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Rags to riches

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeRags to riches (disambiguation).

Poster for a "rags to riches" ball

Rags to riches(alsorags-to-riches) refers to any situation in which a person rises frompovertytowealth,and in some cases from absolute obscurity to heights of fame, fortune andcelebrity—sometimes instantly. This is a commonarchetypeinliteratureandpopular culture,such as the writings ofHoratio Alger, Jr.

Pre-20th-century fictional examples[edit]

Historical examples[edit]

Pre-modern and modern times[edit]

Thousands of people have risen from poverty to riches; some are:

  • Pryce Pryce-Jones- left school at 12 and formed the firstmail ordercompany in 1861, with the BBC calling it an extraordinary rags to riches story.[1]
  • Michael Schumacher- Was born and raised as bricklayer's son but went on to become a 7 times F1 world champion and holds the record for the most F1 world titles won by any F1 driver.
  • Bette Midler- Was born and raised in Hawaii by her mother Ruth and her father Fred, a house painter.
  • Jim Rohn- (author and motivational speaker).
  • Cardi B- Was born in Manhattan. Lived mostly with her grandmother. Joined theBloodsat 16 and became astripperat 19. Went on to become one of the most successful female rappers in the world and has the most number-one singles on theBillboardHot 100 among female rappers (5 number-ones).
  • Giannis Antetokounmpo- Born inAthens, Greeceto parents fromNigeria.As a child growing up in theSepolianeighborhood of Athens, his father had a tough time finding work, so he helped his family by hawking watches, handbags, and sunglasses in the streets. He started playing basketball in 2007 and joinedEFAO Zografou B.C.in theGreek B Basket League.After racking up several impressive individual accolades, he was selected 15th overall by theMilwaukee Bucksin the2013 NBA draft.In his first season in the NBA, he was named to theNBA All-Rookie Team.Since then, he has earned several honors, including being named to the NBA All-Star game five times, and winning the league MVP award twice. In 2021, he led the Bucks to their first NBA Championship in 50 years, scoring 50 points in the clinching game. He also was named NBA Finals MVP.
  • Cher- Was born inCaliforniato a truck driver with gambling problems and a mother who was an occasional model. Her parents divorced when she was 10 months old. She went on to become the "goddess of pop."
  • Cuauhtémoc Blanco- born inMexico City,in the district ofTlatilco,but grew up inTepito,one of the most poor sectors of the Mexican capital. He grew up in poverty, raised by his single mother who eventually re-married. Blanco came to be one of the greatest Mexican footballers of all time,[2][3][4][5]as well as one of the best penalty takers of all time.[6]After football, Blanco became a politician and he is the currentGovernor of Morelosunder the coalitionJuntos Haremos Historia.
  • Bas & Aad van Toor- Born shortly before and during World War II, the Van Toor brothers came from a poor labourers family in the Netherlands. Their home was damaged during theGerman bombing of Rotterdamand the brothers' father died inPraguefrom harsh conditions duringforced labour.[7]After the war, the brothers and their mother lived in extreme poverty. After working an odd number of jobs, the brothers created their own acrobat act, with which they toured all over the world. Between 1976 and 1994, the brothers wrote, directed and shot a successful children's television series based on their alter egosBassie & Adriaanand owned their own circus, which turned them into multi-millionaires.[8]They are praised for their self-made success and rigid management techniques.[9]
  • Susan Boyle- Prior to her audition onBritain's Got Talent,Boyle was a single, never married woman living alone with her pet cat, Pebbles. She cared for her elderly mother, Bridget, until her death in 2007 at the age of 91. Boyle was a member of her local church choir and performed regularly at church events and local talent shows. When she appeared on the BGT stage, Boyle was met with skepticism and cynicism, with many in the audience jeering or rolling their eyes. When she began to sing, Boyle shocked everyone with her powerhouse voice. JudgePiers Morgansaid it was "the biggest surprise I have had in three years in this show". Amanda Holden summed up her critique by calling it the "biggest wake-up call ever". Show creator/producerSimon Cowellcalled Boyle "a little tiger". Despite an overwhelming positive response from the public, dance troupeDiversitywere named the winners ofseries 3,making Boyle runner-up. Boyle went on to worldwide acclaim and success.
