Pu–Xian Min

Pu–Xian Min
Pu–Xian Min
Phủ tiên ngữ / phủ tiên lời nói / Hưng Hóa lời nói; Pó-sing-gṳ̂/Pó-sing-uā/Hing-hua̍-uā
Native to	China,Malaysia,Singapore,Indonesia,Taiwan(Wuqiu)
Region	Fu gian(Putian,parts ofFuzhouandQuanzhou)
Ethnicity	Putianese(Han Chinese)
Native speakers	3.15 million (2022)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Pu–Xian Min; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese Proto-Min ; ;
Dialects	Putian; Xianyou;
Writing system	Simplified Han characters; Traditional Han characters; Hinghwa Romanized(Hing-hua̍ Báⁿ-uā-ci̍)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cpx
Glottolog	puxi1243
Linguasphere	79-AAA-id
	Pu–Xian Min
	This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

Bible in Hinghwa (Xinghua) Romanised (Genesis), published by theBritish and Foreign Bible Society.

Pu–Xian Min(Hinghwa Romanized:Pó-sing-gṳ̂;traditional Chinese:Phủ tiên lời nói;simplified Chinese:Phủ tiên lời nói;pinyin:Púxiānhuà), also known asPutian–Xianyou Min,Puxian Min,Pu–Xian Chinese,Xinghua,Henghua,HinghuaorHinghwa(Hing-hua̍-gṳ̂;traditional Chinese:Hưng Hóa ngữ;simplified Chinese:Hưng Hóa ngữ;pinyin:Xīnghuàyǔ), is aChinese languagethat forms a branch ofMin Chinese.Pu-Xian is a transitional variety ofCoastal Minwhich shares characteristics with bothEastern MinandSouthern Min,although it is closer to the latter.

The native language ofPutian people,Pu-Xian is spoken mostly inFu gianprovince, particularly inPutiancity andXianyou County(after which it is named), parts ofFuzhou,and parts ofQuanzhou.It is also widely used as the mother tongue inWuqiu Township,Kinmen County,Fu gian Province, Republic of China(Taiwan). More than 2,000 people in Shacheng,Fudingin northern Fu gian also speak Pu-Xian.^[5]There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou.

Overseas populations of Pu-Xian speakers exist inMalaysia,IndonesiaandSingapore.Speakers of Pu-Xian are also known asHenghua,Hinghua, or Xinghua.

History

Before the year 979 AD, the Pu-Xian region was part of Quanzhou county and hence people there spoke a form ofSouthern Min.^[6]^[7]

In 979 AD, during theSong dynasty,the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the Chinese spoken there developed separately from the rest of Southern Min. Due to its proximity with Fuzhou, it absorbed some elements ofEastern Min,such as morphophonemic alternations in initial consonants, but its basic linguistic characteristics, i.e. grammar and most of its lexicon, are based onSouthern Min.It also shares denasalization of historical nasal consonants and vocalic nasalization withSouthern Minvarieties.^[8]

Pu–Xian Min has been shown to be 62% cognate withQuanzhou dialect(Southern Min) and only 39% cognate with theFuzhou dialect(Eastern Min).^[9]

Characteristics

Differences with Southern Min dialects

Pu-Xian differs from most Southern Min varieties in several ways:

The vowel 'a' is replaced by/ɒ/(o̤) in most cases, e.g. Chânko̤"leg".
The vowel 'ư'/ɯ/is replaced by/y/('ṳ'), e.g. Cáhṳ"fish".
In Putian 'ng' has changed to/uŋ/except after zero initial and h- (notation: ng), e.g. Canhtung"soup".
The vowel /e/ is often replaced by /ɒ/ o̤, e.g. Mãbo̤"horse".
Where Quanzhou has 'ĩ' and Zhangzhou has 'ẽ', the corresponding Putian vowel is 'ã', e.g. Bệnhbaⁿ"sick", whereⁿindicates anasalized vowel.
The vowel 'io' is replaced by 'iau' (notation: a̤u), e.g. Cườiciao"laugh". This also holds for nasalized vowels, e.g. Trươngda̤uⁿcorresponding to Zhangzhoutioⁿ.
Nasals 'm' sometimes occur in place of voiced stops 'b', e.g. Mộngmangvs. Quanzhoubang.
Initial consonant 'ng' replaces 'g' e.g. Năm 'ngo' vs. Quanzhou 'go'.
There is a loss of distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, e.g. the sounds /b/ and /p/ both correspond to the same phoneme and occur infree variation.

