Qiqihar
Qiqihar
Đồng thời ha ngươi thị Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh, Tsitsihar | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Nickname: The Crane City (Hạc thành) | |
 Location of Qiqihar City (yellow) in Heilong gian g (light grey) and China | |
  Qiqihar Location of the city centre in Heilong gian g | |
| Coordinates (Qiqihar municipal government):47°21′18″N123°55′06″E/ 47.3549°N 123.9182°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Heilong gian g |
| County-level divisions | 16 |
| towns and townships | 156 |
| villages | 1361 |
| Established | 1125 |
| Municipal seat | Jianhua District |
| Government | |
| • Type | Prefecture-level city |
| •CPCQiqihar Secretary | Sun Shen (Tôn thân) |
| • Mayor | Li Yugang (Lý ngọc mới vừa) |
| Area | |
| •Prefecture-level city | 42,205.82 km2(16,295.76 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 4,039.3 km2(1,559.6 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 970.3 km2(374.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 147 m (482 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| •Prefecture-level city | 4,067,489 |
| • Density | 96/km2(250/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 1,406,987 |
| • Urban density | 350/km2(900/sq mi) |
| •Metro | 959,787 |
| • Metro density | 990/km2(2,600/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| •Prefecture-level city | CN¥127 billion US$20.4 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 23,041 US$ 3,699 |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00(China Standard) |
| Postal code | 161000 |
| Area code | 0452 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HL-02 |
| License Plate | Hắc B |
| Administrative division code | 230200 |
| Climate | Dwa |
| Website | [1] |
| Qiqihar | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Đồng thời ha ngươi | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Đồng thời ha ngươi | ||||||||
| Postal | Tsitsihar | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Manchu name | |||||||||
| Manchu script | ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ | ||||||||
| Romanization | Cicigar | ||||||||
Qiqihar[a]is the second-largest city in theHeilong gian gprovince of China, in the west central part of the province. The built-up (or metro) area made up of Longsha, Tiefeng and Jianhua districts had 959,787 inhabitants, while the total population of the prefecture-level city was shrinking to 4,067,489 as of the 2020 census (5,367,003 as of 2010).[1]These are mainlyHan Chinese,though the city is also home to thirty-four minorities includingManchus,Daur,andMongols.[2]
Close to Qiqihar are numerous wetlands and theZhalong Nature Reserve,famous in China for being home to numerousred-crowned cranes.
Etymology
[edit]"Qiqihar" is aDagurword meaning "border" or "natural pasture".[3]The name Qiqihar comes fromManchu:ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡥᠠᡵ, Möllendorff:Cicihar, Abkai:Qiqihar,IPA:/t͡ɕʰi.t͡ɕʰi.χar/.
History
[edit]Early history
[edit]
Qiqihar is one of the oldest cities in the northeast of China. The region was originally settled by nomadicDaurandTungusherdsmen. The city's original name wasBukui(Bặc khuê), the Chinese transcription of a Dagur word meaning "auspicious".[4]The city's oldest mosque, theBukui Mosque,predates the foundation of the city by seven years.[5]During theImperial Russian eastward advance to the Pacific,Qiqihar became a major garrison center in 1674. In 1691, a stronghold was constructed in Qiqihar because the Qing government campaigned against theMongols.[6]
Around 1700 it was a center forRusso-Chinese trade.A military depot with barracks and an arsenal was set up there, and many convicted criminals were exiled to the area. Heilong gian g Martial was domiciled in Qiqihar City in 1699.[3]Qing China had initially intended to keep the far-northernHeilong gian gprovince as a semi-pastoral area, separate from the wider Chinese agricultural economy, so it did not allow seasonal urban migrants, such as those fromHebeiandShandongwho wished to participate in the Qiqiharfur trade,to own acres and transform the land.
