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Themass media in Qatarrelays information and data inQatarby means oftelevision,radio,cinema,newspapers,magazinesand theinternet.Qatar has established itself as a leading regional figure in mass media over the past decade.Al Jazeera,a global news network which was established in 1996, has become the foundation of the media sector.[1]The country uses media to brand itself and raise its international profile.[2]

Despite Al Jazeera being considered to be one of the Middle East's most open media outlets,[3]Qatari authorities enforce stringent restrictions on freedom of local media, including censoring internet services and outlawing criticism of theruling familyin the media. However, in October 2018,National Press Clubdeclared its review for Al Jazeera. "News organizations supported by public money can and do produce independent journalism," said NPC Journalism Institute President Barbara Cochran. The accolades received by Al Jazeera from respected American professional organizations attest to the quality of their news coverage as supportive and independent. “The job of every news organization is to tell the truth, even if it makes people uncomfortable. We believe it would be wrong and counter-productive to censor a news organization whose work has won wide praise from the international journalism community." said National Press Club President Andrea Edney.[4]

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Newspapers

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See also:List of newspapers in Qatar
This is the logo to one of the TV networks in Qatar. It is also a local popular newspaper.

There are currently seven newspapers in circulation in Qatar, four published in Arabic and three in English.[2]Qatar's first weekly newspaper,Gulf News,appeared in 1969.[5]Al Arabwas the first post-independence newspaper to appear in Qatar, in 1972.[6]Gulf Timeswas the first English newspaper in Qatar[7]until the arrival ofThe Peninsulain 1996.[8][9]

According to circulation estimates released in 2004,Al Watanwas the most widely circulated newspaper in Qatar, with a circulation rate of 18,000.Al SharqandGulf Timesboth came second, with circulation rates of 15,000.[6]A 2008 report asserted that the total circulation rate was approximately 100,000 copies per day, withAl RayaandGulf Timesboth having the highest circulation rates at 18,000, andAl SharqandAl Watanhaving circulation rates of 15,000.[10]

Magazines

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Firefly Communications and Oryx Communications are two of the most prominent magazine publishing houses in Qatar.[11][12]There were nine magazines in 2009.

The first weekly magazine,Al-Urooba,was issued in 1970.[13]

English-language magazines in the country include family publicationDoha Family Magazine,[14]the first regularly printed parenting publication in Qatar andSociety,published byGulf Times.[15]

Business magazineThe Edge,women's fashion magazineGLAM,andQatar Today.Qatar Al Yomis an Arabic-language business magazine.[11]By 2014, Firefly had added more publications to its brand, including Qatar Construction News, Alef, Volante and Sur La Terre.[16]

Publishing

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Qatar established a foothold in the publications market with the founding ofBloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishingin 2008.[2]Qatar Foundationceased its partnership withBloomsbury Publishingin 2015,[17]and created its own publishing house in its place under the nameHamad Bin Khalifa University Press.[18]Another Qatari book publisher, Katara Publishing House, was established in 2018.[19][20]

Qatar also holds annual book fairs to celebrate the new publications produced by the local publication companies. In the 30th annual Qatari International Book Fair there was a number of publishing companies that participated. Lusail Publishing House, Roza Publishing House are some of the new additions to the publication companies.[21]

Radio

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The evolution ofradio broadcastingin Qatar follows the broader trends in media development within the Arab world. Among the notable early Arab radio stations was the Egyptian stationSawt Al Arab,established in 1953, which played a significant role in promotingArab nationalismand anti-colonial sentiments, albeit experiencing credibility challenges during theSix-Day War.During the 1950s and 1960s, when residents of Qatar first acquired radio technology, most listened to Sawt Al Arab, and to a lesser extent, other Arabic-language radio stations suchRadio BahrainandKuwait Radio,both of which were established in the 1950s. On a small-scale level, the beginnings of radio broadcasting in Qatar can be traced back to rudimentary devices utilized byQatar Petroleumand schools in the 1960s for internal communication.[22]Qatar's first major foray into radio broadcasting commenced with the establishment ofQatar Radioon 25 June 1968, representing a collaborative effort between the Qatari government and the BritishMarconi Company.[23]

Emphasizing locally produced content, Qatar Radio prioritized programs reflecting Qatar's culture. The increasingly diverse demographics of Qatar led to specialized radio services catering to various linguistic demographics, exemplified by the establishment of Holy Quran Radio, English Program,UrduProgram and French Program, among others. The station, initially operating for two hours weekly, garnered a sizable audience before expanding its transmission to four hours. Sawt Al Khaleej Radio was established in 2002 and Sawt Al Rayyan Radio in 2007, both focusing on promoting regional music and folklore. A third radio station, Katara Radio, was inaugurated in 2014 and besides broadcasting programs on cultural practices and folk music of Qatar, it also produces programs on theArabic languageand Islamic history.[22]