Borrowings from Eastern Min

Wife lão mẹ (Lau Ma)

Phonology

Pu-Xian has 15consonants,including thezero onset,the same as most other Min varieties. Pu-Xian is distinctive for having alateral fricative[ɬ]instead of the[s]in other Min varieties, similar toTaishanese.

Pu-Xian has 53finalsand 6 phonemictones.

Initials

Pu–Xian Min Initial Chart
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	unaspirated	pBa (b)	tĐánh (d)	kGia (g)	ʔÔ
Plosive	aspirated	pʰBành (p)	tʰHắn (t)	kʰTạp (k)
Nasals		mMa (m)	nLấy (n)	ŋNhã (ng)
Fricatives		β*	ɬSa (s)		hHạ (h)
Affricates	unaspirated		tsTra (c)
Affricates	aspirated		tsʰTra (ch)
Approximant			lKéo (l)

β(only appears in connected speech. It's a result ofconsonant mutationof [p])

Finals

Pu–Xian Min has 53 finals (including nasalised finals)

Finals
	Vowel	Diphthong	Nasal	Glottal
no glide	aQuạ (a)	auBẻ (au)	aŋVương (ang)	aʔÁp (ah)
	ɒÁo (o̤)		ɒŋDùng (o̤ng)	ɒʔPhòng (o̤h)
	ɔKhoa (eo)	ɔuÔ (o)	ɔŋÔn (eong)	oʔUất (eoh)
	eDuệ (a̤)	aiÁi (ai)	ɛŋYên (eng)	ɛʔHắc (eh)
	œSửa (e̤)		œŋĐổi (e̤ng)	œʔÚc (e̤h)
			ŋPhi (ng)
/-i-/	iY (i)	iuDu (iu)	iŋDẫn (ing)	iʔÍch (ih)
/-i-/	iaĐêm (ia)	iauMuốn (a̤u)	iaŋMuối (iang)	iaʔDiệp (iah)
/-u-/	uPhu (u)	uiVị (ui)	uŋHoàng (ng)
/-u-/	uaHọa (ua)	ɔi/ueOai (oi)	uaŋChén (uang)	uaʔSống (uah)
/-y-/	yDư (ṳ)		yŋÂn (ṳng)	yʔDịch (ṳh)
/-y-/	yɒAn (io̤ⁿ)		yɒŋDương (io̤ng)	yɒʔDược (io̤h)

Chinese character	Hoàng (ńg)	Phương (hng)	Trướng (dn̂g)	Giúp (bng)	Quang (gng)	Hai (nn̄g)	Mao (mńg)
Putian	uŋ	huŋ	tuŋ	puŋ	kuŋ	nuŋ	muŋ
Xianyou	ŋ̍	hŋ̍	tŋ̍	pŋ̍	kŋ̍	nŋ̍	mŋ̍

Xianyou dialect nasals
IPA	ã	ẽ	ɛ̃	ĩ	ỹ	ɒ̃	iã	yã	uã	aĩ	aũ	uĩ	iũ
Romanization	aⁿ	a̤ⁿ		a̤ⁿ	e̤ⁿ	o̤ⁿ	iaⁿ	io̤ⁿ	uaⁿ			oiⁿ	a̤uⁿ
Romanized IPA	ã			ẽ	ø̃	ɒ̃	iã	yɒ̃	uã			oĩ	ɛũ