  • Conor McGregor– Was living onIreland's social welfare before hisUFCdebut. Since then, McGregor became one of the most prominent MMA fighters and the highest-paid athletes.
  • Floyd Mayweather Jr.- His mother was a heroin addict and his father was a boxer who was eventually incarcerated. His family was poor and sometimes did not even have electricity. For much of his childhood, he was raised by his grandmother. Eventually, he became one of the highest-rated boxers of all time and is known for his extravagant spending habits.
  • Axl Rose- Born inLafayette, Indianato a poor and very religious family, as a child he sang in a trio with his brother and sister. Being very shy at school, following the discovery of his true family origins, Rose became the local juvenile delinquent in Lafayette; he was arrested more than 20 times on charges such as public intoxication and battery, and served jail terms up to three months. After Lafayette authorities threatened to charge him as a habitual criminal, Rose moved to Los Angeles, California, in December 1982 following his school friend Izzy Stradlin; they used to live together in very cheap and dirty rooms around LA before signing with Geffen Records in 1986.
  • Roman Abramovich
  • Alexis Sánchez
  • Joan Crawfordcame from a damaged, impoverished, single-mother family and was partly raised in a laundry. She also had to undertake a work scholarship to receive an education as a child.
  • Sheldon Adelson
  • Dhirubhai Ambani[10]
  • AJ Styles
  • Charles Bronsonwas born from a poor coal-mining family of Lithuanian descent; he began working at the coal mines from the age of 10 after his father's death; his family was so poor that, at one time, he had to wear his sister's dress to school for lack of clothing. Grew up to become one of the greatest film actors during theGolden Age of Hollywood.
  • Ursula Burns– Raised by herPanamanian-immigrant single mother in theBaruch Houses,aNew York Citypublic housing project. She became theCEO(July 2009 – December 2016) andChairwoman(May 2010 – present) ofXerox,aFortune 500company.[11]
  • Andrew Carnegie(Industrialist)[11]
  • Jim Carrey[11]
  • Ben Carson
  • Jason Kay– Before he became the lead singer ofJamiroquai,Kay had lived on the streets as a teenager and was even stabbed. Jamiroquai went on to be one of the most successful bands of all time, selling 26 million albums during Kay's career.
  • Sean Connery– Worked as amilkmanbefore joining theRoyal Navybut was laterdischargeddue to aduodenalulcer.Afterward, he worked as, among other things, a lorry driver, a lifeguard, a laborer, anartist's modelfor theEdinburgh College of Art,and a coffinpolisher.He began his acting career while working backstage at theKing's Theatrewhere he had secured several minor roles, but was still struggling to make ends meet. He was then forced to accept a part-time job as a babysitter. Connery'sbreakthroughcame in the role of British secret agentJames Bond,which began his successful acting career. In July 2000, he wasknightedbyQueen Elizabeth II.
  • Coco Chanel
  • Charlie Chaplin
  • Chow Yun-fat– Born and raised in a farming community onLamma Island,Hong Kong.His family's house had no electricity. During mornings, he helped his mother sell herbal jelly and Hakka tea pudding on the streets; during afternoons he worked in the fields. At age seventeen, he left school to help support the family by doing odd jobs including hotel porter, postman, camera salesman, and taxi driver. Eventually, he became one of the most well-known and highest-earning actors in Hong Kong.
  • Eminem– Grew up in a working-class neighborhood inDetroit.Hedropped outof high school at age 17 and worked at several jobs to help his mother pay the bills, but she often threw him out of the house. He eventually had a successful rap career, becoming one of theworld's best-selling music artists.
  • Chris Gardner– Lived in foster care with his sisters after their mother was imprisoned. Worked as a research lab assistant after serving in theU.S. Navy.He also became a medical equipment salesman. He gained a position inDean Witter Reynolds' stock brokerage training program but did not have a salary. For a time, Gardner and his son were homeless. They ate insoup kitchensand slept in his office after hours, at flophouses, motels, parks, airports, on public transport, and at theGlide Memorial United Methodist Church's shelter for homeless women. He eventually establishedGardner Rich & Co.Gardner's memoir,The Pursuit of Happyness,was published in May 2006. The 2006 filmThe Pursuit of Happyness,starringWill Smith,is based on his memoirs.
