ	kʰ
	aspirated	b	d		g
Nasal	plain	m	n		ŋ
Nasal	aspirated				ŋ̊ʰ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ɕ		h
Fricative	voiced			ʑ
Affricate	voiceless			tɕ
Affricate	voiced			dʑ
Approximant		ʋ		j
Liquid	rhotic		ɾ
Liquid	lateral		l

Vowels

There are six vowelphonemesin Poula.

	Front	Central	Back
High	i y		(u)
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

In Poula, the phoneme /ə/ is written with thegrapheme'ü' (now, many use it as 'ii') in Bible and Hymns which was devised by Bible Society of India. In addition Poula lacks high back round vowel [u] as a monophthong,^[4]but [u] is present in nexus of diphthong; for example pou [pəu] `father'.

Tones

Poula is atonal language,however tone is not currently marked in theorthography.There are fourtonemesin Poula.^[3]

Word	Tone	Gloss
/na˥/	High-falling	'baby'
/na˦/	Mid-Rising	'later'
/na˧/	Mid	'things'
/na˩/	Low	'paint'

Poula is an extremely innovative language–unlike Kuki-Chin languages–for having simple morphology.^[5]

Morphology

Nouns and verbs are the two content word classes. There are no ‘adjective’ and ‘adverbs’ words classes, however nominalized verbs may modify nouns and non-finite converbial verbs may modify verbs. There several functional words found.^[6]

References

^PoulaatEthnologue(25th ed., 2022)
^Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina (2019)."A Grammar of Poumai Naga".University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.
^^a ^bVeikho, Sahiinii Lemaina; Khyriem, Barika (2015)."Poula phonetics and phonology: An initial overview".North East Indian Linguistics.7:47–62.
^Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina; Sarmah, Priyankoo (2018)."Vowels and tones in Poula".Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.41(1): 22–45.doi:10.1075/ltba.16022.lem.S2CID 69460833.
^Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina (2019)."A Grammar of Poumai Naga".University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.
^Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina (2019)."A Grammar of Poumai Naga".University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.

External links

Poumai Naga Language Resourcecollection of Poumai Naga (Poula) language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive

[e25-1] PoulaatEthnologue(25th ed., 2022)

[2] Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina (2019)."A Grammar of Poumai Naga".University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.

[Poula_phonetics_and_phonology-3] Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina; Khyriem, Barika (2015)."Poula phonetics and phonology: An initial overview".North East Indian Linguistics.7:47–62.

[4] Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina; Sarmah, Priyankoo (2018)."Vowels and tones in Poula".Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.41(1): 22–45.doi:10.1075/ltba.16022.lem.S2CID 69460833.

[5] Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina (2019)."A Grammar of Poumai Naga".University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.

[6] Veikho, Sahiinii Lemaina (2019)."A Grammar of Poumai Naga".University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.

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