Chinese character	Tranh (caⁿ)	Còn (há̤ⁿ)	Đoạn (dē̤ⁿ)	Tam (so̤ⁿ)	Đỉnh (diáⁿ)	Trương (da̤uⁿ)	Xem (kua̍ⁿ)	Cơm (bōiⁿ)	Thắng (ió̤ⁿ)
Xianyou	tsã	hĩ	tỹ	sɒ̃	tiã	tiũ	kʰuã	puĩ	yɒ̃
Putian	tsa	hi	tø	sɒ	tia	tiau	kʰua	puai	yɒ

Tone

Tone	Ing-báⁿ âm bình	Ing-siō̤ng âm thượng	Ing-kṳ̍ âm đi	Ing-ci̍h âm nhập	Ió̤ng-báⁿ dương bình	Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ dương đi	Ió̤ng-ci̍h dương nhập
Putian	˥˧˧ (533)	˦˥˧ (453)	˦˨ (42)	ʔ˨˩ (ʔ21)	˩˧ (13)	˩ (11)	ʔ˦ (ʔ4)
Xianyou	˥˦˦ (544)	˧˧˨ (332)	˥˨ (52)	ʔ˨ (ʔ2)	˨˦ (24)	˨˩ (21)	ʔ˦ (ʔ4)

Register

Xianyou dialect register chart
Chinese character	Mua	Hoàng	Sinh	Lãnh	Sư	Hai	Hỏa	Vách tường
Colloquial	pe	ŋ̍	ɬã, tsʰã	nia	ɬai	nŋ̍	hoe	pia	tieu
Literary	mai	hɒŋ	ɬɛŋ	liŋ	ɬo	løŋ	hɒ	piʔ	tøʔ

Assimilation

Cô dâu phòng ɬiŋpupaŋ → ɬiŋmuβaŋ

Cỏ xanh tsʰɔŋtsʰau → tsʰɔŋnau

Comparison between Putian Min and Quanzhou Min Nan

Chinese character	Chôn (lit.)	Vạn (lit.)	Người (lit.)	Nhập	Nguy (lit.)	Nghịch	Nội	Nặc
Putian	mai	man	tsin	tsiʔ	kui	kiʔ	tue	tɔʔ
Quanzhou	bai	ban	lin	dzip	ɡui	ɡiak	lue	lɔk

Sentence-final particles

ah(A): used to express exclamation.
lah(Lạp): used to stress or for adding emotional effect to your words.
neh(Đâu): used for questioning.
nɔ(Ngô): used to express emotion.
yɔu(Nha): used to denote obviousness or contention.

Romanization

Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (Hưng Hóa bình thoại tự) is the Romanization system for Pu–Xian Min. It has 23 letters: a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ.

The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones:

Âm bình Ing-báⁿ (unmarked)
Âm thượng Ing-siō̤ng ˆ (â)
Âm đi Ing-kṳ̍ ˈ (a̍)
Âm nhập Ing-ci̍h (unmarked)
Dương bình Ió̤ng-báⁿ ́ (á)
Dương đi Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ – (ā)
Dương nhập Ió̤ng-ci̍h ˈh (a̍h)

IPA	Pu–Xian Min (Xinghua)	Fuzhou
pʰ	p	p
tʰ	t	t
kʰ	k	k
p	b	b
t	d	d
k	g	g
tsʰ	ch	ch
ts	c	c

Tone	Âm bình Ing-báⁿ	Âm thượng Ing-siō̤ng	Âm đi Ing-kṳ̍	Âm nhập Ing-ci̍h	Dương bình Ió̤ng-báⁿ	Dương đi Ió̤ng-kṳ̍	Dương nhập Ió̤ng-ci̍h
Báⁿ-uā-ci̍	a	â	a̍	ah	á	ā	a̍h
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	a	á	à	ah	â	ā	a̍h

Notes

^Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[2]^[3]^[4]

