Prekmurje Slovene
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Prekmurje Slovene | |
---|---|
prekmürščina, prekmörščina, panonska slovenščina, prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje | |
Native to | Slovenia, Hungary and emigrant groups in various countries |
Ethnicity | Prekmurje Slovenes |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 110,000)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | prek1239 |
Map of Slovenian dialects. Prekmurje Slovene is in dark yellow at the top right. |
Prekmurje Slovene,also known as thePrekmurje dialect,East Slovene,orWendish(Slovene:prekmurščina, prekmursko narečje,Hungarian:vend nyelv, muravidéki nyelv,Prekmurje Slovene:prekmürski jezik, prekmürščina, prekmörščina, prekmörski jezik, panonska slovenščina), is the language ofPrekmurjeinEastern Slovenia,variety ofSlovene language.[2]Part of thePannonian dialect group,[3]it is spoken in thePrekmurjeregion ofSloveniaand by theHungarian SlovenesinVas Countyin westernHungary.It is used in private communication, liturgy and publications by authors from Prekmurje[4][5]as well as in television, radio and newspapers.[6][7][8][9]It is closely related to otherSlovene dialectsin neighboringSlovene Styria,as well as toKajkavianwith which it retains a considerable degree of mutual intelligibility, and forms adialect continuumwith otherSouth Slavic languages.
Range
[edit]Prekmurje Slovene is spoken by approximately 110,000 speakers worldwide.[1]80,000 inPrekmurje,20,000 dispersed in Slovenia (especiallyMariborandLjubljana) and 10,000 in other countries. In Hungary it is used by the Slovene-speaking minority in Vas County in and around the town ofSzentgotthárd.Other speakers of the dialect live in other Hungarian towns, particularlyBudapest,Szombathely,Bakony,andMosonmagyaróvár.The dialect was also spoken inSomogy(especially in the village ofTarany), but it has nearly disappeared in the last two centuries. There are some speakers inAustria,Germany,theUnited States,andArgentina.
Status
[edit]Prekmurje Slovene has a defined territory andbody of literature,and it is one of the few Slovene dialects in Slovenia that are still spoken by all strata of the local population.[10]Some speakers have claimed that it is a separate language. Prominent writers in Prekmurje Slovene, such asMiklós Küzmics,[10]István Küzmics,Ágoston Pável,József Klekl Senior,[11]andJózsef Szakovics,have claimed that it is a language, not simply a dialect.Evald Flisar,a writer, poet, and playwright from Prekmurje (Goričko), states that people from Prekmurje "talk in our own language."[10]It also had a written standard and literary tradition, both of which were largely neglected afterWorld War II.There were attempts to publish in it more widely in the 1990s, primarily in Hungary,[12]and there has been a revival of literature in Prekmurje Slovene since the late 1990s.
Others consider Prekmurje Slovene aregional language,without denying that it is part of Slovene.[13][14][15][16][17]The linguistJanko Dularhas characterized Prekmurje Slovene as a "local standard language" for historical reasons,[18]as has the Prekmurje writerFeri Lainšček.However, Prekmurje Slovene is not recognized as a language by Slovenia or Hungary, nor does it enjoy any legal protection under theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.In 2016 the General Maister Society (Društvo General Maister) proposed that primary schools offer education in the Prekmurje Slovene.[19][20]Some regional politicians and intellectuals advocate Prekmurje Slovene.[21]
Together withResian,Prekmurje Slovene is the only Slovene dialect with a literary standard that has had a different historical development from the rest of Slovene ethnic territory. For centuries, it was used as a language of education, as well as in the press and mass.[22]The historicalHungarianname for theSlovenesliving within the borders of theKingdom of Hungary(as well as for the Slovenians in general) wasVendek,or the Wends. In the 18th and 19th centuries Prekmurje authors used to designate this language variety assztári szlovenszki jezik'old Slovene'. Both then and now, it is also referred to as the "Slovene language between the Mura and Raba"(Slovenščina med Muro in Rabo; Slovenski jezik med Mürov i Rábov).
Prekmurje Slovene is widely used in the regional media (Murski Val Radio, Porabje, Slovenski utrinki), films,[23]literature. The younger generation also write SMS messages and web comments in their local tongue. In the Prekmurje and Hungary a few streets, shops, hotels, etc. have Prekmurje Slovene names.[24][25]In the2012 protests in Sloveniain Murska Sobota the protesters used Prekmurje Slovene banners.[26]It is the liturgical language in the Lutheran and Pentecostal churches, and in the Catholic Church of Hungarian Slovenes.Marko Jesenšek,a professor at theUniversity of Maribor,states that the functionality of Prekmurje Slovene is limited, but "it lives on in poetry and journalism."[27]
Linguistic features
[edit]Prekmurje Slovene is part of the Pannonian dialect group (Slovene:panonska narečna skupina), also known as the eastern Slovene dialect group (vzhodnoslovenska narečna skupina). Prekmurje Slovene shares many common features with the dialects ofHaloze,Slovenske Gorice,andPrlekija,with which it is completely mutually intelligible. It is also closely related to theKajkavian dialectofCroatian,although mutual comprehension is difficult. Prekmurje Slovene, especially its more traditional version spoken by the Hungarian Slovenes, is not readily understood by speakers from central and western Slovenia, whereas speakers from eastern Slovenia (Lower Styria) have much less difficulty understanding it. The early 20th-century philologistÁgoston Pávelstated that Prekmurje Slovene in fact it is a major, independent dialect of Slovene, from which it differs mostly in the relationships of stress, in intonation, in the softening of consonants and—as a result of the lack of linguistic reform—in the striking dearth of modern vocabulary[28]and that it preserves many older features from theProto-Slavic language.
Orthography
[edit]Historically, Prekmurje Slovene was not written with theBohorič Alpha betused by Slovenes inInner Austria,but with aHungarian-based orthography.János Murkovics's textbook (1871) was the first book to useGaj's Latin Alphabet.
Before 1914:Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Cscs, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gygy, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Lyly, Mm, Nn, Nyny, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Őő, Pp, Rr, Szsz, Ss, Tt, Uu, Üü, Űű, Vv, Zz, Zszs.
After 1914:Aa, Áá, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Éé, Êê, Ff, Gg, Gjgj, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Ljlj, Mm, Nn, Njnj, Oo, Ôô, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Zz, Žž.
Phonology
[edit]The vowelöoccurs only in a few words as a variant of closedeorö.[29]It has plainain long stressed syllables and roundedain short stressed and unstressed syllables in the Hill country (Goričko) and Lowland (Ravensko) dialect.[29]The relationship is reversed in the Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, where the long stressedais rounded.[29]
Long vowels and most diphthongs occur only stressed in syllables. If the stress shifts, the vowel loses its length and the diphthong usually loses its glide, e.g.:Nom.Boug;Gen.Bogá.[29]
Diphtongs
[edit]The diphthongej(ei) is a short, closedefollowed by a shorter, less fully articulatedi,e.g.:dejte(child),bejžati(run),pejnezi(money),mlejko(milk),bejli(white).[30]
The diphthongouconsists of a shortoand a short, less fully articulatedu,e.g.:rouka(hand),nouga(foot),goloub(dove),rour(chimney),gospoud(lord).
Prekmurian Slovene is very rich in the diphthongsejandou.[30]These diphthongs are found in various Slovene dialects, but in forms that are phonetically different from the diphthongs of Prekmurian Slovene. Theouandejdiphthongs were represented in the old Prekmurian literary language ortographically by separate signsêandôbut only in the books and newspapers of the Lutheran Slovenes.[31]
The diphthongouin the northern Goričko subdialects (mostly near the riverRába) and in the settlements along the Hungarian-Slovene border is reduced toau.The Ravensko dialect and some Goričko subdialects have diphthongsüjoröj.[32]
Diphthongs in open syllables, if they occur in polysyllabic words, are broken up into their components,[33]for ex.Nom.sou(salt),Gen.soli;Nom.krau(king),Gen.krala.