  • John Gokongwei– He was 13 years old when his father died. He supported his family by peddling items along the streets ofCebuon his bicycle. From the age of 17 to 19, he traded using a wooden boat, shipping items toLucenaby sea, and then toManilaby truck. He was one of the richestFilipinos.His business assets included:Universal Robina,Cebu Pacific,JG Summit Holdings,andRobinsons Malls.
  • Jimi Hendrix
  • Zlatan Ibrahimović– Grew up inRosengård,a poor suburb ofMalmö.[12]He eventually became one of the highest-paidfootballplayers in the world. He is the all-time leading goalscorer forSweden.
  • Mahalia Jackson
  • Michael Jackson– Grew up in a working-class family inGary, Indianain a two-bedroom house with nine siblings and his parents. His mother was a stay-at-home mom who had dreams of being an aspiring country singer who played the piano and the clarinet, while his father, a crane operator forInland Steel Companyhad hopes of making it big through bo xing or singing with his band The Falcons. He started playing withThe Jackson 5in 1964 when he was five years old and then became one of the planet's biggest stars.
  • LeBron James– Born to a 16-year-old single mother, his childhood was spent moving from apartment to apartment in the sordid neighborhoods ofAkron, Ohiowhile his mother struggled to find a steady job. He grew up to have a successful career in theNBA,with four championships (2012, 2013, 2016, 2020). He is theCleveland Cavaliers' all-time leading scorer. He also won twoOlympicgold medals for theUnited States National Basketball Team.He is currently one of the world's highest-paid athletes.
  • Jewel– Grew up in a house that lacked indoor plumbing and had only a simpleouthouse.Early in her music career, she lived in her car while traveling around the United States doing street performances and small gigs.
  • Li Ka-Shing(businessman)[11]
  • Jan Koum(technology entrepreneur)
  • Ralph Lauren(fashion designer)[11]
  • Stan Lee– His father was a dress cutter who worked only sporadically after theGreat Depression.By the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in a third-floor one-bedroom apartment where he shared the bedroom with his brother while his parents slept on a foldout couch. In his youth, he worked part-time jobs such as writing obituaries and press releases, delivering sandwiches, running office errands,usheringat a theater, and selling newspaper subscriptions. He went on to createSpider-Man,the Hulk,Doctor Strange,theFantastic Four,Iron Man,Daredevil,Thor,theX-Men,and many other fictional characters.
  • David Letterman
  • Martin W. Littleton(lawyer)[13]
  • Jack London- At age 14, he was working 12 to 18 hours a day in a cannery. He was also anoyster pirate,seal hunter,jute millworker, and coal heaver before becoming a vagrant. At the age of 21, due to financial circumstances, hedropped outfromUC Berkeleyand joined theKlondike Gold Rush.He eventually had a successful writing career; his most famous works areThe Call of the WildandWhite Fang.
  • Diego Maradona- Grew up in a shantytown on the outskirts ofBuenos Aires.He went on to leadArgentinato victory in the1986 FIFA World Cupwhere he also won theGolden Ballas the tournament's best player. He is also the first player in football history to set theworld record transfer feetwice, first when he transferred toFC Barcelonafor a then world record £5 million, and second, when he transferred toS.S.C. Napolifor another record fee £6.9 million. He was named the FIFA Co-Player of the 20th Century, an honor he shares withPelé.
  • George R. R. Martin– Early in his writing career, he "wasn't making enough money to stay alive". He went on to write the international bestselling series of epic fantasy novels,A Song of Ice and Fire,which was later adapted into theHBOtelevision seriesGame of Thrones.
  • Isko Moreno– Born and raised in theslumsofTondo, Manila,Philippinesto astevedorefather andlaundrywomanmother. Moreno spent most of his childhood finding alternative sources of income for his family by working as ascrapandgarbage collector,and driving apassenger pedicab.He also used to rummage through restaurant garbage bins for leftover food (colloquially calledpagpagin the Philippines), which his mother would recook for dinner. Moreno rose to prominence when he was discovered by a talent scout while attending a funeral and was then persuaded to joinshow business.He achieved average success as an actor for five years before entering politics. He was subsequently elected ascouncilor,vice mayor,andmayorin the City ofManila,the Philippines' capital country, which elevated him to further prominence. Moreno has since received several awards in his political career.