After theRussian EmpireseizedOuter Manchuriaaccording to theunequal treatiesofTreaty of Aigunand theConvention of Peking,the Qing decided to lift the various restrictions it placed onNortheast Chinaand on Heilong gian g residency in particular, in 1868, 1878, and 1904. It enlistedHan Chineseto help to teach the localSolon peoplefarming techniques, providing materials and tax exemptions to convert them from hunting.[7]In 1903, The completion of theChinese Eastern Railwaymade Qiqihar a center for communications between China and Russia. A network of lines radiating from Qiqihar was extended into the northwestern part of Heilong gian g Province includingJiagedaqiandManzhouliin the late 1920s.
Second Sino-Japanese War
[edit]
In 1931, Japan used afalse flagattack, remembered as theSeptember 18 Incident,to justify moving itsGuandong Armyto capture major cities in Northeast China that month, starting withShenyang,Changchun,thenJilin City.GeneralMa Zhanshanwas ordered to act as Governor and Military Commander-in-chief of Heilong gian g Province on October 10, 1931. General Ma declined a Japanese ultimatum to surrender Qiqihar on November 15. However, after the loss in theJiangqiao campaign,the Japanese began their occupation of Qiqihar on November 19, 1931.[8]Liaoningfell in December, andHarbinin February; the puppetManchukuogovernment of the Japanese-occupied territory under GeneralZhang Jinghuiestablished Qiqihar as its administrative center and of Long gian g province. Qiqihar became a major military base for Guandong Army and its economic importance also grew rapidly. During the occupation, theImperial Japanese ArmyestablishedUnit 516in Qiqihar for research intochemical warfare.[9]A majormustard gastank left over from theSecond Sino-Japanese Warburied underground was accidentally damaged in August 2003, causing 43 injuries and one death.[10]
Modern era
[edit]
After the defeat of Japan, the Democratic Regime Qiqihar Municipal Government was established, under the administration ofNen gian g Province.Japanese forces inNortheast Chinasurrendered to theSoviet Unionwhile other Japanese forces in the rest of China surrendered to the United States.[11][12]From March to May, Soviet troops progressively withdrew from their positions, giving thePeople's Liberation Armymore notice than theNational Revolutionary Armyso that the former could occupy more positions in the context of theChinese Civil War.[13]Qiqihar was controlled by the Communists on April 24, 1946, along with other important regional cities like Changchun, Jilin City, and Harbin. Qiqihar was established as the capital of Heilong gian g Province after the foundation of People's Republic of China in 1949. However, since Song gian g Province was merged into Heilong gian g Province, the provincial capital was transferred toHarbinin 1954. During the first five-year plan of China from 1951 to 1956, many factories including Beiman Special Steel Co. and China First Heavy Industries were aid-constructed by theSoviet UnioninFularji District,making Qiqihar an important center of equipment manufacturing industry in Northeast China. In 1984, Qiqihar was designated to be one of the 13 Larger Municipalities in China by theGeneral Office of the State Council.[14]
Geography
[edit]Qiqihar City sits on a land area of 42,289 square kilometers at an altitude of 100–500 meters, with an average elevation of 146 meters.
