Professor Challenger

For the British pilot and aircraft designer, seeGeorge Henry Challenger.

Professor Doctor Challenger
The Lost Worldcharacter
Professor Challenger (seated) as illustrated byHarry RountreeinArthur Conan Doyle's novellaThe Poison BeltinThe Strand Magazine
Created by	Arthur Conan Doyle
Portrayed by	Wallace Beery Claude Rains John Rhys-Davies Patrick Bergin Peter McCauley Bob Hoskins Bruce Boxleitner Martin W. Payne
In-universe information
Gender	Male
Nationality	Scottish

George Edward Challengeris a fictional character in a series offantasyandscience fictionstories bySir Arthur Conan Doyle.Unlike Doyle's self-controlled, analytical character,Sherlock Holmes,Professor Challenger is anaggressive,hot-tempered, dominating figure.

Like Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger was based on a real person—in this case, two people: an explorer namedPercy Fawcett,who was Doyle's friend; and a professor of physiology namedWilliam Rutherford,who had lectured at the University of Edinburgh while Conan Doyle studied medicine there.

Fictional character biography

George Edward Challenger,FRS,MD,DSc,is born inLargs,Ayrshire in 1863 and educated atLargs Academybefore studying at theUniversity of Edinburgh.Dr Challenger is appointed to an assistant position at theBritish Museumin 1892 and is promoted within a year to assistant keeper in the Comparative Anthropology Department. He holds a professorship in Zoology and is elected President of the Zoological Institute in London. Several of his inventions are successfully applied in industry and bring him additional income.

Edward Malone,the narrator ofThe Lost World,the 1912 novel in which Challenger first appears, describes his first meeting with the character:

Wallace Beeryas Challenger in the film version ofThe Lost World(1925)

His appearance made me gasp. I was prepared for something strange, but not for so overpowering a personality as this. It was his size, which took one's breath away – his size and his imposing presence. His head was enormous, the largest I have ever seen upon a human being. I am sure that his top hat, had I ventured to don it, would have slipped over me entirely and rested on my shoulders. He had the face and beard, which I associate with an Assyrian bull; the former florid, the latter so black as almost to have a suspicion of blue, spade-shaped and rippling down over his chest. The hair was peculiar, plastered down in front in a long, curving wisp over his massive forehead. The eyes were blue-grey under great black tufts, very clear, very critical, and very masterful. A huge spread of shoulders and a chest like a barrel were the other parts of him which appeared above the table, save for two enormous hands covered with long black hair. This and a bellowing, roaring, rumbling voice made up my first impression of the notorious Professor Challenger.

Challenger is also a pretentious and self-righteous scientific jack-of-all-trades. Although considered by Malone's editor, Mr McArdle, to be "just a homicidal megalomaniac with a turn for science", his ingenuity can be counted upon to solve any problem or get out of any unsavoury situation, and be sure to offend and insult many people in the process. He is also seen as extremely vain by his colleagues: Edward Malone says that "he is convinced, of course, that he is destined forWestminster Abbey"(i.e. famous enough to be buried there),and later speculates that "in his fancy, may he see himself sometimes, gracingthe vacant pedestal in Trafalgar Square".Challenger is, in many ways, rude, crude, and without social conscience or inhibition. Yet he is a man capable of great loyalty and his love of his wife is all-encompassing.

Challenger marries Jessica—'Jessie'—and the couple settles at 14 Enmore Gardens, Enmore Park, Kensington, London.After his adventures in South America Challenger and his wife purchase The Briars, in Rotherfield, Sussex, as a second home.Later, following his wife's death from influenza, Challenger sells his London home and rents an apartment on the third floor in Victoria West Gardens, London.Challenger's friend and biographer, the journalist Edward 'Ted' Dunn Malone, marries Enid Challenger, the Professor's daughter, in the summer of 1927. Malone was born in Ireland and achieved some fame in rugby football at international level for Ireland before a career in journalism at theDaily Gazette.Enid Challenger is a freelance reporter at the same newspaper.