  • Liz Murray(motivational speaker)
  • Benito Mussolini
  • Adolf Hitler- Coming from a poor family and having difficulties at school, he lost his parents at an early age and had to live in beggars' shelters years before starting his political career and becoming Führer of the Third Reich.
  • Trevor Noah- Born inApartheid-era South Africa to a BlackXhosamother and a White father fromSwitzerland.He had a poor upbringing inSoweto,just outside ofJohannesburg.His challenges included not having indoor plumbing in his childhood home, separation from his biological father due to Apartheid, and having an abusive, alcoholic stepfather. At the age of 18, he landed a starring role on the South African soap operaIsidingo.He later became an accomplished stand-up comedian, releasing numerous specials. In the fall of 2015, he took over forJon Stewartand became the host ofThe Daily Show,a position he held until 2022.
  • Manny Pacquiao–Dropped outof high school and left home at age 14 due to extreme poverty. For a time, he lived on the streets ofManila.He eventually became the first and onlyeight-division world championinprofessional bo xingand one of the highest-paid athletes in the world.
  • Sarah Jessica Parker(actress)[11]
  • Arnel Pineda– His mother suffered from heart disease and died when he was 13 years old, leaving their family in debt. Pineda then quit school and started working. He spent about two years on the streets, collecting glass bottles, newspapers, and scrap metal and selling them toRecyclers.He also took odd jobs like cleaning scrap metal and docking ships. He didn't have much to eat, sometimes rationing a small package ofMarie biscuitas food for two days. When Pineda was 15 years old, he became the lead singer of the Filipino group Ijos which began his music career. In 2007, he was recruited to become the new lead singer of the American rock bandJourney.
  • Chris Pratt–Dropped outof community college halfway through the first semester and, after working as a discount ticket salesman and daytimestripper,he ended up homeless inMaui,Hawaii,sleeping in a van and a tent on the beach. He was working at theBubba Gump Shrimp Companyrestaurant in Maui when he was offered his first film role which then led to a successful film career.
  • Jim Jones- He grew up with neglectful parents in a shack that lacked plumbing and electricity. His family often depended on the financial support of relatives. In 1954 he foundedhis churchand by the mid-1970s he had amassed a large fortune and had established aninternational community.
  • Elvis Presley- Elvis was born inMississippiand moved toMemphis.His family was so poor that his dad was arrested for a bad $4 check. At age 19, he became a megastar with his recording of 'That's All Right'. He went on to sell over 250 million albums, with 19 no. 1 hits and 115 top 40 hits. He won three Grammies and starred in 31 movies.
  • Dennis Rodman– His father left the family when he was young, forcing his mother to work odd jobs (up to four at the same time) to support them. Rodman grew up inOak Cliff,one of the most impoverished areas ofDallasat the time. After high school, he worked as a janitor atDallas Fort Worth International Airport.He eventually had a successful career in theNBA,with five championships (1989, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998). He alsoled the NBA in rebounds per gamefor seven consecutive years (1991–1998). In 2011, he was inducted into theBasketball Hall of Fame.
  • Cristiano Ronaldo– His mother was a cook while his father was a gardener. He grew up in poverty and shared a room with his three elder siblings. He subsequently became one of the world's best-paid and most famous athletes. He is the all-time leading goalscorer for bothReal MadridandPortugal.
  • J. K. Rowling– Was an unemployed single mother living on welfare benefits. She described her economic status as being "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless." She found success after writing theHarry Potternovels, which have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold over 400 million copies. She is the United Kingdom's best-selling living author and one of the richest people in the country.
  • Colonel Sanders– When he was 10, he began to work as a farmhand. He also worked as a horse carriage painter,streetcarconductor,teamsterfor theUnited States Army,blacksmith's helper,steam engine stoker,insurance & tire salesman,filling stationoperator, and secretary before foundingKFC.