Vowel alternations
[edit]a>e
Unstressedaandain a diphthong withiorjoften sound like opene.[34]This system is typical mostly in the lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect, for ex.eli(or) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene:ali),nezaj(back) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene:nazaj),dele(forward) (Ravensko, Goričko:dale,Standard Slovene:dalje).
o>i
This is a sporadic dissimilation and assimilation. e.g.:visiki(high,Standard Slovenevisok).[34]
o>e
In inflected forms a soft consonant (c, č, š, ž, j) is usually followed byoinstead of theein Standard Slovene.[35]For example:z noužicon(Standard Slovenez nožem'with knife'),s konjon(Standard Slovenes konjem'with horse'). In neuter nominative singular and accusativeois also heard instead ofe,e.g.:mojo delo, našo delo,(Standard Slovenemoje delo, naše delo'my work', 'our work'). Innovativeeis heard only in the eastern subdialects of the Dolinsko dialect, mostly along the Slovene-Croatian border (near the Međimurje).
o>u
The diactricŭrefers to the non-frontedness of the vowel.[35]For ex.un, unaStandard Sloveneon, ona(he, she). The Dolinsko dialect have has even more diactricu,for ex.kunj(horse) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene:konj),Marku(Marc) (Ravensko, Goričko, Standard Slovene Marko).
a>o
For ex.zakoj(why) (Standard Slovenezakaj).
u>ü
The historicaluis pronounced almost without exception asüand it is also spelled this way.[35]For ex.küp(mound) (Standard Slovenekup),küpiti(purchase) (Standard Slovenekupiti),düša(soul) (Standard Sloveneduša),lüknja(slit) (Standard Sloveneluknja),brüsiti(facet) (Standard Slovenebrusiti).
In words starting wutg avthere are mixed forms,[33]while in the Standard Slovene remains theu,for ex.vüjo(ear) (Standard Sloveneuho),vujti(escapes) (Standard Sloveneuiti).
Theuderived from earlierolpreceding a consonant does not turn intoü,[33]for ex.pun(full) (Standard Slovenepoln),dugi(long) (Standard Slovenedolg),vuna(wool) (Standard Slovenevolna),vuk(wolf) (Standard Slovenevolk).
Consonant alternations
[edit]Zprecedingnjoften sound likež,for ex.ž njin(with him) (Standard Slovenez njim).
k>c
For ex.tenko, natenci(thin, thinly) (Standard Slovenetanko, natanko).[36]This type of alternations was even more frequent in the old Prekmurian Slovene,[36]for ex.vuk, vucke, vuci(wolf, wolves) (Standard Slovenevolk, volki,Croatianvuk, vuci). Today it is preserved in the speech of older people in Goričko and the subdialect of Hungarian Slovenes.
m>n
Word finalmin Prekmurian Slovene almost always sounds liken[37](just like in other Pannonian Slovene dialects[38][39]or in theChakavian[40]). For ex.znan(I know) (Standard Sloveneznam),man(I have) (Standard Sloveneimam),tan(there) (Standard Slovenetam),vüzen(Easter) (Standard Slovenevuzem[41]z zlaton(with gold) (Standard Slovenez zlatom),ran(building) (Standard Slovenehram). Exceptions:grm(bush),doum(home),tram(strut) etc.
The change ofm>ncan also occur in middle position, preceding consonants,[37]for ex.:Nom.vüzen,Gen.vüzma.
nj>n
Thenhas developed from annjin word-final position or medial position,[42]for ex.ogen(fire) (Standard Sloveneogenj),kniga(book) (Standard Sloveneknjiga). In declined formsnjreturn,[42]for ex.ognja(Genitive).
lj>l
The hardlj(ł) has totally disappeared from Prekmurian Slovene,[42]for ex.:klüč(key) (Standard Sloveneključ),lübiti, lübezen(love) (Standard Sloveneljubiti, ljubezen),grable(rake) (Standard Slovenegrablje).
h>jor∅
In certain regions and in certain positions it is still present theh.
- in word initial position preceding a vowel or syllable formingrits usage is ambiguous and regionally variable.[42]For ex.hüdi, üdi(evil) (Standard Slovenehud). In nouniža(house) (Standard Slovenehiša) in every Prekmurian dialect is missing theh
- in medial position, between vowelshis present, ajhas replaced it,[42]for ex.küjati(cook) (Standard Slovenekuhati)
- husually disappears in word position followed by consonants and in medial position preceded by consonants,[43]for ex.lad(cold) (Standard Slovenehlad),sprneti(decay) (Standard Slovenetrohneti)
- the syllable-finalhin word-medial position followed by consonants usually turns intoj,which merge with the preceding vowel to form a diphthong,[43]for ex.lejko(perhaps, easily) (Standard Slovenelahko)
- in word-final position, preceded by a vowel, it either changes intoj,[43]for ex.grej(sin) (Standard Slovenegreh),krüj(bread) (Standard Slovenekruh).
Exceptionsshajati(to make do on something),zahtejvati(demand) etc.
bn>vn
For ex.drouvno(tiny) (Standard Slovenedrobno).
p>f
For ex.ftic, ftič, ftica(bird) (Standard Sloveneptic, ptič, ptica).
j>d
For ex.žeden(thirsty) (Standard Slovenežejen).
hč>šč
For ex.nišče(nobody) (Standard Slovenenihče).
kt>št
For ex.što(who) (Standard Slovene:kdo).
ljš>kš
For ex.boukši(better, right) (Standard Sloveneboljši).
dn (dnj)>gn (gnj)
For ex.gnes, gnjes(today) (Standard Slovenedanes).Nom.škegen(barn),Gen.škegnja.
t>k
Manly preceding anl.[44]
- word-initially, for ex.kmica(darkness),klačiti(to tread) (Standard Slovenetlačiti),kusti(thick, fat) (Standard Slovenetolst)
- in word medial position, for ex.mekla(broom) (Standard Slovenemetla)
- in word-final positionsoldak(soldier).