In July 1908, Malone joins Challenger, the 66-year-old Mr Summerlee (c. 1842–1925), Professor of Comparative Anatomy, and the explorer and mountaineerLord John Roxton,third son of the Duke of Pomfret and then in his mid-forties, on an expedition to the Amazon Basin, where Challenger claims to have observed creatures from the Jurassic Age two years previously. On reaching the mouth of the Amazon River in Pará state, the expedition hires local guides and servants Mojo, José, Fernando, Gomez, Manuel and Zambo.From Manaus the expedition continues up-river to reach an unnamed tributary, which they follow by canoe until by late August the explorers arrive in the Guiana Highlands and the table-top mountain (tepui) that is the Lost World. The expedition camps at the foot of the basalt cliffs of the tepui, which they name Maple White Land in honour of the plateau’s discoverer some four years earlier.The isolated plateau is home to numerous prehistoric animals, previously known only from the fossil record, including pterodactyls, allosaurids, iguanodon and an early species of hominid. A group of indigenous people also occupy the plateau, and the explorers aid them to subjugate the predatory 'ape-men'. The expedition returns to London, bringing with them diamonds worth £200,000. Professors Challenger and Summerlee present their findings to the Zoological Institute on 7 November 1908 at the Queen's Hall, Regent Street, London. They claim to have discovered over 150 new species, some dating from the Early Jurassic.

Three years later, the friends re-assemble in Challenger’s Sussex home to witnessThe Poison Beltincident of 27 to 28 August 1911. Challenger interprets a shift in Fraunhofer's light diffraction lines to predict that the Earth is passing through a deadly interstellar cloud of ether. By breathing oxygen from cylinders brought to the house earlier, Challenger, his wife and friends avoid falling into catalepsy over the several hours the event lasted. It appears as though all animal life on the planet expired but within 28 hours all recovered.

Challenger is able to pursue his scientific interests independently as a result of a bequest by the rubber millionaire Betterton. He purchases an estate on Hengist Down near to his Sussex home and engages construction firm Morden & Company to begin sinking a vertical shaft to a depth of eight miles. In the spring of 1921, American specialist in artesian wells Mr Peerless Jones is engaged to plunge his drilling rod a further hundred feet into the apparently-living protoplasmic substance that was revealed at the bottom of the shaft. Challenger hopes through this experiment to prove that the Earth is a living organism that sustains its vitality from the ether of outer space. Preparations are ready by Tuesday 21 June 1921, and the drill breaches the tissue, producing a loud scream and unleashing a geyser of a protective tar-like secretion, accompanied by global volcanic activity. It is the day "When the World Screamed".

Some months later, Challenger and Malone are the last people to meet the Latvian inventor Theodore Nemor, who claimed to have discovered the physics of disintegrating and then reassembling matter. Nemor apparently seeks competing bids from the British and Soviet governments to buy "The Disintegration Machine" at the time of his unexplained disappearance from London.

The death of Jessica Challenger affects her husband profoundly. Professor Challenger undertakes an investigation into psychic phenomena after Ted Malone and Enid Challenger's reports on spiritualism appear in the Daily Gazette in October 1926. Lord John Roxton, Malone, and the Reverend Charles Mason, a former Church of England exorcist who took up Spiritualism, visits a haunted house at Dryfont in Derbyshire. An apparition at the house convince the two friends of the reality of the spirit world and they set out to exploreThe Land of Mistfurther. Challenger joins the investigation ostensibly to demonstrate the fallacies of psychic research but becomes convinced of the reality of intercourse with the spirits of the dead and announces his conversion in a polemic carried byThe Spectatormagazine.

Stories

By Arthur Conan Doyle

Novels

• 1912 –The Lost World,which describes an expedition to aplateauinSouth Americawhere prehistoric creatures includingdinosaursstill survive.
• 1913 –The Poison Belt,in which the Earth passes through a cloud of poisonous ether.
• 1926 –The Land of Mist,a story of the supernatural, reflecting the strong belief inspiritualismwhich Conan Doyle developed later in life.

Short stories

• 1928 – "When the World Screamed",on Challenger's WorldEchinustheory.
• 1929 – "The Disintegration Machine",concerning the potentially dangerous new invention by a scientist named Theodore Nemor.