Previously, all radio programs in the country were state-owned and are amalgamated as theQatar Broadcasting Service,[24]but since 2020, the government has granted licenses to private radio stations.[22]In a bid to enhance diversity and accommodate Qatar's multicultural populace, in 2020 the government granted licenses for private radio stations in various languages. These private initiatives, such as "Malayalam," "Snow," "One," and "Olive," catered to specific linguistic communities, such asMalayalamandHindi.[22]These stations were first announced in 2017.[25]

Television

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Main article:Television in Qatar
Al Jazeera Englishnewsroom

The first television station in Qatar wasQatar TV.[26][27]It began producing and transmitting its own programmes in 1970, with color transmission since 1974.[28]It had a monopoly on television audience until 1993, when Qatar Cablevision began broadcasting satellite channels. Despite the broadening of television offerings, Qatar TV remains popular amongst locals.[29]The first news network was theQatar News Agency,which was launched in 1975.[30]In May 1977, theQatar General Broadcasting and Television Corporationwas founded.[31]

The logo of Bein Sport, which is a global sports network.

Al Jazeera,currently Qatar's largest television network, was founded in 1996.[32]Initially launched as an Arabic news andcurrent affairssatellite TV channel, Al Jazeera has since expanded into a network with several outlets, including the internet andspecialtyTV channelsin multiple languages. It is accessible in several world regions. The network is a Private Foundation for Public Benefit under Qatari law, receiving its funding from the Qatari government but operating independently.[33][34]

beIN Sports,a global network of sports channels, was launched in 2012.[35]It is an affiliate ofAl Jazeera Media Network.It currently operates three channels in France – beIN Sport 1, beIN Sport 2 and beIN Sport MAX – and launched two channels in the United States in August 2012.[36]

During the2011 AFC Asian Cup,theAl-Kass Sports Channelset a world record when it deployed 51 different cameras in a broadcast of a single match.[37]

Motion pictures

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Main article:Cinema of Qatar

Qatar's modern film industry was conceived in 2009.[38]From then onwards, there have been efforts to develop a sustainable film industry in the country and in the region,[39]such as the organization and hosting of theDoha Tribeca Film Festival[40]from 2009 to 2012, which formed a partnership with the American-basedTribeca Film Festival.[41]

In 2010, Khalifa al-Muraikhi released Qatar's first full-length film,Clockwise.[42]The film is a documentary on 'fijri', a genre of Arabic music performed during pearl trips, and was premiered in Doha during the celebration ceremony for the city's successful nomination for the 'Arab Capital of Culture'.[38]

TheDoha Film Institutewas launched in 2010[43]with the aim of developing a film industry with strong links to the international film community.[44]DFI is credited as a production company on several films, including the co-production ofBlack Gold;[41]The Reluctant Fundamentalist,directed byMira Nair,which was the opening film in the69th Venice International Film Festival;[45][46]andKanye West'sCruel Summer,ashort filmshot in Doha which premiered during the2012 Cannes Film Festival.[47]

Innovations Films have been credited by the DFI as being one of the leading film production companies in the country.[48]

Some observers in the Arab art scene have criticized the Qatari film industry, claiming that they feature more foreign films than regional ones, and view it as more of a platform to put the country's film industry on the map rather than a means to support regional talents.[39]

Internet

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Main article:Internet in Qatar
Aninternet caféinAl Khor

Internet services have been available in Qatar since 1997.[49]Statistics released by theInternational Telecommunication Unionreveal that as of 2012, 88% of the population is connected to the internet. Internet usage has drastically increased from 2000, when it was 5%.[50]All of the major newspaper publications have online websites.[51]Al Jazeera's English website was launched in 2003 at the beginning of theIraq War.It has been the subject of numerous cyber attacks.[52]The Facebook page for global-facing media outlet AJ+ has obtained over ten million 'likes' as of April 2018.

In 2007 Qatar was the second most connected country in the Arab region.[53]Qatar's internet penetration rate grew from 6% in 2001 to 37% in 2007 to 86% in 2011.[54]From 2013 until 2016, internet penetration in Qatar grew 12%, leaving it at 93%.[55]

In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Qatar is the highest ranked Middle Eastern country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies.[56]Qatar ranked number 23 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from 2013.[57]

Media censorship

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Prior to 1995, there were severe restrictions in regards to the disposition of information that journalists were permitted to report. The censorship of local media was formally lifted after SheikhHamad bin Khalifa Al Thanideposed his father in July 1995, when a few weeks after the deposition, he withdrew censors from local newspapers.[6]Further restrictions were lifted in 1996 when he abolished theinformation ministryand its censorship office. The information ministry was later replaced with a government-owned corporation.[6]