Morphology
[edit]Also in Prekmurian Slovene can be nouns masculine, feminine or neuter.[45]Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have three numbers: singular, dual and plural,[46]just like in the Standard Slovene.[47]
Feminine
[edit]Feminine nouns ending ina.[48]
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Prekmurian Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -a | -i/ej | -e |
Gen. | -e | -∅/ej | -∅ |
Dat. | -i/ej | -ama | -an |
Ac. | -o/ou | -i/ej | -e |
Loc. | -i/ej | -ama/aj | -aj |
Inst. | -of(v)/-ouf(v) | -ama | -ami |
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Standard Slovene)[49] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -a | -i | -e |
Gen. | -e | -∅ | -∅ |
Dat. | -i | -ama | -am |
Ac. | -o | -i | -e |
Loc. | -i | -ah | -ah |
Inst. | -o | -ama | -ami |
Feminine nouns ending in consonant.[50]
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Prekmurian Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -∅ | -i/ej | -i |
Gen. | -i | -i/ej | -i |
Dat. | -i | -ama | -an |
Ac. | -∅ | -i/ej | -i |
Loc. | -i | -ama/aj | -aj |
Inst. | -jof(v)/-of(v) | -ama | -ami |
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Standard Slovene)[51] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -∅ | -i | -i |
Gen. | -i | -i | -i |
Dat. | -i | -ema | -em |
Ac. | -∅ | -i | -i |
Loc. | -i | -eh/ih | -eh/ih |
Inst. | -o | -ema | -mi |
Declension of feminine adjective.[52]
Declension patterns of feminine adjectives (Prekmurian Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -a | -ivi/evi | -e |
Gen. | -e | -ivi(j)/evi(j) | -i(j) |
Dat. | -oj | -ima | -in |
Ac. | -o | -ivi/evi | -e |
Loc. | -oj | -ima/ivaj/evaj | -i(j) |
Inst. | -of(v) | -ima/ivima/evima | -imi |
Declension patterns of feminine adjectives (Standard Slovene)[53] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -a | -i | -e |
Gen. | -e | -ih | -ih |
Dat. | -i | -ima | -im |
Ac. | -o | -i | -e |
Loc. | -i | -ih | -ih |
Inst. | -o | -ima | -imi |
Masculine
[edit]Masculine nons ending in a consonant.[54]The singular accusative of masculine nouns designating animate things is the same as their genitive form. The singular accusative of nouns designatinginanimate things is the same as their nominative.[54]
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in consonant (Prekmurian Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -∅ | -a | -i |
Gen. | -a | -a/of(v) | -of(v) |
Dat. | -i | -oma | -on |
Ac. | -∅/a | -a | -e |
Loc. | -i | -oma/aj | -aj/i |
Inst. | -on | -oma | -ami |
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in consonant (Standard Slovene)[55] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -∅ | -a | -i |
Gen. | -∅/a | -ov | -ov |
Dat. | -u | -oma | -om/-em |
Ac. | -∅/a | -a | -e |
Loc. | -u | -ih | -ih |
Inst. | -om/-em | -oma | -i |
Masculines nouns ending ina.[56]
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Prekmurian Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -a | -a | -e/i |
Gen. | -o/e | -of(v)/a | -∅/of(v) |
Dat. | -i | -oma | -on |
Ac. | -o | -a/i | -e |
Loc. | -i | -oma/aj | -aj |
Inst. | -of(v) | -oma | -ami/i |
Declension patterns of feminine nouns ending in a (Standard Slovene)[57] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -a | -i | -e |
Gen. | -e | -∅ | -∅ |
Dat. | -i | -ama | -am |
Ac. | -o | -i | -e |
Loc. | -i | -ah | -ah |
Inst. | -o | -ama | -ami |
Declension of masculine adjective.[52]
Declension patterns of masculine adjectives (Prekmurian Slovene)[58] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -i | -iva/eva | -i |
Gen. | -oga | -iva/ivi(j)/eva/evi(j) | -i(j) |
Dat. | -omi | -ima | -in |
Ac. | -i/oga | -iva/eva | -e |
Loc. | -on | -ima/ivaj/evaj/i(j) | -i(j) |
Inst. | -in | -ima/ivima/evima | -imi |
Declension patterns of masculine adjectives (Standard Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -∅ | -a | -i |
Gen. | -∅/ega | -ih | -ih |
Dat. | -emu | -ima | -im |
Ac. | -∅/ega | -a | -e |
Loc. | -em | -ih | -ih |
Inst. | -im | -ima | -imi |
Neuter
[edit]Neuter nouns ending inoande.[59]
Declension patterns of neuter nouns ending in o or e (Prekmurian Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -o/e | -i | -a |
Gen. | -a | -i/∅ | -∅ |
Dat. | -i | -oma | -an |
Ac. | -o/e | -i | -a |
Loc. | -i | -oma/aj | -aj/ami/i |
Inst. | -on | -oma | -ami/i |
In the declension of nouns for extejlo(body, St. Slov.:telo) ordrejvo(three, St. Slov.:drevo) are not lengthened as in the Standard Slovene with the syllable –es (Prekmurian: Nom.tejlo, drejvoGen.tejla, drejva;Standard Slovene: Nom.telo, drevoGen.telesa, drevesa).[60]
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in e (Standard Slovene)[61] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -e | -i | -a |
Gen. | -a | -∅ | -∅ |
Dat. | -u | -ema | -em |
Ac. | -e | -i | -a |
Loc. | -u | -ih | -ih |
Inst. | -em | -ima | -i |
Declension patterns of masculine nouns ending in o (Standard Slovene)[62] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -o | -i | -a |
Gen. | -a | -∅ | -∅ |
Dat. | -u | -oma | -om |
Ac. | -o | -i | -a |
Loc. | -u | -ih | -ih |
Inst. | -om | -oma | -i |
Declension of neuter adjective.[52]
Declension patterns of masculine adjectives (Prekmurian Slovene) | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -o | -ivi/evi | -a |
Gen. | -oga | -ivi(j)/evi(j)/i(j) | -i(j) |
Dat. | -omi | -ima/ivima/evima | -in |
Ac. | -o | -ivi/evi | -a |
Loc. | -on | -ima/ivima/evima/i(j) | -i(j) |
Inst. | -in | -ima/ivima/evima | -imi |
Declension patterns of neuter adjectives (Standard Slovene)[53] | |||
Grammatical case\Number | Singular | Dual | Plural |
---|---|---|---|
Nom. | -o/e | -i | -a |
Gen. | -ega | -ih | -ih |
Dat. | -emu | -ima | -im |
Ac. | -o/e | -i | -a |
Loc. | -em | -ih | -ih |
Inst. | -im | -ima | -imi |
Personal pronouns
[edit]Singular
[edit]Nom. | ges/jes(Masc.Fem.) | ti(j)(Masc.Fem.) | un(Masc.) | una(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. | mene(j) me |
tebe(j) te |
njega ga |
nje je |
Dat. | meni mi |
tebi ti |
njemi | njej/njoj ji |
Ac. | mene(j) me |
tebe(j) te |
njega ga |
njou jo |
Loc. | meni | tebi | njen | njej/njoj |
Inst | menof(v)/meuf | tebof(v)/teuf | njin | njouf(v) |
Nom. | jaz(Masc.Fem.Neut.) | ti(Masc.Fem.Neut) | on(Masc.) | ona(Fem.) | ono(Neut.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. | mene me |
tebe te |
njega ga |
nje je |
njega ga |
Dat. | meni mi |
tebi ti |
njemu mu |
njej/nji ji |
njemu mu |
Ac. | mene me -me |
tebe te -te |
njega ga -(e)nj |
njo jo -njo |
njega/ono ga -(e)nj |
Loc. | pri meni | pri tebi | pri njem | pri njej/nji | pri njem |
Inst. | z mano/menoj | s tabo/teboj | z njim | z njo | z njim |
Dual
[edit]Nom. | müva(Masc.),müve(Fem.) | vüva(Masc.),vüve(Fem.) | njüva/njiva/oneva(Masc),njüve/njive(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Gen. | naj(a) | vaj(a) | njiva(Masc),njivi(Fem.) |
Dat. | nama | vama | njima |
Ac. | naj(a) | vaj(a) | njiva(Masc),njivi(Fem.) |
Loc. | nama | vama | njima |
Inst. | nama | vama | njima |
Nom. | midva(Masc.),medve(Fem.Neut.) | vidva(Masc.),vedve(Fem.Neut.) | onadva(Masc.),onidve(Fem.Neut.) |
---|---|---|---|
Gen. | naju | vaju | njiju |
Dat. | nama | vama | njima jima |
Ac. | naju | vaju | njiju ju -nju |
Loc. | naju | vaju | njiju |
Inst. | nama | vama | njima |
Plural
[edit]Nom. | mi(Masc.Fem.) | vi(Masc.Fem.) | uni(Masc.),une(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Gen. | nas | vas | njih/nji jih/je |
Dat. | nan | van | njin jin |
Ac. | nas | vas | njih/nje jih je |
Loc. | nas/nan | vas/van | njij |
Inst. | nami | vami | njimi |
Nom. | mi(Masc.),me(Fem.Neut.) | vi(Masc.),ve(Fem.Neut.) | oni(Masc.),one(Fem.),ona(Neut.) |
---|---|---|---|
Gen. | nas | vas | njih jih |
Dat. | nam | vam | njim jim |
Ac. | nas | vas | njih/nje jih -nje |
Loc. | nas | vas | njih |
Inst. | nami | vami | njimi |
Reflexive pronoun
[edit]Nom. | — |
---|---|
Gen. | sebe(j) se |
Dat. | sebi si |
Ac. | sebe(j) se |
Loc. | sebi/sebej |
Inst. | sebof(v)/seuf |
Nom. | — |
---|---|
Gen. | sebe se |
Dat. | sebi si |
Ac. | sebe se -se |
Loc. | sebi |
Inst. | sabo/seboj |
Numerals
[edit]The names fornumeralsin Prekmurian Slovene are formed in a similar way to that found in the Standard Slovene or other Slavic languages.[70][71]The again, the old way of two-digit numbers was preserved. Ten comes first, followed by a one-digit number. They don't need a conjunction. In Standard Slovene the formation of numerals from 21 to 99, in which the unit is placed in front of the decade ( "four-and-twenty" ), as inGerman language.