By other authors

• "The Footprints on the Ceiling": Jules Castier in his 1919 anthology of pastichesRather Like.In the story, Edward Malone recounts howSherlock Holmeswas called upon to locate the vanished, seemingly kidnapped, Professor Challenger. The story also was reprinted in the anthology,The Misadventures of Sherlock Holmes(1944), edited byEllery Queen.
• Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds:Manly Wade Wellmanand Wade Wellman. A slightly anachronistic romp, in which Sherlock Holmes and Challenger opposeH. G. Wells'Martian hordesand one of Holmes' old enemies. Holmes is the hero, but Challenger plays a major part. It is mentioned that Challenger helped Holmes solve the case of theGiant Rat of Sumatra.
• Osamu Tezukapublished in 1948 amangaversion of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle'sThe Lost World.Tezuka's manga, however, is aLost Worldunlike any other. Not an adaptation, this is a complete re-imagining of the story set on an alien planet.
• There have been several other comic adaptations of Professor Challenger's exploits, but none that were particularly widespread and well known. A descendant of Professor Challenger, named Darwin Challenger, is a minor character in Valiant'sTurok: Dinosaur Huntercomics, first appearing in issue #7. He bears a strong resemblance to his ancestor and makes numerous references to events in the Lost World. Professor Challenger and his companions are also referenced inThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenseries. According to writerAlan Moore,Challenger had a lifelong friendship with thezoologistDr. Dolittle.Arguably the most notable appearance is theDell Comicsadaptation of the1960 movie versionofThe Lost World,as an issue of theirFour Colorseries.
• Return to the Lost World:Nicholas Nye.A sequel set a year later thanThe Lost World,which almost ignores the dinosaurs in favour of a plot involving parapsychology, an extremely odd version of evolutionary theory, and ancient technology in the style ofChariots of the Gods.While Conan Doyle's Challenger is a foe of scientific fraud, this novel begins with him preparing a scientific fake.
• Challenger, alongsideNikola Tesla,plays a major role in two ofRalph Vaughan's four Sherlock Holmes/H. P. Lovecraftcrossovers,The Adventure of the Dreaming Detective(1992) andSherlock Holmes and the Terror Out of Time(2001).
• "Sherlock Holmes in the Lost World" (2008) by Martin Powell in anthologyGaslight Grimoire(reprinted inSherlock Holmes: The Crossover Casebook), in which Challenger is lost in the Lost World again and rescued by Sherlock Holmes. Challenger has a daughter who is also "Professor Challenger".
• Dinosaur Summer:Greg Bear.Thirty years after Professor Challenger discovered dinosaurs in Venezuela, dinosaur circuses have become popular and are slipping out of the spotlight. The one remaining dinosaur circus makes a bold move to return their dinosaurs to the Tepuye plateau. Challenger himself never appears, but the protagonist's son attended Challenger High School.
• Theaker, Stephen (2000).Professor Challenger in Space.Silver Age Books.ISBN0-9537650-0-8.In this sequel Professor Summerlee, Lord Roxton and the narrator Malone accompany Challenger on a journey to the moon, in a desperate bid to save the people of Ell Ka-Mar, who have crowned Challenger their king.
• Challenger makes a guest appearance in the 3rd Plateau ofGilles Deleuze&Félix Guattari's post-structuralist philosophical textA Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia,in which he gives a lecture.
• TheGorilla ComicsseriesSection Zero,written byKarl Kesel,featured a scientific genius named Titania "Doc" Challenger, implied to be Professor Challenger's descendant.
• Cult Holmes: The Lost World:In this BBC 7 Cult Holmesstory, Holmes is investigating the damage done by Challenger in bringing dinosaurs over from the plateau. Malone's account of events is referred to as if it had been the version of events in theBBC TV adaptationofThe Lost World,rather than the novel.
• InLos Sabios en Salamanca(The Sages in Salamanca), a Spanish short novel byAlberto López Aroca,included in the book "Los Espectros Conjurados" (ISBN978-84-607-9866-8), Challenger and his friendLord John Roxtonmeet ProfessorAbraham Van Helsing(fromBram Stoker'sDracula) inSalamanca,and attend a meeting of the Sociedad Hermética Española (a Spanish esoteric society). In the story also appear other characters, as H.P. Lovecraft'sRandolph Carter,andSpanish writersFrancisco de QuevedoandDiego de Torres Villarroel.
• In the 1960 novelWorld of the Godsby Pel Torro (a pseudonym ofLionel Fanthorpe), a malevolentshapeshiftingalien takes on the physical form of Professor Challenger, believing him to be a real-life Earth scientist, and is then forced to remain in this form for the rest of the novel.
• The third book in theIris Wildthymeseries by Obverse Books,Miss Wildthyme and Friends Investigate,begins with a novella entitledThe Found WorldbyJim Smith,a pseudo-sequel toThe Lost Worldfeaturing Challenger,Dr. John H. Watsonand Dracula, among others.
• The third supplement for theForgotten Futuresrole playing game isGeorge E. Challenger's Mysterious World(1994), based on and including the Challenger novels and stories.
• ProfessorWilliam Rutherford,the real-life model for Challenger, is portrayed by actorJohn Sessionsin one of the series of BBC Films titledMurder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes.The episode byStephen Gallagheropens with the young Conan Doyle's attendance at a lantern slide lecture by famed explorerEverard im Thurnfeaturing the 'Lost World' plateau ofMount Roraima.The story goes on to hint at experiences that Doyle would later draw upon for the novel.
• Professor Challenger is a major supporting character in the novelSherlock Holmes im Reich des Ctulhu( "Sherlock Holmes in the Realm ofCthulhu") byKlaus-Peter Waltherand the audio play after that novel.

