Proto-Philippine language
 | This article shouldspecify the languageof its non-English content, using{{lang}},{{transliteration}}for transliterated languages, and{{IPA}}for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriateISO 639 code.Wikipedia'smultilingual support templatesmay also be used.(October 2021) |
| Proto-Philippine | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Philippine languages |
| Region | Philippines |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
| Lower-order reconstructions | |
TheProto-Philippinelanguage is a reconstructed ancestralproto-languageof thePhilippine languages,a proposed subgroup of theAustronesian languageswhich includes all languages within the Philippines (except for theSama–Bajaw languages) as well as those within the northern portions ofSulawesiinIndonesia.[1][2][3][4]Proto-Philippine is not directly attested to in any written work, butlinguistic reconstructionby thecomparative methodhas found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing.
Classification[edit]
There have been three initial proposals in delineating the southern boundaries of the Philippine group: NorthernBorneoinMalaysia,southern Philippines (encompassing southern Luzon all the way toMindanaoand theSulu Seaarea), and northernSulawesiinIndonesia.[4]The earliest boundary was proposed by Esser (1938) between theGorontalo languagesand theTomini languagesof Sulawesi. While it was later found decades after (Himmelmann, 1990) that there are shared innovations between Philippine and Tomini languages, there are still uncertainties as to whether the latter do validly form one genetic group, or should be relegated as a mere geographic unit.[5]Meanwhile, Charles (1974) in particular proposed that languages inSabahand of northernSarawakare descendants of this Proto-Philippines,[6]which has subsequently garnered counter-evidences (Blust, 1974; Reid, 1982; Zorc, 1986). Lastly, there have been several proposals establishing southern Philippines as the boundary (Thomas & Healey, 1962; Dyen, 1965; Zorc, 1977; 1986) with the "Macro Meso-Philippine"and"Sangiric"as two primary branches.[7]Walton (1979) and McFarland (1980) included theSama-Bajaugroup as the third branch, but such has been later disputed as entirely separate directly under Malayo-Polynesian.[3]
Features[edit]
Due to issues in the validity of a Philippine genetic group, and thus the existence of an ancestral Proto-Philippines language, most of its features particularly its phonology remain as proposals.
Phonology[edit]
Llamzon's reconstruction[edit]
Llamzon's (1975) proposed phonology of Proto-Philippines was derived from earlier reconstructions of Dempwolff's (1934-1938) works by Dyen (1947; 1951; 1953a; 1953b; 1953c). Used in this reconstruction were nine languages—Tagalog,Cebuano,Hiligaynon,Waray,Bikol(Central?),Ilokano,Ibanag,Ifugao,andKankanaey—with the rationale that the aforementioned have "relatively better structural description and vocabularies" than other related and geographically contiguous languages at that time.[1]While his analysis focused on attestedProto-Austronesianphonemes which were retained in this Proto-Philippines, features that were lost or merged were not highlighted.
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Unvoiced | |
| Nasal | *m/m/ | *n/n/ | *ng/ŋ/ | |||||||
| Stop | *p/p/ | *b/b/ | *t/t/ | *d/d/ | *D/ɖ/ | *j/ɟ/ | *k/k/ | *g/ɡ/ | *q/ʔ/ | |
| Affricate | *Z/ɟʝ/ | |||||||||
| Fricative | *s/s/ | *h/h/ | ||||||||
| Flap/Tap | *r/ɾ/ | |||||||||
| Trill | *R134/ʀ/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | *w/w/ | *l/l/ | *y/j/ | |||||||
Proto-phonemes *Z and *D were restricted to medial positions, and were not retained in any of the languages.
The proto-phonemes *j and *R are not preserved as such in any Philippine language: *j became either *g or *d (e.g. *púsəj becameIlocanopúsəg,Tagalogpúsod), whereas *R shifted to *r (e.g. inIlokano), *l (e.g. inPangasinan), *g (e.g. inTagalog) or *y (e.g. inKapampangan).[1][4]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i/i/ | *u/u/ | |
| Mid | *ə/ə/ | ||
| Open | *a/a/ |
Proto-Philippinesschwa*ə often merged with other vowels (e.g./u/in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray;/a/in Ibanag,/i/in Tagalog), but is retained in a diverse range of Philippine languages (e.g.Gaddang,Kinaray-a,Maranao,Maguindanao,Rinconada Bikol,Palawano), and in southern dialects ofIlokano.
