Prison rape
 | The examples and perspective in this articlemay not represent aworldwide viewof the subject.(October 2015) |
Prison rapeorjail rapeissexual assaultof people while they areincarcerated.The phrase is commonly used to describe rape of inmates by other inmates, or to describe rape of inmates by staff. It is a significant, if controversial, part of what is studied under the wider concept ofprison sexuality.
United States
[edit]In the United States, the overwhelming majority of prison rape cases involve men who are raped by other men.[1][2]This is due in part to the fact that in the United States the vast majority ofincarcerated peopleare men. Sexual contact with inmates by prison staff is illegal, regardless of supposed consent.[3]
Public awareness of common prison rape is a relatively recent development, and estimates of its prevalence have varied widely over the past several decades.[citation needed]In 1974, Carl Weiss and David James Friar wrote that 46 million Americans would one day be incarcerated; of that number, they held that 10 million would be raped.[4]
According to aUS Department of Justicereport from 2013, an estimated 5.0% of people incarcerated in state and federal prison, and 3.2% of those in jail, reported at least one incident of sexual victimization in the prior 12 months.[5]However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers due to under-reporting of sexual assaults in prison, especially amongincarcerated youths.[6]
In terms of individuals' risk over their entire incarceration, estimates from the 1980s and 1990s range widely. A 1992 estimate from theFederal Bureau of Prisonssuggested that between 9% and 20% of inmates had been sexually assaulted.[4]Similarly, studies from 1982 and 1996, concluded that the rate was somewhere between 12% and 14%. In New York Statemaximum security prisons,a 1986 study put the proportion at around 23%.[4]By contrast, Christine Saum's 1994 survey of 101 inmates determined that 5 had been sexually assaulted.[4]
ThePrison Rape Elimination Act of 2003was the first United States federal law passed specifically dealing with the sexual assault of prisoners. The bill was signed into law on 4 September 2003.[7]
Middle East
[edit]Rape is regularly used in prisons across the widerMiddle East.Sexual abuse of detained women, children and men is rampant inUAE,[8][9]Saudi[10]andBahraini[11][12]prisons.
Iran
[edit]Sexual violence againstpolitical prisonersis prevalent in Iran.[13]It is allegedly ignored or even facilitated by authorities.[14]
Reports issued to the United Nations allege that rape has been used by interrogators in Iran for decades.[15]During the 1980s, following theIranian Islamic Revolution,the rape of female political prisoners was so prevalent that it promptedHussein-Ali Montazeri,Supreme LeaderAyatollah Khomeini's then-deputy, to write the following to Khomeini in a letter dated 7 October 1986: "Did you know that young women are raped in some of the prisons of the Islamic Republic?"[16]Two prominent members of Iran's human rights community, the feminist lawyer and journalistShadi Sadrand the blogger and activistMojtaba Saminejadpublished essays online from inside Iran saying prison rape has a long history in Iran.[16]
In the2009 Iranian presidential election protests,opposition groups[who?]reported thousands were arrested and tortured in prisons around the country, with former inmates alleging mass rape of men, women and children by theIslamic Revolutionary Guards,in prisons such asKahrizakandEvin.[17][18]
Following the2009 presidential election,Iranian presidential candidateMehdi Karroubisaid several protesters held behind bars in Evin Prison had been savagely raped, according to a confidential letter to former president and clericAkbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.[19]Karroubi said this was a "fragment" of the evidence he had and that if the denials did not stop, he would release even more.[20][21]
On 9 August 2009, in a letter to the Chairman of theExpediency Discernment Councilof Iran, Mehdi Karroubi demanded investigation of Iranian prisons for possible torture and, in particular, sexual harassment of men and women.[22][23]On 19 August, he wrote to parliament speaker Ali Larijani, asking to meet with him, PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad,judiciary chiefAyatollahSadeq Larijani, former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and the state prosecutor to "personally present my documents and evidence over the cases of sexual abuse in some prisons specially Kahrizak."[24]Ali LarijaniandSadeq Larijani(Judiciary committee) both officially rejected his claims andAli Khamenei's representatives, and Vice Chairman of National Security Commission of the parliament demanded Karroubi's arrest.[25][citation needed]
Israel
[edit]Turkey
[edit]Human Rights WatchandAmnesty Internationalhave both released reports of widespread rape and abuse of prisoners inTurkeyspanning multiple decades.[26][27]Kurdish prisoners have also been specifically targeted for rape and other forms of sexual violence.[28]
China
[edit]In February 2021,BBC Newsreported eyewitness accounts of systematic rape ofUyghurwomen in theXin gian g internment camps.[29][30]
Multiple women who were formerly detained in the Xin gian g internment camps have publicly made accusations of systemic sexual abuse, including rape.[29]Sayragul Sauytbay, a teacher who was forced to work in the camps, told the BBC that employees of the camp in which she was detained conducted rapesen masse,saying that camp guards "picked the girls and young women they wanted and took them away".[29]She also told the BBC of an organized gang rape, in which a woman around age 21 was forced to make a confession in front of a crowd of 100 other women detained in the camps, before being raped by multiple policemen in front of the assembled crowd.[29]Tursunay Ziawudun, a woman who was detained in the camps for a period of nine months, told the BBC that women were removed from their cells "every night" to be raped by Chinese men, and that she was subjected to three separate instances of gang rape while detained.[29]Qelbinur Sedik, an Uzbek woman from Xin gian g, has stated that Chinese police sexually abused detainees during electric shock tortures, saying that "there were four kinds of electric shock... the chair, the glove, the helmet, and anal rape with a stick".[29]
United Kingdom
[edit]There were almost 1000 rapes in prisons in England and Wales since 2010.[31]
See also
[edit]- Sexual assault of LGBT people in prison
- Sexual assault of women in prison
- Teardrop tattoo
- T. J. Parsell
References
[edit]- ^Rosin, Hanna (29 April 2014)."When Men Are Raped".Slate.Archivedfrom the original on 2 October 2018.Retrieved12 February2015.