Portrayals

SirArthur Conan Doylewas the first person to portray Professor Challenger, dressing and making up as the professor for a photograph he wanted included inThe Lost World's initial serialized publication in theStrand Magazine.The editor refused, feeling that such hoaxes were potentially damaging.Hodder & Stoughtonhad no such qualms and featured the image in the first book edition.

Since then, the following actors have played the role:

• Wallace Beeryin the 1925 filmThe Lost World.
• Francis L. Sullivanin the 1944BBCradio adaptations ofThe Lost WorldandThe Poison Belt.
• Claude Rainsin the1960 filmThe Lost World.
• Basil RathboneinDinosaurs!,a 1966 radio-style audio adaptation ofThe Lost Worldreleased on MGM/Leo the Lion Records.
• Francis de Wolffin a 1975BBC Radio 4broadcast ofThe Lost World.
• John Rhys-Daviesin the1992 filmThe Lost Worldand its 1992 sequelReturn to the Lost World.
• Armin Shimermanin a radio-style audio cassette/compact disc adaptation fromAlien Voicesin 1997.
• Patrick Berginin the1998 filmThe Lost World.
• Peter McCauleyin the early 1999 cable-TV movie adaptation and the subsequent 1999–2002 television seriesSir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World.
• Bob Hoskinsin the2001 filmThe Lost World.Airing in the UK in two parts over Christmas Day andBo xing Dayin 2001, it was the first British film adaptation.
• Bruce Boxleitnerplayed a modernized version of Challenger as aUnited States Air ForceLieutenant in the 2005 filmKing of the Lost World.
• Bill Patersonin the 2011 BBC Radio adaptations ofWhen the World ScreamedandThe Disintegration Machine.
• David Robbin the 2011Classic SerialBBC Radio 4adaptation ofThe Lost World.
• Martin W. Paynein the 2019 short film "Professor Challenger & The Disintegration Machine"

References

• Martin Booth,The Doctor, the Detective and Arthur Conan Doyle,1997, London: Hodder & Stoughton.ISBN9 780340 648971.
• Daniel Stashower,Teller of Tales: The Life of Arthur Conan Doyle,1999, New York: Henry Holt and Company.ISBN9 780805 050745.

External links

• "The Complete Professor Challenger".18 March 1992.
• The Lost World
• "The Poison Belt"
• The Land of Mist
• "The Disintegration Machine"