Prekmurian Slovene | Standard Slovene | Number |
---|---|---|
štirideset eden | enainštirideset | 41 |
štirideset dva | dvainštirideset | 42 |
štirideset tri(j) | triinštirideset | 43 |
štirideset štiri | štiriinštirideset | 44 |
Verb
[edit]Verb stems in Prekmurian Slovene is most frequentlyüvatioravati,more rarelyovati[72](stemovatiis most frequently in Standard Slovene). In the conjugation suffixes change is also dissimilar in Prekmurian and Slovene. For ex.Prekm.nategüvati, obrezavati,conj.nategüvlen/nategüjen, obrezavlen,Stand. Slov.nategovati, obrezovati,conj.nategujem, obrezujem.
In Goričko dialect and some western subdialects of Ravensko is the infinitive stem with the suffix-niti(zdigniti),[73]just like in the Standard Slovene (dvigniti), infrequently-nouti(Prekm.obrnouti,Stand. Slov.obrniti). In the Dolinsko dialect and other Ravensko subdialects the infinitive stem with the suffix-noti(zdignoti),[73]just like in Croatian (and Kajkavian).
Present tense
[edit]Singular | lübin | lübiš | lübi |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | lübiva | lübita | lübita |
Plural | lübimo | lübite | lübijo |
Singular | ljubim | ljubiš | ljubi |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | ljubiva | ljubita | ljubita |
Plural | ljubimo | ljubite | ljubijo |
Past tense
[edit]Singular | san/sen lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
si lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
je lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | sva lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
sta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
sta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
Plural | smo lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
ste lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
so lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
Singular | sem ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
si ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
je ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | sva ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
sta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
sta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
Plural | smo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
ste ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
so ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
Future tense
[edit]Singular | mo lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
boš lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
de lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | va lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
ta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
ta lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
Plural | mo lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
te lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
do lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
Singular | bom ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
boš ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
bo ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | bova ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
bosta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
bosta ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
Plural | bomo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
boste ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
bodo ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
Conditional present
[edit]Singular | bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
bi lübo(Masc.) lübila(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
bi lübila(Masc.) lübili(Fem.) |
Plural | bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
bi lübili(Masc.) lübile(Fem.) |
Singular | bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
bi ljubil(Masc.) ljubila(Fem.) |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
bi ljubila(Masc.) ljubili(Fem.) |
Plural | bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
bi ljubili(Masc.) ljubile(Fem.) |
Lexicon
[edit]The Prekmurian Slovene vocabulary is very rich[79]and is significantly different from the Standard Slovene vocabulary. The dialect includes many archaic words that have disappeared from modern Slovene. Along with the three dialects spoken in Venetian Slovenia and the Slovene dialects of eastern Carinthia, Prekmurje Slovene is considered the most conservative of all Slovene dialects with regard to vocabulary.[citation needed]
The Prekmurian Slovene greatly expanded its vocabulary from the other Slavic languages (mainly from Kajkavian Croatian, Standard Slovene, Styrian Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, partly from the Czech and Slovak) and non-Slavic languages (mainly from Hungarian and German,[80]partly from Latin and Italian).[81]The more recently borrowed and less assimilated words are typically from English.
Comparison
[edit]Prekmurian Slovene | Standard Slovene | Kajkavian Croatian | Serbo-Croatian | English |
---|---|---|---|---|
bajžlek | bazilika | bajžulek, bažuljek | bosiljak | basil |
bejžati | hiteti, teči | bežati | trčati | run |
betvo | betev | betvo | stabljika | stem |
blejdi | bled | bledi | blijed | white-faced |
bliskanca | bliskavica | bliskavica, blesikavec | blistanje | flashing |
bougati | ubogati | poslušati | pokoravati se, slušati | submit |
brač | trgač | brač | berač | vintager |
brbrati, brbravi | klepetati, klepetav | brbotati, brblivi, brbotlivi | brbljati, brbljavi | chatter, chatterbox |
comprnjak | čarovnik, čarodej | coprnik carovnik | čarobnjak | wizard |
cükati | lulati | cukati | piškiti | urinate |
čarni, črni | črn | črni | crn | black |
česnek | česen | česen, češnjak | češnjak | garlic |
činiti | delati, opravljati | činiti | činiti | make |
čun | čoln | čun | čamac | boat |
čüti | slišati | čuti | čuti | hear |
den | dan | den | dan | day |
dečko | fant, deček | dečko | dečak | boy |
deklina, dekla | deklica | devojka | devojka | girl |
delati | delati | delati | raditi | work |
dokeč | dokler | doklam, dok | dok | until |
dveri | vrata | vrata | vrata | door |
fala | hvala | fala/hvala | hvala | thanks, gratitude |
fčela | čebela | čmela | pčela | bee |
fčera/včera | včeraj | čera | jučer | yesterday |
geniti | ganiti | genuti | ganuti | move |
ge | kje, kjer | de, gde | gdje | where |
gorice | vinograd | trsje | vinograd | vineyard |
grbanj | jurček | vrganj | vrganj | penny bun |
gnes, gnjes | danes | denes | danas | today |
gnüs | gnus | gnus, gnjus | gnus | disgust |
gostüvanje | ženitovanje | goščenje | svadba | wedding |
goušča | gozd | šuma | šuma | forest |
gučati | govoriti | govoriti | govoriti | speak, talk |
grüška | hruška | hruška | kruška | pear |
inda | nekoč | negda | nekada | once |
istina | resnica | istina | istina | truth |
iža | hiša | hiža | kuća | house |
Jezuš Kristuš | Jezus Kristus | Jezuš Kristuš | Isus Krst | Jesus Christ |
ka | kaj | kaj | što | what |
ka | da | da | da | that |
ka | ker | aroldjernew | jer | as |
kakši | kakšen | kakvi | kakov | what |
kama | kam, kamor | kam | kamo | to where |
kapla | kaplja | kaplja, kapla | kapljica | drop |
keden, tjeden | teden | tjeden | tjedan | week |
kelko | koliko | kulko, kuliko | koliko | how much |
kisili | kisel | kisel | kiseo | sour |
kitina | kutina | kutina | dunja | quince |
klejt | klet, shramba | sramba | podrum | cellar |
klün | kljun | klun | kljun | beak |