  • Irina Shayk– Her father was a coal miner who died when she was 14. Her mother was forced to work two jobs to provide for the family. Shayk became a successful and internationally recognizedmodel.
  • Luis Suárez– Developed his football skills on the streets ofMontevideowhile he worked as astreet sweeper.He subsequently became one of the world's bestfootballers,winning numerous awards includingDutch Footballer of the Year,Premier League Golden Boot,PFA Players' Player of the Year,FWA Footballer of the Year,Copa América Best Player,andEuropean Golden Shoe.He is the record goalscorer forUruguay.In July 2014, he moved fromLiverpool F.C.toFC Barcelonafor a fee of £64.98 million, making him one of the most expensive players in football history.
  • Alan Sugar
  • Henry Sy– Born to a poor family inFu gian province,Chinaand migrated to thePhilippineswhen he was 12 years old. His parents owned a smallsari-sari storewhere the family slept at night.[14]In 1958, he established a small shoe store in Manila which became the first of hisSM Supermalls.He eventually became one of the richest people in the Philippines.
  • Lucio Tan– Worked as a janitor at a tobacco factory to pay his school fees. He is now one of the richestFilipinos.His business assets include:Philippine Airlines,University of the East,Philippine National Bank,Asia Brewery,andTanduay.
  • Danny Trejo(rags:former California prison inmate –riches:Actor)
  • Shania Twain– Her parents earned little money and food was often scarce in their household. She eventually had a successful singing career, becoming one of the best-selling music artists of all time.
  • John D. Rockefeller(businessman)[11]
  • Cornelius Vanderbilt–Dropped outof school at the age of 11. At the age of 16, he began his business of ferrying freight and passengers betweenStaten IslandandManhattan.He went on to build his wealth in the railroad and shipping industries, becoming one of the richest Americans in history.
  • Madam C. J. Walker– She was an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is recorded as the first female self-made millionaire in America in theGuinness Book of World Records.
  • Manny Villar– Born and raised in a tiny rented apartment inTondo,the impoverished, densely populated, and gang-infested slum district ofManila.His father was acivil servantwhile his mother was afishmonger.At age 6, he began helping his mother sell fish and shrimp to support the family; this forced him to temporarily stop schooling. He worked part-time while attending theUniversity of the Philippines Diliman,where he earned a degree inbusiness administrationandaccountancy.After resigning from his first job, he established a seafood delivery business, which eventually failed. With a capital of ₱10,000, he started a sand-and-gravel business which evolved into Camella Homes, the Philippines' largest homebuilding company. He was also a politician, serving asrepresentativeforLas Piñas(1992–2001), and asSpeaker of the Houseduring his third term in congress (1998–2000). He also served assenator(2001–2013) andSenate President(2006–2008). He was a candidate in the2010 Philippine presidential electionbut lost toBenigno Aquino III.In 2014,Forbesranked him as the 14th-wealthiest person in the Philippines, with a net worth ofUS$1.460 billion.
  • MrBeast- Schooldropped outofEast Carolina Universityto pursue aYouTubecareer becoming known as the "biggest philanthropist".[15]
  • Natalia Vodianova(supermodel, entrepreneur, philanthropist)
  • Oprah Winfrey[11]– Her mother was a formermaid,and her father a formercoalminerandbarber.[16]She has a totalwealth,estimated byForbes magazine(true on 6 December 2015) as, net-worth 3.2. billion dollars.[17]
  • Ronnie Wood(English rock musician)
  • Victoria Woodhull(political activist and first female candidate for the US presidency)
  • Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay- He was born into a poor Brahmin family and his financial condition deteriorated until rising to literary fame.
  • Charlie Soong
  • Sam Walton
  • Rihanna- She grew up in a three-bedroom bungalow inBridgetownand sold clothes with her father in a stall on the street.
  • Steve Harvey- Was homeless and stayed in a 1976 Ford for three years.[18][19]He became the host ofFamily Feudandits celebrityandAfrican counterparts;the longtime host ofShowtime at the Apollo;authoredAct Like a Lady, Think Like a Man;hasa radio show;and won sevenDaytime Emmy Awards,twoNAB Marconi Radio Awards,and fourteenNAACP Image Awards.

