Proto-Somali
Proto-Somaliswere the ancient people and ancestors ofSomaliswho lived in present-day Somalia.[1]Literature on proto-Somalis largely uses a time-frame pertaining to the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD.[2]
History
ThePuntiteswere ancient Cushites who are believed to have tradedmyrrh,spices, gold,ebony,short-horned cattle, ivory, andfrankincensewith neighbouring Ancient Egypt and with ancient Mesopotamia through their commercial ports. An Ancient Egyptian expedition sent to Punt by the 18th dynasty QueenHatshepsutis recorded on the temple reliefs atDeir el-Bahari,during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati.[3]
In theclassical era,theMacrobians,who have been ancestral to the Automoli or ancient Somalis, established a powerful tribal kingdom that ruled large parts of modernSomalia.They were reputed for their longevity and wealth and were said to be the "tallest and handsomest of all men."[4]The Macrobians were warrior herders and seafarers. According to Herodotus' account, thePersian EmperorCambyses II,upon hisconquest of Egypt(525 BC), sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian ruler, who was elected based on his stature and beauty, replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to draw it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.[4][5]The Macrobians were a regional power reputed for their advanced architecture andgoldwealth, which was so plentiful that they shackled their prisoners in golden chains.[5]TheHarlais an extinct people credited for building various monuments in the Horn Africa are possible candidates of Proto-Somali.[6]
After the collapse of Macrobia, several proto-Somali ancient wealthy city-states emerged, such asMalao,Mundus,Mosylonand,Opone,which competed with theSabaeans,Parthians,andAxumitesfor the wealthyIndo-Greco-Romantrade also flourished in Somalia.[7]Somali sailors andmerchantswere the main suppliers ofgold,silver,gemstones,frankincense,myrrh,acacia gum,salt,livestock,ivory,feathers,hide (skin),andspices,items that were considered valuable luxuries.
Other notable proto-Somali city-states includedAvalite,Bulhar,Botiala,Essina,Damo,Hannassa,Sarapion,Nikon,Toniki,Gondal,Macajilayn,Salweyn,andMiandi.Ancient Greek travelers including the likes ofStraboandCosmas Indicopleustesmade visits to the Somali peninsula between the 1st and 5th century. The Greeks referred to Somalis as the Barbaria and their land as Barbars.[8]
Genetics
In Somalis, theTime to Most Recent Common Ancestor(TMRCA) was estimated to be 4000–5000 years (2,500BCE) for the haplogroupE-M78cluster γ and 2100–2200 years (150 BCE) for SomaliT-M184bearers.[9]
Deep subclade E-Y18629 is commonly found in Somalis and has a formation date of 3,600 YBP (years before present) and a TMRCA of 2,600 YBP.[10]
States
There were many examples of proto-Somali states. Some of these include:
References
- ^Somalia - Page 53, Mark DeLancey - 1988
- ^Ali, Mohamed Nuuh (1983)."A linguistic outline of early Somali history"(PDF).Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies.12(3).doi:10.5070/F7123017147.ISSN0041-5715.Retrieved2020-04-10.
- ^Abdel Monem A. H. Sayed, Zahi A. Hawass (ed.) (2003).Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology.American Univ in Cairo Press. pp. 432–433.ISBN9774246748.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^abThe Geography of Herodotus: Illustrated from Modern Researches and Discoveriesby James Talboys Wheeler, pg 1xvi, 315, 526
- ^abJohn Kitto, James Taylor,The popular cyclopædia of Biblical literature: condensed from the larger work,(Gould and Lincoln: 1856), p.302.
- ^Bogale, Wagaw."A History of Derbé Belanbel Historical and Cultural Site".Journal of Tourism.
- ^Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324
- ^Abdullahi, Abdurahman (2017).Making Sense of Somali History.London. p. 47.ISBN978-1909112797.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^Sanchez, Juan J.; Hallenberg, Charlotte; Børsting, Claus; Hernandez, Alexis; Morling, Niels (July 2005)."High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males".European Journal of Human Genetics.13(7): 856–866.doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390.ISSN1018-4813.PMID15756297.
- ^"E-Y18629 YTree".yfull.Retrieved2019-09-09.