kmica | tema | tmica, kmica | tama, tmina | darkness |
koupanca | kopalnica | kopel | kupatilo | bathroom |
kopün | kopun | kopon, kopun | kopun | capon |
koula | voz | kola, vozica | kola | cart |
krapanca | krastača | krastača | krastača | toad |
krpliva | kopriva | kopriva | kopriva | nettle |
krpüšnica | robidnica, robida | kupina | kupina | blackberry |
krumpiš, krumpič, krumše | krompir | krumpir | krumpir | potato |
krüj | kruh | kruh | hlijeb, kruh | bread |
krv | kri | krv | krv | blood |
kukorca | koruza | kuruza | kuruza | corn |
küščar | kuščar | kuščer | gušter | lizard |
lapec | hlapec | hlapec | sluga | servant |
ledičen | samski | ledičen | samac | bachelor |
lejko | lahko | lehko | lako | possible |
len | lan | len | lan | flax |
lice | obličje | lice | lice | face |
liki | toda, ampak | nego | međutim, ali | but |
loški | divji | divji | divlji | wild (plant) |
lübezen | ljubezen | ljubav, lubav | ljubav | love |
mejšati | mešati | mešati | miješati | mix |
meša | maša | meša | misa | mass |
metül | metulj | metul, metulj | leptir | butterfly |
mouč | moč | jakost | jakost | power |
modroust | modrost | mudrost | mudrost | wisdom |
Möra, Müra | Mura | Mura | Mura | Mura (river) |
mrejti | umreti | hmreti, vumreti | umreti | die |
mrlina | mrhovina, crkovina | mrcina | lešina | corpse |
miditi | muditi | muditi | kasniti | be late |
müja | muha | muha | muha | fly |
nači(k) | drugače | inače | inače | other |
natelebati | natepsti | nabobotati, namlatiti | istuči | beat |
nedela | nedelja | nedela | nedjelja | Sunday |
nigdar | nikoli | nigdar | nikada | never |
nigi | nikjer | nigde, nigdi | nigdje | nowhere |
nikak | nikakor | nikak | nikako | no way |
nojet | noht | nohet | nokat | nail |
norija | norost, neumnost | norost, norija | glupost |
foolishness |
obed, obid, oböd | kosilo | obed | ručak | lunch |
oditi | hoditi | hoditi | hoditi | move |
odzaja | odzadaj, zadaj | odzaj | odostraga | from behind |
ograd | vrt | vrt | vrt | garden |
ovak | drugače | inače | inače | other |
öček | sekirica | sekirica | sjekira | ax |
pajžli | parkelj | parkel | kopita | hoof |
paroven | pohlepen, požrešen | paraven | proždrljiv | gluttonous |
paska | pazljivost | paska | skrbljenje | prudence |
pejati | bosti | pehati | ubosti | prod |
pejsek | pesek | pesek | pijesak | sand |
pesen | pesem | pesem | pjesma | song |
pondejlek | ponedeljek | pondelek | ponedjeljak | Monday |
pitati, pitanje | vprašati, vprašanje | pitati, pitanje | pitati, pitanje | ask, question |
plantavi | šepav | šantavi, plantavi | šepav, šantav | lame |
plastič | kopica, kopa | stok | plast sena | haycock |
plüča | pljuča | pluča | pluća | lung |
plüskati | klofutati | pluskati | ošamariti | slap |
poboukšati | poboljšati | pobolšati | poboljšati | improve |
pogača | potica | pogača | pogača | scone |
pojeb, pojbič | fant, fantič | dečec | dečak | boy |
pokapanje | pokop | pokapanje | pogreb | burial |
pozoj | zmaj | pozoj | zmaj | dragon |
pükša | puška | puška, pušak | puška | riffle |
praviti | reči | reči | reći | say |
püščava | puščava | pustina | pustinja | desert |
radost | veselje | radost | radost | joy |
ranč tak, gli tak | prav tako | ravno tak | isto tako | alike |
rasoje, rašoške | vile, vilice | rasohe | vile, viljuška | pitchfork, fork |
rejč | beseda | reč | riječ | word |
sklejca | skleda, krožnik | zdela | zdjela | dish |
sledi, sledkar | kasneje | stopram | kasnije | later |
slejpi | slep | slepi | slijep | blind |
smej | smeh | smeh | smijeh | laugh |
spitavati | izpraševati, spraševati | spitavati | ispitavati | interrogate |
sprejvod | pogreb | sprevod, pogreb | pogreb | funeral |
spuniti | izpolniti | spuniti | ispuniti | fulfil |
stüdenec | vodnjak | zdenec | bunar | well |
sunce | sonce | sunce | sunce | sun |
svaja | prepir | svaja | svađa | conflict |
ščava | kislica | ščava | štavelj | sorrels |
šinjek | vrat, tilnik | šinjak | vrat | neck |
šoula, škola | šola | škola | škola | school |
školnik | učitelj | školnik | učitelj | teacher |
škrampeu | krempelj | krampel | pandža | claw |
taca | šapa | taca | šapa | paw |
telko | toliko | tulko, tuliko | toliko | that much |
tejlo | telo | telo | tijelo | body |
tenja | senca | senca | zasenak | shadow |
tou | to | to, ovo | to, ovo | this |
trplenje | tprljenje | muka | muka | pain |
trüd | trud | trud | napor | effort |
türen, tören | stolp | turem | toranj | tower |
ugorka | kumara | vugorek | krastavac | cucumber |
vaga | tehtnica | vaga | vaga | scales |
veleti | ukazati | veleti | naređivati | instruct |
vejnec | venec | venec | vjenac | wreath |
vonjati | smrdeti | smrdeti | smrdeti | smell |
vonjüga | smrad | smrad | smrad | stench |
vüpati, vüpanje | upati, upanje | vufati, vufanje | ufati, ufanje | hope, trust |
vživati | uživati | vživati | uživati | enjoy |
zajtra | zjutraj | vjutro | ujutro | morning |
zoubar | zobozdravnik | zobar | zubar | dentist |
zveličanje | zveličanje | zveličenje | spasenje | redemption |
žalec | želo | žalec | žaoka | sting |
žmeten | težek | teški | teški | heavy |
žnjec | žanjec | žnjač | žetelac | harvester |
žuč | žolč | žuč | žuč | bile |
žuna | žolna | žuna | detlić | woodpecker |
župa | juha | juha | supa | soup |
Loanwords
[edit]Prekmurian Slovene has also today many foreign words of mostly German and Hungarian origin.[82]The German loanwoards German mainly come from theAustro-Bavarian dialect.[83]There is still a strong German influence in Goričko dialect.[84]
Prekmurian Slovene | Hungarian | Standard Slovene | English |
---|---|---|---|
beteg, betežen | betegség, beteg | bolezen, bolan | illness, ill |
čonta, čunta | csont | kost | bone |
engriš | egres | kosmulja | gooseberry |
gezero, jezero | ezer | tisoč | thousand |
pajdaš | pajtás | kamerad | buddy |
laboška | lábas, lábos | kozica | pot |
ugorka | uborka | kumara | cucumber |
koudiš | koldus | berač | beggar |
valon | való | veljaven | suitable |
varaš | város | mesto | city, town |
Prekmurian Slovene | German | Standard Slovene | English |
---|---|---|---|
brütif, brütof | Friedhof | pokopališče | cemetery |
cajgar | Zeiger | kazalec | hand of watch |
cigeu | Ziegel | opeka | brick |
cimprati | zimmparon(Bav.) | graditi | build (with wood) |
cug | Zug | vlak | train |
cvek | zwëc(Middle High German) | žebelj | spike |
dönok, denok | dennoch(Middle High German) | vendar | however |
fabrika | Fabrik | tovarna | factory |
fašenek | Fasching | pust | carnival |
farba | Farbe | barva | color |
farar | Pfarrer | duhovnik | Protestant pastor |
fejronga | Vorhang | zavesa | curtain |
förtoj | Fürtuch(Bavarian) | predpasnik | woman apron |
glaž | Glas | steklo | glass |
gratati | geraten | postati, nastati | to arise |
gvant | Gewand | obleka | clothes |
lampe | Lippen | usta | mouth |
pejgla | Bügeleisen | likalnik | clothes iron |
plac | Plaz | trg | square |
rafankeraš, rafankerar | Rauchfangkehrer | dimnikar | chimney-sweep |
šalica | Schale(Bavarian) | skodelica | cup |
šker | geschirre(Middle High German) | orodje | tool |
špilati | spielen | igrati | play |
šrajf | Schrafe(Bavarian) | vijak | screw |
šraklin | Schürhakel | žarač, grebača | fire rake |
žajfa | Seife | milo | soap |
We also find Latin loanwords:bauta, bunta(storage, Lat.voluta,Stand. Slov.trgovina),cintor(cemetery, Lat.coementerium,Stand. Slov.pokopališče),kanta(can, Lat.canna,Stand. Slov.ročka),oštarija(inn, Italianosteria,Stand. Slov.gostilna),upkaš(hoopoe, Lat.upupa,Stand. Slov.smrdokavra) etc.