Border
[edit]Qiqihar is located along the middle and lower reaches of theNen Riverand the hinterland of Songnen Plain, which is adjacent to theGreater KhinganRange and Hulunbuir Prairie. Bordering prefecture cities are:
- Baicheng,Jilin(S)
- Daqing(E)
- Heihe(N)
- Hulunbuir,Inner Mongolia(W)
- Suihua(NE)
- Hinggan League,Inner Mongolia (W)
The city's metro area is located 359 km (223 mi) from the provincial capital ofHarbin,282 km (175 mi) from Baicheng, 139 km (86 mi) from Daqing, and 328 km (204 mi) from Suihua. The total area under the city's jurisdiction is 42,289 km2(16,328 sq mi). The region's elevation above sea level is generally between 200 and 500 m (660 and 1,600 ft).[15]
Climate
[edit]Qiqihar has a cold,monsoon-influenced,humid continental climate(KöppenDwa), with four distinct seasons. It has long, bitterly cold, but dry winters, with a 24-hour average in January of −18.1 °C (−0.6 °F). Spring and fall are mild, but short and quick transitions. Summers are very warm and humid, with a 24-hour average in July of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F). The average annual precipitation is 415 millimetres (16.3 in), with over two-thirds of it falling from June to August. The annual mean is 4.38 °C (39.9 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 56% in July to 73% in February, the city receives abundant sunshine, with 2,839 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −39.5 °C (−39 °F) to 42.1 °C (108 °F). Unusual for a place with such cold winters, it has never experienced a temperature of -40 degrees (C/F) or lower.[16]
| Climate data for Qiqihar (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
35.5 (95.9) |
40.8 (105.4) |
39.9 (103.8) |
37.5 (99.5) |
33.3 (91.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
6.9 (44.4) |
40.8 (105.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.9 (10.6) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
21.6 (70.9) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.5 (83.3) |
26.5 (79.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
10.3 (50.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −17.9 (−0.2) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
15.6 (60.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −22.9 (−9.2) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−0.6 (31.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.5 (−39.1) |
−34.5 (−30.1) |
−29.4 (−20.9) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
1.9 (35.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−39.5 (−39.1) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 2.2 (0.09) |
3 (0.1) |
6.2 (0.24) |
19.2 (0.76) |
32.1 (1.26) |
78.6 (3.09) |
137.8 (5.43) |
93.1 (3.67) |
45.8 (1.80) |
18.4 (0.72) |
5.2 (0.20) |
5.3 (0.21) |
446.9 (17.57) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.1 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 11.6 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 83.8 |
| Average snowy days | 6.4 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 34.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 65 | 57 | 48 | 44 | 47 | 62 | 71 | 73 | 64 | 56 | 59 | 66 | 59 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 195.3 | 215.0 | 262.4 | 255.6 | 272.0 | 269.4 | 261.0 | 260.3 | 251.0 | 224.1 | 183.8 | 170.2 | 2,820.1 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 70 | 74 | 71 | 62 | 58 | 57 | 55 | 60 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 65 | 65 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[17][18][19] | |||||||||||||
Subdivisions
[edit]
Qiqihar is divided into 16 divisions: 7districts(Khu;qū), 8counties(Huyện;xiàn) and 1county-level city(Huyện cấp thị;xiànjí shì).
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2)[20] |
| 1 | Longsha District | Long sa khu | Lóngshā Qū | 354,987 | 283 | 1,254 |
| 2 | Jianhua District | Kiến hoa khu | Jiànhuá Qū | 292,579 | 81 | 3,612 |
| 3 | Tiefeng District | Thiết phong khu | Tiěfēng Qū | 331,951 | 695 | 478 |
| 4 | Ang'angxi District | Hiên ngang khê khu | Áng'ángxī Qū | 80,109 | 623 | 129 |
| 5 | Fularji District | Phú kéo ngươi cơ khu | Fùlā'ěrjī Qū | 256,159 | 375 | 683 |
| 6 | Nianzishan District | Cối xay vùng núi | Niǎnzishān Qū | 72,151 | 290 | 249 |
| 7 | Meilisi Daur District | Mai tư dân tộc Ta-hua khu | Méilǐsī Dáwò'ěrzú Qū | 165,852 | 1,948 | 85 |
| 8 | Nehe City | Nột hà thị | Nèhé Shì | 625,892 | 6,664 | 94 |
| 9 | Long gian g County | Long Giang huyện | Lóngjiāng Xiàn | 572,764 | 6,197 | 92 |
| 10 | Yi'an County | Y an huyện | Yī'ān Xiàn | 480,035 | 3,780 | 127 |
| 11 | Tailai County | Thái tới huyện | Tàilái Xiàn | 302,027 | 4,061 | 74 |
| 12 | Gannan County | Cam Nam huyện | Gānnán Xiàn | 368,734 | 4,384 | 84 |
| 13 | Fuyu County | Giàu có huyện | Fùyù Xiàn | 276,537 | 4,335 | 64 |
| 14 | Keshan County | Khắc sơn huyện | Kèshān Xiàn | 403,175 | 3,632 | 111 |
| 15 | Kedong County | Khắc đông huyện | Kèdōng Xiàn | 264,285 | 2,083 | 127 |
| 16 | Baiquan County | Bái tuyền huyện | Bàiquán Xiàn | 519,766 | 3,569 | 146 |
Demographics
[edit]According to thesixth national population census,the population amounted to 5,367,003 people.[21]There are 2,720,725 men and 2,646,278 women. The population age of 0-14 was 691,722, people aged 15–64 4,238,140 and people aged 65 and older 437,141.
