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Prasinophyte

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Prasinophyte
Paraphyletic group of chlorophytes
Pyramimonas sp.
Pyramimonassp.
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
(unranked): Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Informal group: Prasinophyte
Included classes[1][2]
Excluded classes
(i.e. chlorophytes not considered prasinophytes)

Theprasinophytesare a group of unicellulargreen algae.[3]Prasinophytes mainly include marineplanktonicspecies, as well as some freshwater representatives.[3][4]The prasinophytes are morphologically diverse, includingflagellateswith one to eight flagella and non-motile (coccoid) unicells. The cells of many species are covered with organic body scales; others are naked.[4]Well studied genera includeOstreococcus,considered to be the smallest (ca. 0.95μm) free-livingeukaryote,[5]andMicromonas,both of which are found in marine waters worldwide. Prasinophytes have simple cellular structures, containing a singlechloroplastand a singlemitochondrion.Thegenomesare relatively small compared to other eukaryotes (about 12 Mbp forOstreococcus[6][7]and 21 Mbp forMicromonas[8]). At least one species, the Antarctic formPyramimonas gelidicola,is capable ofphagocytosisand is therefore amixotrophicalgae.[9]

Some authors treat the prasinophytes as apolyphyleticgrouping of green algae from different clades. As theTetraphytinaemerged in the Prasinophytes, recently authors include it, rendering it monophyletic, and equivalent to chlorophyta.[10][11]

Ecology[edit]

Micromonas pusilla

A study of photosynthetic gene-sequence diversity (rbcL) in theGulf of Mexicoindicated that Prasinophytes are particularly prevalent at theSubsurface Chlorophyll Maximum(SCM)[12]and several different ecotypes ofOstreococcushave been detected in the environment.[13]These ecotypes were thought to be distinguished in the environment by their adaptation to light intensities.O. lucimarinuswas isolated from a high-light environment[14]and observed year-round in the coastal North Pacific Ocean.[15]RCC141 was considered low-light, because it was isolated from the lowereuphotic zone.These strains, or ecotypes, were later shown to live in different habitats (open-ocean or mesotrophic) and their distributions do not appear to be connected to light availability.[16]O. tauriwas isolated from a coastal lagoon and appears to be light-polyvalent. Genetic data indicates that distinct molecular differences exist between the different ecotypes that have been detected.[17]

Prasinophytes are subject to infection by large double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the genusPrasinovirusin the familyPhycodnaviridae,[18][19][20]as well as aReovirus.[21]It has been estimated that from 2 to 10% of theMicromonas pusillapopulation is lysed per day by viruses.[22]

Phylogeny[edit]

Recent studies agree that the prasinophytes are not a natural group, being highlyparaphyletic.[4][23][24][25]Relationships among the groups making up the Chlorophyta are not fully resolved. Thecladogramproduced by Leliaert et al. 2011[4]and some modification according to Silar 2016,[26]Leliaert 2016[27]and Lopes dos Santos et al. 2017[1]is shown below. Theblue shaded groupsare or have traditionally been placed in the Prasinophyceae[3]). The speciesMesostigmaviridehas been shown to be a member of theStreptophytaor basal Green algae. The others are member of theChlorophyta.