Loanwords adopted from the Serbo-Croatian during Yugoslavia:dosaden(tedious, Serbo-Croatiandosadan,Stand. Slov.dolgočasen),novine(newspaper, Serbo-Croatiannovine,Stand. Slovenečasopis),život(live, Serbo-Croatianživot,Stand. Slov.življenje).
Prekmurje Slovene dialects
[edit]- Hill country or Highlands dialect (Goričko),[85]in Upper Prekmurje, in locations ofGrad,Gornji Petrovci,Križevci,Kuzma, Kuzma,Rogašovci,Šalovci,Mačkovci.
- Raba March subdialect (Porabje), in Hungary, part of the Goričko dialect.[86]
- Lowland dialect (Ravensko),[85]Central Prekmurje, in locations ofPuconci,Cankova,Bogojina,Bakovci,Tišina,Petanjci,Moravske Toplice,Rakičan.
- Murska Sobota subdialect, the speech of the cityMurska Sobota.Part of the Ravensko dialect.
- Lower Lowland dialect (Dolinsko)[85]in South Prekmurje, in locationsBeltinci,Bratonci,Črenšovci,Velika Polana,Turnišče,Žižki,Renkovci,Bistrica (Dolnja,GornjaandSrednja). Other name isMarkovsko, Markastodialect, because of the prevalence of the personal nameMarko(Marc) in old times.[85]
History
[edit]Early history
[edit]The Prekmurje Slovene developed from the language of theCarantanian Slavswho settled aroundBalatonin the 9th century. Due to the political and geographical separation from other Slovene dialects (unlike most of contemporary Slovenia, which was part of theHoly Roman Empire,Prekmurje was under the authority of the Kingdom of Hungary for almost a thousand years), the Prekmurje Slovene acquired many specific features. Separated from the cultural development of the remainder of ethnic Slovene territory, the Slovenes in Hungary gradually forged their own specific culture and also their own literary language.
FromCarniolaand Styria in the 16th and 17th centuries, a few Slovene Protestant pastors fled to Hungary. The pastors brought along the Bible ofJurij Dalmatin,were used inFelsőszölnökandPostilofPrimož Trubar,were used inGornji Petrovci.[87][88][89]Hungarian Slovenes found it difficult to understand the language of this book.
By the 16th century, a theory linking the Hungarian Slovenes to the ancientVandalshad become popular.[90]Accordingly, Prekmurje Slovene was frequently designated in HungarianLatindocuments as theVandalian language(Latin:lingua vandalica,Hungarian:Vandál nyelv).
The fact of double development of the Slovene language in Slovenian linguistics and science was ignored for a long time. The current form of the standard Slovene language only developed in the 19th century. Prior to this, there was two types of language norms: the Central Slovene language (mostly inCarniola) and the East Slovene language (in Styria and Hungary).[91]
For a short time, there were also two variants of the East Slovene language: the Prekmurian Slovene and the East Styrian Slovene (in the regions ofOrmož,LjutomerandLenart of Slovene Hills).[92]
The literary traditions of the Prekmurian language developed during the ProtestantReformation:mostly manuscript hymnals with religious hymns, psalms from the 16th and 17th century[93]and an agreement from 1643.[94]The standard language emerged at the beginning of the 18th century and slowly developed.[95]The Prekmurian literary language followed homogeneous grammatical rules and phonetic characteristics.[96][97]An example of this is the use of the wovelsöorüand diphthongs in writing.
Manuscripts were also written in the East Styrian Slovene language.[98]Printed books in this language were also published.[99]However, there were no homogeneous grammatical or phonologycal forms in this language variant. Styrian Slovene authors had completely different ideas about the standard language.[100]The Styrian Slovene literary language eventually ceased to exist and was replaced by the Central Slovene language.[101]
18th century
[edit]The first book in the Prekmurje Slovene appeared in 1715, and was written by theLutheranpastorFerenc Temlin.[102]The most important authors from this period were the Lutheran pastorIstván Küzmics[103]and the Roman Catholic priestMiklós Küzmics[104]who settled the standard for the Prekmurje regional standard language in the 18th century.
István translated the entire New Testament into Prekmurian (Nouvi Zákon1771). István was born in Ravensko, the standard language was based on the Lowland dialect of Prekmurian Slovene,[105]just like the as is the language of the old manuscripts.[106]István as well expanded the language with elements from Highland (Goričko) dialect.[107]
Who whill disallow those Slovenians who live between the Mura and the Raba the right to translate these holy books into the language, in which they understand God talking to them through prophets and apostles' letters? God tells them too read these books in order to get prepared for salvation in the fait of Jesus Christ. But they cannot receive this from Trubar's, Dalmatin's, Francel's,[108]or other translations (versio). The language of our Hungarian Slovenians is different from other languages and unique in its own characteristics. Already in the aforementioned translations there are differences.
— István Küzmics, József Torkos, Predgovor, Nouvi Zákon (1771)[109]
Miklós Küzmics though was born in Goričko, but he followed István's conception in language.[96]He adopted additional elements from the Highland and Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialects. Miklós wrote several books, which were reprinted in the 20th century. His prayer book was really popular (Kniga molitvena 1783). His text and coursebook (ABC Kni'sicza 1790) was mandatory for decades in Slovene schools.[110]
István Szijjártó[111]andMihály Bakos[112]also performed important standardization work in Prekmurian Lutheran literature.
In 1774 was written Versus Vandalici, the first literary poem in Prekmurian language.[113]
19th century
[edit]In 1823Mihály Barlacreated a new orthography for the Prekmurian Slovene. Two new characters were introduced to denote diphthongs:ô(ou),ê(ej) andâ(aj).[31]The new orthography was presented in new hymn booksDiktomszke, versuske i molitvene kni'zicze(1820) andKrscsanszke nôve peszmene knige(1823). In 1820, a Lutheran teacher namedIstván Lülikwrote a new coursebookNôvi abeczedár,into which was made three issue (1853, 1856, 1863).[114]His book also spread Barla's orthography. Although this orthogragphy was used only in Prekmurian Lutheran literature.
Lülik wrote the first grammar of the Prekmurian language, but it remained in manuscript.
The first non-religious book in Prekmurian language was a ceremony book for weddings (Sztarisinsztvo i zvacsinsztvo 1804; the author is probably István Szijjártó).[115]
Catholic priestJózsef Kossicsbrought the Prekmurian language to a new functional position. Kossics no longer wrote religious books, but books on history, grammar and etiquette. His orientation merged with the orientation towards national encouragement.[116]
Lutheran pastorSándor Terplántranslated the Psalmas (Knige 'zoltárszke 1848) and also wrote new school-books.