Economy
[edit]Qiqihar is a heavily industrialized city involved in manufacturing.
In 2009, the city's 95 large-scale equipment manufacturing enterprises, with total assets of 30.6 billion yuan, accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above designated size of 46.5% of total assets, the number of employees 5.2 million, accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above the size of 45.6% of the total number of employees. The main business income of 25.57 billion yuan, industrial added value of 8.05 billion yuan, profits of 1.96 billion yuan, 1.03 billion yuan of taxes, respectively, year on year growth of 2.9%, 3%, 19.6% and 22.3%, accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above designated size were 40.6%, 40%, 44.3% and 31.7%, respectively.
Hospitals
[edit]Qiqihar has 23 hospitals.
Companies
[edit]Companies conducting business in Qiqihar includeRT-Mart,Walmart,GOME Electrical Appliances,and Suning Commerce Group.
Banks
[edit]Since Qiqihar is a large city, numerous banks work here. Some of the banks includeBank of China,China Construction Bank,Industrial and Commercial Bank of China,andAgricultural Bank of China.
Tourism
[edit]Qiqihar is very close to theZhalong Nature Reserve.Also, there is the Longsha park.
Transportation
[edit]Airport
[edit]Qiqihar is served by its own domestic airport,Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport.
Trains
[edit]Qiqihar is well-connected in terms of railway transportation. Trains fromQiqihar Railway Stationconnect the city withHarbin,Beijing,Dalian,Hangzhou,Xi'anand several other major cities in China.Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport,13 km (8.1 mi) from Qiqihar's downtown area, operates daily flights to Beijing,Guangzhou,Shanghaiand other major cities in China. In the district ofAng'angxi,theHarbin-Manzhouli Railwayintersects with theQiqihar-Bei'an Railway.
TheHarbin–Qiqihar intercity railwayopened on 17 August 2015;[22][23]it provides frequent high-speed service toHarbin,as well as some direct trains to Beijing.[24]
River
[edit]The Nen River is used to transport material.
Gallery
[edit]-
The old station building, now used for first class -
The old station building -
The new station building
Education
[edit]Numerous schools exist in the city. Four elementary schools feed into 8 city or county high schools.
There are two universities:Qiqihar Universityand itsmedical school.
Sister cities
[edit]
New Castle County,Delaware,United States
Utsunomiya,Tochigi,Japan
Goyang,Gyeonggi,South Korea
10th of Ramadan City,Egypt
Krasnoyarsk,Russia[25]
Notable people from Qiqihar
[edit]- Wanrong- Princess consort to Puyi
- Ma Zhanshan- General
- Zhou Tienong- Vice chair ofStanding committee of Congress of China
- Chen Yunlin- politician
- Zhai Zhigang- Astronaut
- Liu Boming- Astronaut
- Bai Xue- 10,000 meter runner
- Mao Buyi- singer-songwriter
- Li Yingying- Chinese female national volleyballer
References
[edit]- ^ab"China: Hēilóngjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^"Qiqihaer China".Archived from the original on October 17, 2007.RetrievedDecember 29,2009.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ab "Survey of the City".Qiqihar Municipal Government.Archivedfrom the original on October 17, 2007.Retrieved18 August2012.