Green Algae

As 2020 paper places thePalmophyllophyceae(prasinophyte clade VI) in a new phylum outside of the Chlorophyta and Streptophyta, thePrasinodermophyta.[28]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abLopes Dos Santos A, Pollina T, Gourvil P, Corre E, Marie D, Garrido JL, Rodríguez F, Noël MH, Vaulot D, Eikrem W (October 2017)."Chloropicophyceae, a new class of picophytoplanktonic prasinophytes".Scientific Reports.7(1): 14019.Bibcode:2017NatSR...714019L.doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12412-5.PMC5656628.PMID29070840.
  2. ^Linzhou Li; Sibo Wang; Hongli Wang; Sunil Kumar Sahu; Birger Marin; Haoyuan Li; Yan Xu; Hongping Liang; Zhen Li; Shifeng Chen; Tanja Reder; Zehra Çebi; Sebastian Wittek; Morten Petersen; Barbara Melkonian; Hongli Du; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; Gane Ka-Shu Wong; Xun Xu; Xin Liu; Yves Van de Peer; Michael Melkonian; Huan Liu (22 June 2020)."The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants".Nature Ecology & Evolution.4(9): 1220–1231.doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7.PMC7455551.PMID32572216.
  3. ^abcSym, S. D. and Pienaar, R. N. 1993. The class Prasinophyceae. In Round, F. E. and Chapman, D. J. (eds)Progress in Phycological Research,Vol. 9. Biopress Ltd., Bristol, pp. 281-376.
  4. ^abcdLeliaert F, Verbruggen H, Zechman FW (September 2011). "Into the deep: new discoveries at the base of the green plant phylogeny".BioEssays.33(9): 683–92.doi:10.1002/bies.201100035.PMID21744372.S2CID40459076.
  5. ^Courties C, Vaquer A, Troussellier M, Lautier J, Chrétiennot-Dinet MJ, Neveux J, et al. (1994)."Smallest eukaryotic organism".Nature.370(6487): 255.Bibcode:1994Natur.370..255C.doi:10.1038/370255a0.
  6. ^Derelle E, Ferraz C, Rombauts S, Rouzé P, Worden AZ, Robbens S, Partensky F, Degroeve S, Echeynié S, Cooke R, Saeys Y, Wuyts J, Jabbari K, Bowler C, Panaud O, Piégu B, Ball SG, Ral JP, Bouget FY, Piganeau G, De Baets B, Picard A, Delseny M, Demaille J, Van de Peer Y, Moreau H (August 2006)."Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.103(31): 11647–52.Bibcode:2006PNAS..10311647D.doi:10.1073/pnas.0604795103.PMC1544224.PMID16868079.
  7. ^Palenik B, Grimwood J, Aerts A, Rouzé P, Salamov A, Putnam N, et al. (May 2007)."The tiny eukaryote Ostreococcus provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.104(18): 7705–10.Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.7705P.doi:10.1073/pnas.0611046104.PMC1863510.PMID17460045.
  8. ^Worden AZ, Lee JH, Mock T, Rouzé P, Simmons MP, Aerts AL, et al. (April 2009). "Green evolution and dynamic adaptations revealed by genomes of the marine picoeukaryotes Micromonas".Science.324(5924): 268–72.Bibcode:2009Sci...324..268W.doi:10.1126/science.1167222.PMID19359590.S2CID206516961.
  9. ^Mixotrophy in the Antarctic phytoflagellate,Pyramimonas gelidicola(Chlorophyta: Prasinophyceae)
  10. ^Tevatia R, Oyler GA (2018-01-02)."Evolution of DDB1-binding WD40 (DWD) in the viridiplantae".PLOS ONE.13(1): e0190282.Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1390282T.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190282.PMC5749748.PMID29293590.
  11. ^Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Li FW, Mathews S, Lagarias JC (May 2017)."The phycocyanobilin chromophore of streptophyte algal phytochromes is synthesized by HY2".The New Phytologist.214(3): 1145–1157.doi:10.1111/nph.14422.PMC5388591.PMID28106912.
  12. ^Wawrik B, Paul JH, Campbell L, Griffin D, Houchin L, Fuentes-Ortega A, Müller-Karger F (2003)."Vertical Structure of the Phytoplankton Community Associated with a Coastal Plume in the Gulf of Mexico".Marine Ecology Progress Series.251:87–101.Bibcode:2003MEPS..251...87W.doi:10.3354/meps251087.
  13. ^Guillou L, Eikrem W, Chrétiennot-Dinet MJ, Le Gall F, Massana R, Romari K, Pedrós-Alió C, Vaulot D (June 2004). "Diversity of picoplanktonic prasinophytes assessed by direct nuclear SSU rDNA sequencing of environmental samples and novel isolates retrieved from oceanic and coastal marine ecosystems".Protist.155(2): 193–214.doi:10.1078/143446104774199592.PMID15305796.S2CID15859454.