János Kardostranslated numerous verses fromSándor Petőfi,János Aranyand few Hungarian poet. He worked on new coursebooks, for ex.Nôve knige cstenyá za vesznícski sôl drügi zlôcs.[117]Kardos followed a conservative conception in language: Kardos was not open to Slovene or Croatian, stuck to the archaic elements. Kárdos' purism was very similar to purism ofFran Levstikin Carniola.[118]
Opposite Kardos was Catholic priestJózsef Borovnyák,who adapted the Prekmurian literary language to the Slovene literary language.[119]Borovnyák also contributed to the functional development of the Prekmurian language, for ex. with his political brochureMáli politicsni vodnik(1869).[120]
In 1875, poet, writer, translator and journalistImre Augustichestablished the first Prekmurje Slovene newspaperPrijátel(The Friend).[121]Later, he wrote a new Hungarian–Prekmurje Slovene grammar(Návuk vogrszkoga jezika,1876)[122]and translated works from Hungarian poets and writers.[123]
Augustich made approaches toward standard Slovene,[10][124]but at first retained the Hungarian Alpha bet. Later Augustich introduced the Gaj Alpha bet in the Prijátel[125]and in a new coursebookPrirodopis s kepami,the first natural science book in Prekmurian language.[126]
In 1871József Bagárywrote first course-book, which apply the Gaj Alpha bet(Perve knige – čtenyá za katholičánske vesničke šolê).[127]The Magyarization policy tried to push the coursebook out of the school, however, the coursebook was so popular in schools that in 1886 it was reprinted.[128]
In the last decades of the 19th and 20th century, the denomination "Wends"and" Wendish language "was promoted, mostly by pro-Hungarians, in order to emphasize the difference between the Hungarian Slovenes and other Slovenes, including attempts to create a separate ethnic identity.
The Prekmurian Slovene language was able to follow the changes of the modern era and was able to renew itself.[129]Either unaided or by taking over innovations from the (Central) Slovene and Croatian languages. The assertion that the Prekmurian Slovene slowly declined with modernization in the middle of the 19th century is not believable. This is contradicted by the first science books (by Kossics[130]and Augustich[126]) and the first journalistic products.[131][132]
20th century
[edit]In 1908 Hungarianminister of Education and ReligionAlbert Apponyiintroduced a new law, according to which subjects of instruction must be taught in Hungarian language in all schools of Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of the law was to Magyarization of national minorities. Education in the Prekmurian Slovenian language in schools has been displaced.[133]
In 1914–1918, the political leader and later parliamentarian congressman inBelgradeJózsef Kleklreformed the Prekmurje Slovene literary language,[10]making use of the Croatian and Slovene languages.[134]In 1923, the new prayerbook'sHodi k oltarskomi svesti(Come on to the Eucharist) orthography was written in the Gaj.
In 1919, most of Prekmurje was assigned to theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,and Slovene and Serbo-Croatian replaced Hungarian as the language of education and administration. The language of literature, journalism and the church remained Prekmurian Slovene.
Although in Yugoslavia, education in Prekmurian Slovene was not restored in schools (instead, they learned Serbo-Croatian and Standard Slovene at schools), nevertheless journalism in Prekmurian language flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. Items in the newspapers the catholicNovine, Marijin list, Marijin ograček,calendarKalendar Srca Jezušovoga,the LutheranDüševni listandEvangeličanski kalendariwere written in the Prekmurje Slovene.[135]Prekmurian Slovene Emigrants also had their own weekly in the USA between 1921 and 1954:Amerikanszki Szlovencov Glász (American Windisch Voice).[136]
József Szakovicstook an active part in cultivating the Prekmurje Slovene with his books and articles in newspapers and calendars or with the reprints of oldest book of Miklós Küzmics. The prominent Prekmurje writerMiško Kranjecalso wrote in Slovene.
In these years, works ofworld literaturewere also translated into Prekmurian, for. ex.Molière'sLe Médecin malgré lui.[137][138]
János Berke started to collect the vocabulary for the first Prekmurian dictionary.[139]János Fliszárwas published a part of this dictionary (Vogrszki-vendiski rêcsnik 1922). The dictionary, which contains fifty thousand terms, has been preserved in manuscript.[140]
In 1941, the Hungarian Army seized back the Prekmurje area and by 1945 aimed to make an end of the Prekmurje Slovene and Slovene by the help of Mikola.[141]
After 1945, Communist Yugoslavia banned the printing of books and newspapers in the Prekmurje Slovene, and only standard Slovene or Serbo-Croatian was used in administration and education.[142]In Hungary, the dictatorMátyás Rákosibanned every minority language and deported the Slovenes in the Hungarian Plain.[143]
Since the independence of Slovenia, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the Prekmurian language and cultural heritage. Few assotioations, publisher and self-publisher prints both old and new books in Prekmurian.
21th century
[edit]In the 21st century, the Prekmurian language has become more most visible in Slovenia's cultural life. The Premurian can be more often heard in different interviews on TV channels and radios (Murski val,[144]Slovenski utrinki[145]). Today, Prekmurian is also found in written form on public signs, such as some shop signs, evidence of growing use in the linguistic landscape.
In 2018 a Prekmurje Slovene translation ofAntoine de Saint-Exupéry'sThe Little Princewas published.[146]
Singer and songwriterNika Zorjanin 2018 created the Prekmurje Slovene version ofMariah Carey'sAll I Want for Christmas Is YouakaFse ka bi za Božič.[147][148]On one occasion she said:»Prekmurians are often local patriots and sometimes we say with pride: This is prekmurščina, not slovenščina.«[149]
Popular throughout Slovenia,Vlado Kreslinalso sings in Prekmurian.[150]It also has its own website in the Prekmurian.[151]
The Wendish question
[edit]The issue of how Prekmurje Slovene came to be a separate tongue has many theories. First, in the 16th century, there was a theory that the Slovenes east of the Mura were descendants of theVandals.[90]
In 1627, was issue the Protestant visitation in the countryTótság,orSlovene Circumscription(this is the historical name of the Prekmurje and Raba March, Prekmurje Slovene: Slovenska okroglina).[152]
According to the Hungarian dissenters, theWendish(Prekmurje Slovene) language was ofDanish,Sorbian,Germanic,Celtic,Eastern RomanceorWest Slavicextraction.[citation needed]But this was often false, political or exaggerated affirmations.
According to extremist Hungarian groups, the Wends were captured byTurkishandCroatiantroops who were later integrated into Hungarian society. Another popular theory created by some Hungarian nationalists was that the speakers of the Wendish language were "in truth" Magyar peoples, and some had merged into the Slavic population of Slovenia over the last 800 years.[153]
In 1920, Hungarian physicistSándor Mikola wrote a number of books about Slovene inhabitants of Hungary and the Wendish language: theWendish-Celtic theory.Accordingly, the Wends (Slovenians in Hungary) were of Celtic extraction, not Slavic. Later Mikola also adopted the belief that the Wends indeed were Slavic-speaking Hungarians.[153]In Hungary, the state's ethnonationalistic program tried to prove his theories. Mikola also thought the Wends, Slovenes, and Croatians alike were all descendants of thePannonian Romans,therefore they haveLatinblood and culture in them as well.