Use in art and media[edit]

TV and films[edit]

Music[edit]

Print[edit]

  • Rags to Riches,a comic book byFour Color ComicsEdition #356
  • Rags to Riches,a 1981 romance novel by Joanne Kaye (Rachel Cosgrove Payes)
  • The Rise of David Levinsky[22]has been described as "the first American novel to chronicle the Jewish American immigrant experience at the end of the 19th century:"[23]"arrived.. with four cents in my pocket" to "worth more than two million dollars."[24]

Sport[edit]

See also:Cinderella (sports)
  • A term used in many team sports when a team goes from a poor finishing position one season to a strong finishing position the following season.[25]It also refers to a player who unexpectedly performs well. For example, NFL quarterbackKurt Warnerwent undrafted by any team in the 1994 NFL draft, Warner signed on with theGreen Bay Packersand was cut from the team. After his dismissal from the Packers, Warner stocked shelves at an Iowa grocery store. Warner later played arena football and with NFL Europe teamAmsterdam Admirals.As a backup to startingSt. Louis Ramsquarterback Trent Green in the1999 NFL season,the Rams went 13-3 in the regular season earning a spot in the playoffs. Warner played an instrumental part in the team winningSuper Bowl XXXIVand went on to have a long career in pro football, making two more Super Bowl appearances and being inducted into thePro Football Hall of Fame.

Video gaming[edit]

Criticism[edit]

The concept of "rags to riches" has been criticized by socialreformers,anti-capitalists,revolutionaries,essayists,andstatisticians,who argue that only a handful of exceptionally capable and/or mainlyluckypersons can travel the "rags to riches" road, being the great publicity given to such cases causes a naturalsurvivorship biasillusion,[26]which help keep the masses of theworking classand theworking poorin line, preventing them from agitating for an overall collective change in the direction ofsocial equality.[27][28]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Peña, Manuel."American Mythologies"Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2012.ISBN9781409442745
  • Taleb, Nassim N."Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets"Random House2001ISBN0812975219
  • Weiss, Richard."The American Myth of Success: From Horatio Alger to Norman Vincent Peale"Basic Books, 1969.ISBN0252060431