  14. ^Worden AZ, Nolan JK, Palenik B (2004). "Assessing the dynamics and ecology of marine picophytoplankton: The importance of the eukaryotic component".Limnology and Oceanography.49(1): 168–179.Bibcode:2004LimOc..49..168W.doi:10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0168.
  15. ^Worden AZ (2006)."Picoeukaryote diversity in coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean"(PDF).Aquatic Microbial Ecology.43(2): 165–175.doi:10.3354/ame043165.
  16. ^Demir-Hilton E, Sudek S, Cuvelier ML, Gentemann CL, Zehr JP, Worden AZ (July 2011)."Global distribution patterns of distinct clades of the photosynthetic picoeukaryote Ostreococcus".The ISME Journal.5(7): 1095–107.doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.209.PMC3146286.PMID21289652.
  17. ^Rodríguez F, Derelle E, Guillou L, Le Gall F, Vaulot D, Moreau H (June 2005). "Ecotype diversity in the marine picoeukaryote Ostreococcus (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae)".Environmental Microbiology.7(6): 853–9.doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00758.x.PMID15892704.
  18. ^Mayer JA, Taylor FJ (1979). "A virus which lyses the marine nanoflagellate," Micromonas pusilla "".Nature.281(5729): 299–301.Bibcode:1979Natur.281..299M.doi:10.1038/281299a0.S2CID4269889.
  19. ^Cottrell MT, Suttle CA (1991)."Wide-spread occurrence and clonal variation in viruses which cause lysis of a cosmopolitan, eukaryotic marine phytoplankter," Micromonas pusilla "".Marine Ecology Progress Series.78:1–9.Bibcode:1991MEPS...78....1C.doi:10.3354/meps078001.
  20. ^Bellec L, Grimsley N, Derelle E, Moreau H, Desdevises Y (April 2010). "Abundance, spatial distribution and genetic diversity of Ostreococcus tauri viruses in two different environments".Environmental Microbiology Reports.2(2): 313–21.doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00138.x.PMID23766083.
  21. ^Attoui H, Jaafar FM, Belhouchet M, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X, Brussaard CP (May 2006)."Micromonas pusilla reovirus: a new member of the family Reoviridae assigned to a novel proposed genus (Mimoreovirus)".The Journal of General Virology.87(Pt 5): 1375–83.doi:10.1099/vir.0.81584-0.PMID16603541.
  22. ^Cottrell MT, Suttle CA (1995-06-01). "Dynamics of lytic virus infecting the photosynthetic marine picoflagellate" Micromonas pusilla "".Limnology and Oceanography.40(4): 730–739.Bibcode:1995LimOc..40..730C.CiteSeerX10.1.1.517.2324.doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.4.0730.ISSN1939-5590.
  23. ^Lewis LA, McCourt RM (October 2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants".American Journal of Botany.91(10): 1535–56.doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535.PMID21652308.
  24. ^Becker B, Marin B (May 2009)."Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes".Annals of Botany.103(7): 999–1004.doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044.PMC2707909.PMID19273476.
  25. ^Marin B (September 2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons".Protist.163(5): 778–805.doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004.PMID22192529.
  26. ^Silar, Philippe (2016),"Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes",HAL Archives-ouvertes:1–462
  27. ^Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM (May 2016)."Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov".Scientific Reports.6(1): 25367.Bibcode:2016NatSR...625367L.doi:10.1038/srep25367.PMC4860620.PMID27157793.
  28. ^Linzhou Li; Sibo Wang; Hongli Wang; Sunil Kumar Sahu; Birger Marin; Haoyuan Li; Yan Xu; Hongping Liang; Zhen Li; Shifeng Chen; Tanja Reder; Zehra Çebi; Sebastian Wittek; Morten Petersen; Barbara Melkonian; Hongli Du; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; Gane Ka-Shu Wong; Xun Xu; Xin Liu; Yves Van de Peer; Michael Melkonian; Huan Liu (22 June 2020)."The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants".Nature Ecology & Evolution.4(9): 1220–1231.doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7.PMC7455551.PMID32572216.

External links[edit]

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