During theHungarian revolutionwhen Hungarians rebelled against Habsburg rule, the Catholic Slovenes sided with the Catholic Habsburgs. The Lutheran Slovenians, however, supported the rebelLajos Kossuthsiding with Hungary and they pleaded for the separation of Hungary from Habsburg Austria which had its anti-Protestant policy.[154]At that time, the reasoning that the inhabitants of the Rába Region were not Slovenes but Wends and "Wendish-Slovenes" respectively and that, as a consequence, their ancestral Slavic-Wendish language was not to be equated with the other Slovenes living in theAustro-Hungarian Empirewas established. In the opinion of the Lutheran-Slovene priest ofHodoš,the only possibility for the Lutheran Slovenes emerging from the Catholic-Slovenian population group to continue was to support Kossuth and his Hungarian culture.[155]Thereafter, the Lutheran Slovenes used their language in churches and schools in the most traditional way in order to distinguish themselves from the Catholic Slovenes and the Slovene language (i.e., pro-Hungarian or pan-Slavic Slovene literature). The Lutheran priests and believers remained of the conviction that they could only adhere to their Lutheran faith when following the wish of the Hungarians (or the Austrians) and considering themselves "Wendish-Slovenes". If they did not conform to this, then they were in danger of being assimilated into Hungarian culture.[156]
In the years preceding World War I, the Hungarian Slovenes were swept into the ideology ofPanslavism,the national unity of all Slavic-speaking peoples of Eastern Europe. The issue was volatile in the fragmented Austro-Hungarian empire, which was defeated in the war. In the 1921Treaty of Trianon,the southern half (not the whole) of the Prekmurje region was ceded to theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Hungarian government inBudapestafter 1867 tried to assimilate thePrekmurje Slovenes.InSomogyin the 19th century, there was still a ban on using Prekmurje Slovene. József Borovnyák, Ferenc Ivanóczy, and other Slovenian politicians and writers helped safeguard the Prekmurje Slovene and identity.
In the late 20th century and today, the new notion for Prekmurian Slovenes is to conceive Prekmurian is in fact the Slovene language, but not dialect.[13][14][15][16][17]Prekmurians and other Slovenes have common national and ethnic identity but Prekmurians have also their special separate language identity, literature, grammar and spelling. Literature in Prekmurian Slovene is linguistically clearly distinguished from the literature in standard Slovene or other Slovene dialectical traditions.[27]Prekmurian literature is always variegated, multifarious and not only a repository of religious books, as Slovene linguistics and literary history once claimed.[157]
In Communist Yugoslavia, Prekmurje Slovene was looked down upon because numerous writers, such as József Klekl, were anti-communists.[158][159]
Examples
[edit]A comparison of theLord's Prayerin standard Slovene, Old Prekmurje Slovene, new Prekmurje Slovene, Kajkavian Croatian, and standard Croatian. The Prekmurje Slovene versions is taken from a 1942 prayer book (Zálozso János Zvér,Molitvena Kniga, Odobrena od cérkvene oblászti,Murska Sobota, 1942, third edition) and from a 2022 prayer bookJezuš tovariš moj.[160]The originalHungarian orthographyhas been transliterated intoGaj's Latin Alpha bet,as used in the other versions, for easier comparison.
Standard Slovene | Old Prekmurje Slovene | New Prekmurje Slovene | Standard Kajkavian | Standard Croatian |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oče naš, ki si v nebesih, |
Oča naš, ki si vu nebésaj! |
Oča naš, šteri si v nebesaj, |
Otec naš, koji jesi v nebesih, |
Oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima, |
Examples from main Prekmurian Slovene dialects
[edit]Highland (Goričko) dialect (Selo, Moravske Toplice) | Standard Slovene[161] |
---|---|
Mouž pa žena sta domou gnala kravo, štero sta na senji v Motvarjavcaj küjpila. Nouč je že bjla, nejbo je bilou puno zvejzd pa mejsec fejst svejto. Mouž je kravo vlejko za lanc, žena jo je pa odza gonila z boton. |
Mož in žena sta vodila kravo, kupljeno na senju v Motvarjevcih, proti domu. Bila je že noč, nebo je bilo posejano z zvezdami in mesec je sijal. Mož je vlekel kravo za verigo, žena pa jo je od zadaj priganjala s palico. |
Lowland (Ravensko) dialect (Murski Črnci) | Standard Slovene[162] |
---|---|
Eden moški je kesno vnoči s konjami vlejko pune mele z mlina domou. |
Nek možakar je pozno ponoči s konjsko vprego vlekel poln voz moke iz mlina domov. |
Lower Lowland (Dolinsko) dialect (Bratonci) | Standard Slovene[163] |
---|---|
Zidari so pri ednoj iži zidali nouvo ižo. Vertinja njin je dobro dvorila. Pouleg župe pa mesa so meli sakši den na stouli šče dobre retaše pa krapce. Piti so si pa točili po vouli. |
Zidarji so pri neki hiši zidali novo zgradbo. Gospodinja jim je dobro stregla. Ob juhi in mesu so imeli vsak dan na mizi tudi zavitke in pogače. Tudi pijačo so si točili po volji. |
Slovene national anthem in Prekmurian language
[edit]Original version(byFrance Prešeren) | Prekmurian Slovene version (translated Peter Brenčič, 2018)[164] |
---|---|
Spet trte so rodile |
Pajdaši! poroudilo, |
Gallery
[edit]-
The first printed book in Prekmurje Slovene: Mali cathecismus(Small Catechism),byFerenc Temlin.
-
The ABC-book ofMiklós Küzmics.This is also the first Hungarian-Slovenian Dictionary.
-
József Kossics:Small Grammar of the Hungarian languageandVandalic language
-
János Kardos's school book from 1872
-
The famous Prekmurje Slovene prayer-book, theKniga molitvenafrom 1855.
-
First Prekmurian newspaperPrijátel(Friend) byImre Augustich
-
Pray my brothers!Prayer-book ofJózsef Szakovicsin 1936. His script was written in theSlovene Alpha bet.
-
The tomb of the young Vince Talabér from Permise (Kétvölgy) in the cemetery of Apátistvánfalva with Prekmurje Slovene inscription.
-
Prekmurje Slovene gravestone in the United States (St. Michael's Cemetery,South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania)
-
The most important Prekmurian Slovene-language newspaperNovine(1913–1941) byJózsef Klekl
-
Kalendar Srca Jezušovoga(Jesus's Heart Calendar)was Prekmurje Catholic calendar between 1904 and 1944.
-
Dober pajdás kalendárium(Good Friend Calendar) from 1911. It contains various articles on politics, everyday life, literature and science
-
Oneiromancy in Prekmurian Slovene
See also
[edit]- Languages of Slovenia
- List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary
- Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)
- Vandalic language
- János Fliszár
- József Klekl (politician)
- Ágoston Pável
References
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- ^Logar, Tine. 1996.Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave.Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 240.
- ^"Zapostavljeni spomin pokrajine - Prekmurska zgodovina kot primer spregleda lokalne zgodovine v učnem načrtu osnovnih in srednjih šol"[Neglected memory of a region - history of Prekmurje as an example of overlooked local history in curriculum of primary and secondary schools] (in Slovenian). Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije [Slovenian Research Agency] (AARS). 2008.
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Bibliography
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- Jesenšek, Marko (2013).Poglavja iz zgodovine prekmurskega knjižnega jezika.Maribor: Mednarodna založba Oddelka za slovanske jezike in književnosti, Filozofska fakulteta, Univerza v Mariboru.ISBN978-961-6656-93-1.
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[edit]- Mária Mukics:Changing World - The Hungarian Slovenians(Változó Világ-A magyarországi szlovének) Press Publica
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External links
[edit]- Marko Jesenšek: STILISTIKA PREKMURSKIH OGLAŠEVALSKIH BESEDIL/STYLISTICS IN ADVERTISING TEXTS IN PREKMURJE
- László Göncz: The Hungarians in Prekmurje 1918-1941 (A muravidéki magyarság 1918-1941)
- Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1715-1919
- Hungarian books in Prekmurje Slovenian 1920-1944
- PREKMURSKI PUBLICISTIČNI JEZIK V PRVI POLOVICI 20. STOLETJA
- Američan, ki je doktoriral iz prekmurščine
- "Zame prekmurščina ni narečje, temveč jezik" – Branko Pintarič, gledališki ustvarjalec (For Me, Prekmurje Slovenian Is Not a Dialect, But a Language)
- Preučevanje jezika in literature (Slovene)
- Marko Jesenšek: The Slovene Language in the Alpine and Pannonian Language Area
- Six stories from Prekmurje (1)