- ^Stemple, Lara; Meyer, Ilan H. (June 2014)."The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions".American Journal of Public Health.104(6): e24.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946.PMC4062022.PMID24825225.
- ^Santi, Alysia. "Preying on Prisoners: When Texas Guards Demand SexArchived2018-01-29 at theWayback Machine".The Texas Tribune.Published 17 June 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^abcdPeek, Christine (2003)."Breaking Out of the Prison Hierarchy: Transgendered Prisoners, Rape, and the Eighth Amendment"(PDF).Santa Clara Law Review.44(Entire Paragraph citation).Santa Clara University School of Law:1211–48.ISSN0146-0315.OCLC2842601.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 10 October 2008.Retrieved7 June2008.
- ^Beck, Allen J.; et al. (2013)."Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates"(PDF).US Department of Justice.p.6.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2 May 2019.Retrieved17 May2013.
- ^Swift, James (2013)."Advocates Dispute Agency Finding on Sex Abuse of Juvenile Inmates".Juvenile Justice Information Exchange. p.[1].Archivedfrom the original on 16 March 2016.Retrieved17 May2013.
- ^Smith, Brenda V. (Spring 2008). "The Prison Rape Elimination Act: Implementation and Unresolved Issues".Criminal Law Brief(WCL Research Paper No. 2008–49).Washington College of Law.OCLC63521701.SSRN1129810.
- ^"Sexual abuses rampant in UAE-controlled prisons in Yemen".Associated Press.24 April 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2021.Retrieved10 June2021.
- ^"African migrants detained in Yemen face horrific 'rape, abuse' by UAE-backed forces".18 April 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2021.Retrieved10 June2021.
- ^"Saudi women activists detail torture, sexual abuse at court hearing | DW | 28.03.2019".Deutsche Welle.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2019.Retrieved10 June2021.
- ^"Bahrain: Stop Denying Abuse of Detained Children".7 June 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 8 June 2021.Retrieved10 June2021.
- ^"Bahrain- 20 yr old female raped to death".Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2021.Retrieved10 June2021.
- ^Ehsan Zarrokh (Ehsan and Gaeini, M. Rahman). "Iranian Legal System and Human Rights Protection",The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World e-journal,New York law school 3.2 (2009).
- ^Dehghan, Saeed Kamali. "Iran giving out condoms for criminals to rape us, say jailed activistsArchived2019-02-05 at theWayback Machine".Published 24 June 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
- ^Esfandiari, Golnaz (26 August 2009)."New Prison-Rape Allegations In Iran Bring Practice To Light".Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty.Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2015.Retrieved28 November2015.
- ^abMackey, Robert (28 August 2009)."Iranians Say Prison Rape Is Not New".The Lede.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2018.Retrieved27 January2018.
- ^Saeed Kamali Dehghan (24 June 2011)."Iran giving out condoms for criminals to rape us, say jailed activists".The Guardian.London.Archivedfrom the original on 5 February 2019.Retrieved6 August2013.
- ^"Protesters savagely raped in jail: Iran's Karroubi".10 August 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 16 June 2018.Retrieved27 January2018.
- ^"Protest prison chief jailed in alleged rape, abuse scandal".Archived fromthe originalon 29 April 2010.
- ^Slackman, Michael (24 August 2009)."Reformer in Iran Publishes Account of a Prison Rape".New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2018.Retrieved10 May2018.
- ^"Shame On Iran".New York Times.27 August 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 27 January 2018.Retrieved10 May2018.
- ^"حزب اعتماد ملی |".Archived fromthe originalon 12 August 2009.Retrieved23 April2011.
- ^"Iran and human rights: The crackdown".The Economist.13 August 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 17 August 2009.Retrieved27 January2018.
- ^"Iran reformer says he wants to present rape evidence".Reuters.19 August 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021.Retrieved19 August2009.
- ^dead link[dead link]
- ^"TECHNIQUES OF ABUSE".hrw.org/.Human Rights Watch.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2016.Retrieved22 May2018.
- ^Hughes, Chris (24 July 2016)."Thousands of Turkey coup prisoners 'raped, starved and hogtied'".Daily Mirror.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2021.Retrieved22 May2018.
- ^Duzgun, Meral (10 June 2013)."Turkey: a history of sexual violence".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2019.Retrieved22 May2018.
- ^abcdefHill, Matthew (2 February 2021)."'Their goal is to destroy everyone': Uighur camp detainees allege systematic rape ".BBC News.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2022.Retrieved3 February2021.
- ^Brunnstrom, David (4 February 2021)."U.S. 'deeply disturbed' by reports of systematic rape of Muslims in China camps".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2021.Retrieved4 February2021.
- ^Revealed: almost 1,000 rapes in prisons in England and Wales since 2010
Further reading
[edit]- "Gender Violence in Prison & Hyper-Masculinities in the 'Hood: Cycles of Destructive Masculinity".Journal of Law & Policy.37.Texas Southern University: 89. 2011.SSRN1966200.
- Goodmark, Leigh and Flores, Juanita and Goldscheid, Julie and Ritchie, Andrea and SpearIt, Plenary 2 – Redefining Gender Violence—Transcripts from Converge! Reimagining the Movement to End Gender Violence (9 July 2015). University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review, Vol. 5, p. 289, 2015. Available at SSRN:http://ssrn /abstract=2628984
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