References

^Pu–Xian MinatEthnologue(26th ed., 2023)
^Mei, Tsu-lin(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,30:86–110,doi:10.2307/2718766,JSTOR 2718766
^Pulleyblank, Edwin G.(1984),Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology,Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
^Hammarström, Harald;Forkel, Robert;Haspelmath, Martin;Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10)."Glottolog 4.8 - Min".Glottolog.Leipzig:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-10-13.Retrieved2023-10-13.
^Cai, Guo-mei Thái quốc muội (2013)."Fúdǐng Àoyāo Púxiān fāngyán dǎo zài diàochá"Phúc đỉnh úc eo phủ tiên phương ngôn đảo lại điều tra[A Further Study on Pu-Xian Dialect Zone in Aoyao Village, Fuding].Lóngyán Xuéyuàn xuébào / Journal of Longyan University(in Chinese).2013(1): 38–43.doi:10.16813/j.cnki.cn35-1286/g4.2013.01.008– via en.cnki.cn.
^"Shìjiè shàng gēnběn wú Mǐnnányǔ ~ Wáng Huánán"Trên thế giới căn bản vô Mân Nam ngữ ~ vương Hoa Nam[There is no Hokkien in the World ~ Wang Huanan].Táiwān wǎng lù jiàohuìĐài Loan võng lộ giáo hội(in Chinese). 2011-05-27.
^"Cháozhōuhuà"Triều Châu lời nói[Teochew Dialect].8944.net(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2015-06-21.Retrieved2015-06-19.
^Lien, Chinfa (August 17–19, 1998)."Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective".International Symposium on Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects.
^Li, Rulong Lý như long; Chen, Zhangtai trần chương quá (1991).Lùn Mǐn fāngyán nèibù de zhǔyào chāyìLuận mân phương ngôn bên trong chủ yếu sai biệt – mân ngữ nghiên cứu[On the Main Differences in Min Dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe. pp. 58–138.

External links

[minClassification-5] Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.^[2]^[3]^[4]

[e26-1] Pu–Xian MinatEthnologue(26th ed., 2023)

[2] Mei, Tsu-lin(1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone",Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,30:86–110,doi:10.2307/2718766,JSTOR 2718766

[3] Pulleyblank, Edwin G.(1984),Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology,Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3,ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8

[glottoMin-4] Hammarström, Harald;Forkel, Robert;Haspelmath, Martin;Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10)."Glottolog 4.8 - Min".Glottolog.Leipzig:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-10-13.Retrieved2023-10-13.

[6] Cai, Guo-mei Thái quốc muội (2013)."Fúdǐng Àoyāo Púxiān fāngyán dǎo zài diàochá"Phúc đỉnh úc eo phủ tiên phương ngôn đảo lại điều tra[A Further Study on Pu-Xian Dialect Zone in Aoyao Village, Fuding].Lóngyán Xuéyuàn xuébào / Journal of Longyan University(in Chinese).2013(1): 38–43.doi:10.16813/j.cnki.cn35-1286/g4.2013.01.008– via en.cnki.cn.

[7] "Shìjiè shàng gēnběn wú Mǐnnányǔ ~ Wáng Huánán"Trên thế giới căn bản vô Mân Nam ngữ ~ vương Hoa Nam[There is no Hokkien in the World ~ Wang Huanan].Táiwān wǎng lù jiàohuìĐài Loan võng lộ giáo hội(in Chinese). 2011-05-27.

[8] "Cháozhōuhuà"Triều Châu lời nói[Teochew Dialect].8944.net(in Chinese). Archived fromthe originalon 2015-06-21.Retrieved2015-06-19.

[9] Lien, Chinfa (August 17–19, 1998)."Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective".International Symposium on Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects.

[10] Li, Rulong Lý như long; Chen, Zhangtai trần chương quá (1991).Lùn Mǐn fāngyán nèibù de zhǔyào chāyìLuận mân phương ngôn bên trong chủ yếu sai biệt – mân ngữ nghiên cứu[On the Main Differences in Min Dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe. pp. 58–138.

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