The 1979 Prints and Publications Law, which imposes many restrictions on the freedom of the press, remained in effect despite the other reforms made by Sheikh Hamad.[58]Article 46 of the press law outlaws criticism of the Emir. It declares, “The Emir of the state of Qatar shall not be criticized and no statement can be attributed to him unless under a written permission from the manager of his office.”[58]As a result, journalists practiceself-censorship,particularly in regards to theruling family.[59]They are also subject to prosecution for insultingIslam.[60]IREXreports that newspapers and radio programmes possess a wider margin of freedom than the official news media.[10]

Internet service is monitored by the government, which censors pornography and other materials deemed inappropriate.[59]The customs and the censorship office in the Qatar General Broadcasting and Television Corporation monitor imported foreign broadcasting for sensitive content.[61]

In 2014, aCybercrimePrevention Law was passed,[62]threatening to punish anyone who violates social values by publishing information regarding the private or family life of an individual, even if the information is accurate. If convicted, a perpetrator can face up to a year in prison and a fine of QR 100,000.[63]The law also stipulates that anyone found guilty of publishing false news which could jeopardize the safety of the state could face a maximum 1-year prison sentence and QR 250,000 fine, while anyone who is found guilty of publishing false news with the aim of destabilizing national security may face up to a three-year prison sentence and a fine of QR 500,000.[63]The Gulf Center for Human Rights has stated that the law is a threat to freedom of speech and has called for certain articles of the law to be revoked.[64]

Initiatives to alleviate media censorship

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In 2008, Qatar was the only country which abstained from signing the Arab Satellite Charter, a proposal intended to regulate and control satellite TV stations.[65]AFPreported that Qatar abstained from signing the charter for legal reasons.[66]

TheDoha Centre for Media Freedomwas established in December 2007[67]with the aim of promoting media freedom throughout the region.[68]Robert Ménard,a founder ofReporters Without Borders,was appointed as the director-general of the organization in April 2008. He resigned in July 2009 over a dispute with the Qatari authorities, whom he accuses of restricting the centre's freedom of speech.[69][70]

See also

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References

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  2. ^abcThe Report: Qatar 2010.Oxford Business Group. 2010. p. 237.ISBN9781907065446.
  3. ^Hugh Miles (1 July 2017)."Al-Jazeera, insurgent TV station that divides the Arab world, faces closure".The Guardian.Retrieved12 January2018.
  4. ^Club, National Press."National Press Club Declares Support For Al Jazeera".prnewswire(Press release).Retrieved2023-07-15.
  5. ^Martin, Shannon E.; Copeland, David A. (2003).The Function of Newspapers in Society: A Global Perspective.Praeger. p. 24.ISBN978-0275973988.
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  36. ^Al Jazeera to Kick Off Pair of Soccer Channels in U.S. this AugustBleacher Report,2 June 2012
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  43. ^"Qatar's H.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa Launches the Doha Film Institute".Doha Film Institute.Retrieved2023-01-27.
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  55. ^"Media Use in the Middle East"(PDF).2016. p. 29. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-10-05.Retrieved2017-11-16.
  56. ^"Qatar – Network Readiness Index".networkreadinessindex.org.Retrieved2023-02-01.
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  58. ^abRoth, Richard J. (8 May 2013)."Awaiting a Modern Press Law in Qatar".NY Times.Retrieved19 January2015.
  59. ^abBlanchard, Christoper (2014).Qatar: Background and U.S. Relations.Congressional Research Service. p. 17.ISBN9781437987089.
  60. ^"Qatar Freedom of the Press".freedomhouse.org.Retrieved19 January2015.
  61. ^Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2013).Al Jazeera and the Global Media Landscape: The South is Talking Back.Routledge. p. 38.ISBN978-0415814430.
  62. ^Kovessy, Peter (2014-09-16)."Qatar's Emir signs new cybercrime legislation into law".Doha News | Qatar.Retrieved2023-02-01.
  63. ^ab"New cybercrime law could have serious consequences for press freedom in Qatar".cpj.org. 27 September 2014.Retrieved19 January2015.
  64. ^"Qatar: New Cyber Crime Law poses real threat to Freedom of Expression".gc4hr.org. 17 September 2014.Retrieved19 January2015.
  65. ^Qarjouli, Asmahan (2021-05-03)."Press freedom in Qatar: Where does it stand?".Doha News | Qatar.Retrieved2023-02-01.
  66. ^"Arab governments move to restrict satellite TV".cpj.org. 15 February 2008.Retrieved19 January2015.
  67. ^"Robert Ménard and staff leave Doha Centre for Media Freedom | RSF".rsf.org.Retrieved2023-02-01.
  68. ^Kadhim, Abbas (2013).Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook.Routledge. p. 264.ISBN978-1857435849.
  69. ^"Robert Ménard and staff leave Doha Centre For Media Freedom".rsf.org. 23 June 2009.Retrieved19 January2015.
  70. ^"US embassy cables: Qatari claims to support free press 'undermined by manipulation of al-Jazeera'".the Guardian.2010-12-05.Retrieved2023-02-01.
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