- ^Đồng thời ha ngươi tự nhiên hoàn cảnh,Xinhua News,2006-08-25, archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-21,retrieved2010-09-11
- ^Bặc khuê nhà thờ Hồi giáo,Qiqihar News,2005-06-27,retrieved2010-09-11
- ^Qi, Xipeng ( tề tích bằng ) (1989).Đồng thời ha ngươi lịch sử thuật lược.Heilong gian g People's Press.ISBN978-7-207-01417-7.
- ^Shan, Patrick Fuliang (June 2006). "Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Race Relations: The Chinese Treatment of the Solon Tribes in Heilong gian g Frontier Society, 1900-1931".Asian Ethnicity.7(2): 185–187.
- ^Matsuzaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932
- ^"Mustard Gas Victims Prepare Case Against Japan",China.org.cn,2004-06-28,retrieved2010-09-11
- ^"Diplomatic row over poison gas",The Guardian,2003-08-13,retrieved2010-09-11
- ^Zarrow, Peter Gue. [2005] (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949. Routledge.ISBN0-415-36447-7.pg 338.
- ^LTC David M. Glantz,"August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria".Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983,Fort LeavenworthKansas.
- ^Heinzig, Dieter (2004).The Soviet Union and Communist China, 1945-1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance.M.E. Sharpe. p. 100.
- ^Quốc Vụ Viện về phê chuẩn đường sơn chờ thị vì "Trọng đại thị" thông tri.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Geography and Topography".Qiqihar Municipal Government.Archivedfrom the original on October 17, 2007.Retrieved18 August2012.
- ^Hắc Long Giang tỉnh đồng thời ha ngươi thị địa lý vị trí cập khí hậu tài nguyên tình hình chung.Đồ ký võng.Archived fromthe originalon 2014-01-14.Retrieved2014-01-13.
- ^Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng – WeatherBk Data(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved12 August2023.
- ^ Trung Quốc khí tượng số liệu võng(in Simplified Chinese).China Meteorological Administration.Retrieved12 August2023.
- ^ Trung Quốc mặt đất quốc tế trao đổi trạm khí hậu tiêu chuẩn giá trị nguyệt giá trị số liệu tập ( 1971－2000 năm ).China Meteorological Administration.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-09-21.Retrieved2010-05-25.
- ^National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (December 2012).《 Trung Quốc 2010 năm dân cư tổng điều tra phân huyện tư liệu 》(in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Press.ISBN978-7-5037-6659-6.
- ^《 đồng thời ha ngươi thị 2010 năm lần thứ sáu cả nước dân cư tổng điều tra chủ yếu số liệu công báo 》.Qiqihar Municipal Bureau of Statistics
- ^"Northernmost PDL opens in Heilong gian g".Railway Gazette.Railway Gazette.Retrieved24 September2022.
- ^Xuefei, Tian; Huiying, Zhou."High-speed rail to open after 6 years of challenges".China Daily.Retrieved24 September2022.
- ^Ha tề vận chuyển hành khách đường tàu riêng thay tên ha tề cao thiết trở thành ta tỉnh đầu cái cao tốc đường sắt đường bộ.Cáp Nhĩ Tân nhật báo.2015-07-30. Archived fromthe originalon March 4, 2016.RetrievedJuly 30,2015– via huochepiao.
- ^"Foreign Relations - Foreign Relations - Krasnoyarsk city administration official website".admkrsk.ru.
Notes
[edit]- ^simplified Chinese:Đồng thời ha ngươi;traditional Chinese:Đồng thời ha ngươi;pinyin:Qíqíhā'ěr;IPA:[tɕʰǐtɕʰǐxáɤɻ];Manchu:ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡥᠠᡵ, Möllendorff:Cicihar, Abkai:Qiqihar,IPA:[t͡ɕʰit͡ɕʰiχar]
External links
[edit]
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