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Predator satiation

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Predator satiation has evolved as a reproductive pattern inperiodical cicadasof the genusMagicicada.[1]

Predator satiation(less commonly calledpredator saturation) is ananti-predator adaptationin which prey briefly occur at highpopulation densities,reducing the probability of an individual organism being eaten.[2] Whenpredatorsare flooded with potential prey, they can consume only a certain amount, so by occurring at high densities prey benefit from asafety in numberseffect. This strategy has evolved in a diverse range of prey, including notably many species of plants, insects, and fish. Predator satiation can be considered a type of refuge from predators.[2]: 340 

As available food increases, a predator has more chances of survival, growth, and reproduction.[3]However, as food supply begins to overwhelm the predator's ability to consume and process it, consumption levels off. This pattern is evident in thefunctional responseof type II. There are also limits to population growth (numerical response), dependent on thegeneration timeof the predator species.

This phenomenon is particularly conspicuous when it takes the form ofmast seeding,the production of large numbers of seeds by a population of plants. An important element of the masting strategy is synchronicity in production, which is most effective when it is staggered.[4]This means that there should be years of mass production of seeds followed by years of very little seed production.

Somebamboosdo amass flowering,fruiting, and die-off at long intervals (many years).

Someperiodical cicada(Magicicada) species erupt in large numbers from theirlarvalstage at intervals in years that are prime numbers, 13 or 17.[5]At high-density sites, research finds that the number eaten by birds does not increase with the number of cicada individuals and the risk of predation for each individual decreases.[6]

In contrast to predator satiation, a different pattern is seen in response tomutualisticconsumers, which benefit an organism by feeding from it (such asfrugivores,which disperse seeds). For example, a vine's berries may ripen at different times, ensuring frugivores are not swamped with food and so resulting in a larger proportion of its seeds being dispersed.

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References[edit]

  1. ^Williams KS, Smith KG, Stephen FM (1993). "Emergence of 13-Yr Periodical Cicadas (Cicadidae: Magicicada): Phenology, Mortality, and Predators Satiation".Ecology.74(4): 1143–1152.Bibcode:1993Ecol...74.1143W.doi:10.2307/1940484.ISSN0012-9658.JSTOR1940484.
  2. ^abMolles MC Jr (2002).Ecology: Concepts and Applications(International ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. ].ISBN0-07-112252-4.
  3. ^Begon M, Harper JL, Townsend CR (1996).Ecology: individuals, populations, and communities(Third ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Science Ltd.
  4. ^Zywiec M, Holeksa J, Ledwoń M, Seget P (June 2013)."Reproductive success of individuals with different fruit production patterns. What does it mean for the predator satiation hypothesis?".Oecologia.172(2): 461–7.Bibcode:2013Oecol.172..461Z.doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2502-x.PMC3655209.PMID23080304.
  5. ^"Life Cycles & Behavior".Periodical Cicadas.The Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016.Retrieved2015-02-06.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ^Karban R (April 1982). "Increased Reproductive Success at High Densities and Predator Satiation For Periodical Cicadas".Ecology.63(2): 321–328.Bibcode:1982Ecol...63..321K.doi:10.2307/1938949.JSTOR1938949.
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