| Proto-Philippine diphthongs by Llamzon (1975) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| *ay | *uy | *aw | *iw |
Paz' reconstruction[edit]
Another notable proposal is by Paz (1981) who conducted a bottom-up approach by reconstructing using her own symbols.[8]
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | |
| Nasal | m/m/ | n/n/ | N/ŋ/ | ||||||
| Stop | p/p/ | b/b/ | t/t/ | d/d/ | ḍ/ɖ/ | g̯/ɡʲ/ | k/k/ | g/ɡ/ | ?/ʔ/ |
| Fricative | s/s/ | h/h/ | |||||||
| Trill | *r/r/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | w/w/ | l̩/l̥/ | *l/l/ | y/j/ | |||||
Paz revisits two types of proto-Austronesian L as part of her reconstruction (l, l̥), which makes it distinct from other reconstructions.
| Height | Front | Central | Back | Stress | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | Vː | |||||
| Mid | ə | |||||||
| Open | a | |||||||
In comparison to Llamzon, Paz presents five diphthongs instead.
| Proto-Philippine diphthongs by Paz (1981) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ay | uy | əy | aw | iw |
Lexicon[edit]
Below is a table comparing core vocabulary from modern Philippine languages in relation to the follow Proto-Philippine innovations. Note that the accented vowels (e.g. á) under Proto-Philippine indicate the stress, while q representsglottal stop.
| Proto-Philippine | Tagalog | Ilokano | Kapampangan | Maguindanaon | Visayan group | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ásu | aso | aso | asu | asu | dog | |
| *baláy | bahay | balay | bale | waláy | baláy | house |
| *bábuy | baboy | baboy | babi | babuy | baboy | pig |
| *baqRu | bago | baro | bayu | bagu | bag-o | new |
| *báqi | babae | babai | babai | babay | babayi bayi |
woman/female |
| *dəkət | dikít | dekket | deket | dukót | adhesive/(to) stick | |
| *dáRaq | dara | daya | dara | blood | ||
| *duRúq | dugô | lugu | dugô | |||
| *hajək | halík | agek | alek | halók | (to) kiss | |
| *ŋájan | pangalan ngalan |
nagan | ngalan | ngala ngalan |
pangalan ngalan ngaran |
name |
| *danúm | danum | danum | water | |||
| *túbiR | tubig | tubig | ||||
| *laŋúy | langóy | langóy | langúy | langóy | (to) swim | |
| *táu | tao | tao | tau | taw | tawo | human |
Below are selected animal and plant names in Proto-Philippine from theAustronesian Comparative Dictionary.[9]
Animal names[edit]
No. Common name Scientific name Proto-Philippine 9207 fish sp.,slipmouth Leiognathussp. *sapsáp 10806 kind ofmackerel Rastrelligerspp. *tuliŋan 10964 a sea fish, therudderfish Kyphosus cinerascens *hilek 1631 anchovy Stolephorusspp. *bulínaw 12682 milkfish Chanos chanos *baŋús 11877 parrot fish Scarusspp. *mulmúl 9819 kind of water bird, theOriental darter Anhinga melanogaster *kasíli 10671 a bird and its call, probably thetailor bird Orthotomus atrogularis *tiwtiw 11077 coconut crab Birgus latro *tatus 12348 large marine mollusk Turbo marmoratus *RaRaŋ
Plant names[edit]
No. Common name Scientific name Proto-Philippine 9369 a flowering plant Ixoraspp. *santán 9568 a fruit tree, thepomelo Citrus decumana *suháq 2940 a leguminous shrub Leucaena glauca *ipil ipil 8957 a palm Coryphaspp. *silaR 12394 a plant Acalyphaspp. *abilus 10807 a plant Astroniaspp.,Melastomataceae *tuŋaw₂ 11068 a plant Glochidionspp. *anam 9810 a plant Impatiens balsamina *kamantigi 6876 a plant Lunasia amara *paqit-an 10007 a plant Sesbania grandiflora *katúday 9565 a plant Solanumspp. *sili-sili 10064 a plant in the banana family Musa textilis? *qaRutay 12593 a plant with medicinal value, probably Blumeaspp. *qalibun 11080 a shrub or tree Melanolepis multiglandulosa *álem 9651 a shrub, theJew's mallow Corchorusspp., fam.Malvaceae *salúyut 12668 a small tree with leaves used as medicine Citrus aurantifolia *dayap 10265 a tall tree Parkiaspp. *kúpaŋ 7998 a tree Acalypha amentacea *beRus 12362 a tree Diospyrossp. *kanadem 947 a tree Diospyrosspp. *talaŋ₁ 9647 a tree Erythrinaspp. *sabaŋ₂ 10966 a tree Ficussp. *lab(e)nuR 10563 a tree Ficussp. *tebéR 11024 a tree Ganua obovatifolia,Sapotaceae *piaŋa 608 a tree Lagerstroemia speciosa *banabá 11756 a tree Mallotus lackeyi *lamay 12325 a tree Myristicaspp. *lagu₂ 9093 a tree Planchonella obovata *banisah 9092 a tree Pongamiaspp. *bani₂ 10722 a tree Prunussp. *taŋa₄ 12392 a tree Shorea polysperma *taŋíliq 11555 a tree and its fruit, theJava plum Syzygium cumini *luŋ(e)búy 12198 a tree with bark that can be used as a shampoo Ganophyllum falcatum *gúguq 12228 a tree with edible fruit Diplodiscus paniculatus *baRubu 1208 a tree; Macaranga tanarius *binuŋa 12434 a vine Caesalpinia bonduc *kabit₃ 10233 a vine with gourd or cucumber-like fruit Luffasp.? *kabatíti 11595 a vine with red flower clusters, theChinese honeysuckle Quisqualis indica *taluluŋ 12477 an edible plant,swamp cabbage Ipomoea aquatica *taŋkuŋ 11071 beautyberry Callicarpaspp. *anayup 11088 creeping vine that grows on sandy beaches, thebeach morning glory Ipomoea pes-caprae *balinu 11148 hairy eggplant Solanum ferox *basula 10234 kind of aromatic herb Pogostemon cablin *kab(e)liŋ 9922 kind ofebonyorpersimmontree with fruits that are pounded and used to stupefy fish Diospyrosspp. *kanúmay 10312 kind of edible squash or gourd Lagenaria leucantha *tabayaR 11075 kind of tall grass Themeda gigantea *taŋ(e)laj 9750 kind of wildlemontree, possibly Citrus hystrix *kabuRaw 9806 large forest tree with edible brown, hairy fruits Diospyros discolor *kamaguŋ 10412 lesser yam Dioscoreasp. *tugíq 10885 lima bean Phaseolus lunatus *patániq 2 Manila hemp Musa textilis *abaká 11872 mountain apple Eugeniaspp. *makúpa 12657 native spinach Amaranthusspp. *kulitis 11653 Philippine cedar tree Cedrelasp. *kalantas 10749 plant with leaves used as a vegetable Talinum paniculatumorTalinum triangulare *talínum 1854 silk cotton tree Ceiba pentandra *buybuy 11145 small tree Morinda citrifolia? *apatut 12468 taro Colocasia esculenta *gabi 10978 thealmasigatree Agathis celebica *gala 11073 thecastor beanplant Ricinus communis *katana 10163 thehorseradishtree Moringa oleifera *maruŋgay 12753 thePhilippine mahogany ShoreaorHopeasp. *yakál 9615 thesappantree Caesalpinia sappan *sibukaw 12361 theseeded breadfruittree Artocarpus camansi *kamansi 12253 theseeded breadfruittree Artocarpus camansi *kamansiq 10762 tree with bright yellow fruit that has dry flesh Lucuma nervosa *tisaq 8970 wild palm tree with fruit similar toareca nut Heterospathe elata *sagisí
See also[edit]
- Proto-Austronesian language
- Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
- Proto-Oceanic language
- Proto-Polynesian language
- Philippine languages
- Philippine Negrito languages
- Austronesian languages
References[edit]
- ^abcLlamzon, Teodoro A."Proto-Philippine Phonology."In:Archipel,volume 9, 1975. pp. 29-42.
- ^Charles, Mathew (1974). "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages".Oceanic Linguistics.13(1/2): 457–509.doi:10.2307/3622751.JSTOR3622751.
- ^abZorc, R.D. (1986). "The genetic relationships of Philippine languages." In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors,FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics.C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
- ^abcBlust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis".Oceanic Linguistics.30(2): 73–129.doi:10.2307/3623084.JSTOR3623084.
- ^Himmelmann, Nikolaus (1990). "Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoli languages".Typescript.Department of Linguistics, University of Köln: 336.
- ^Charles, Matthew (1974). "Problems in the reconstruction of Proto-Philippine phonology and the subgrouping of the Philippine languages".Oceanic Linguistics.13(1/2): 457–509.doi:10.2307/3622751.JSTOR3622751.
- ^Dyen, Isidore (1965). "Language distribution and migration theory".Language.32(4): 611–626.doi:10.2307/411084.JSTOR411084.
- ^Paz, Consuelo (1981).A reconstruction of Proto-Philippine phonemes and morphemes.Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Linguistic Circle.
- ^Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (April 25, 2020)."Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition".RetrievedMay 1,2020.
Further reading[edit]
- Paz, Consuelo J.The Application of the Comparative Method to Philippine Languages
- Liao, Hsiu-chuan.On the Development of Comitative Verbs in Philippine LanguagesArchived2021-06-07 at theWayback Machine,Language and Linguistics, 2011.