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Shuttleworth, Peter (25 December 2020)."Christmas: The mail-order pioneer who started a billion-pound industry".BBC News.Retrieved8 August2021.
  2. ^"The decisive goal: Blanco bags Mexico's maiden title".FIFA.19 April 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 20 April 2017.Retrieved27 September2018.Cuauhtemoc Blanco Bravo is without doubt one of the finest players Mexico has ever produced
  3. ^"Cuauhtémoc Blanco – Los diez mejores futbolistas mexicanos de la historia"[Cuauhtémoc Blanco – The ten best Mexican footballers in history].Marca(in Spanish).
  4. ^Villegas Gama, Karla."Ranking the Best 20 Mexican Players of All Time".Bleacher Report.Retrieved1 August2018.
  5. ^Cleary, Stephen."Best Mexican Soccer Players of All Time".Cleats.Retrieved1 August2018.
  6. ^"The best penalty takers of all time".BARÇA NÚMEROS.27 March 2018.Retrieved27 July2018.According to this analysis and to the dataset we have used, Cuauhtémoc Blanco (71 scored out of 73 total penalties) is our best penalty taker. [...] Also, according to our results, we can say that Blanco is probably the best penalty taker in the world, but we cannot say that with absolute certainty. What we can say is that, from all the players we have considered and according to our methodology, Blanco has the highest probability of being better than the rest (around 66% probability that he is a better penalty taker than Alexander and Le Tissier (and so on).
  7. ^"Zo Ben Ik Groot Geworden: Bas van Toor".RTV Rijnmond.2 March 2016.
  8. ^van Sas, Edwin (4 April 2017)."We spraken Bas van Toor over gouden Rolexen, de klimaathoax en keihard werken voor je centen".VICE.
  9. ^van Kleef, Joost (31 October 2017)."De 8 slimme managementlessen van Bassie & Adriaan".Quotenet.
  10. ^i100 staff.article.published byThe Independent2014.Retrieved6 December2015.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^abcdefghHuffington Post (14 January 2013).article.published byHuffington Post14 January 2013.Retrieved6 December2015.
  12. ^Smith, Ben (10 September 2013)."Zlatan Ibrahimovic: From teenage outcast to world great".BBC Sport.Retrieved5 February2017.
  13. ^Crowell, Merle (December 1922)."The Amazing Story of Martin W. Littleton".The American Magazine.Springfield, Ohio:The Crowell Publishing Company. pp. 16, 78–88.Retrieved26 February2016.
  14. ^Flores, Wilson Lee (28 July 2010)."Why Henry Sy cried when he saw his father".The Philippine Star.Retrieved5 February2017.
  15. ^"Is MrBeast the world's most controversial YouTuber?".South China Morning Post.11 May 2021.Retrieved11 May2021.
  16. ^IMDb -bio[Retrieved 6 December 2015]
  17. ^Data-pagepublished byForbes magazine6 December 2015 [Retrieved 6 December 2015]
  18. ^"Inside Steve Harvey's Struggle with Homelessness".Peoplemag.Retrieved25 December2022.
  19. ^"Steve Harvey: I Was Homeless for Three Years".Peoplemag.Retrieved25 December2022.
  20. ^The Pursuit of Happyness - Rotten Tomatoes
  21. ^Suskin, Steven (2010).Show Tunes: The Songs, Shows, and Careers of Broadway's Major Composers(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 243.ISBN978-0-19-531407-6.
  22. ^an English language 1917 autobiography byThe Forward's Yiddish-language editor (1903-1946), Abraham Cahan (1860-1961), using an alter-ego with a variation of his name: Cahan/Kohenvs. Levinsky/Levi/Levite;Abraham becomes David
  23. ^Susan Kittner Huntting."The Rise of David Levinsky, by Abraham Cahan"... is considered to be the first American novel to chronicle the Jewish American immigrant experience at the end of the 19th century.
  24. ^from the book's opening page:Hilary Daninhirsch (4 February 2011)."The Rise of David Levinsky".The Jewish Chronicle.
  25. ^Roosters storm into NRL grand final - smh.au
  26. ^Taleb, 2001."Part II: Monkeys on typewriters; Survivorship and other Biases"
  27. ^Peña, 2012. Chapter 5"From Rags to Riches"
  28. ^Weiss, 1969. P.35

External links[edit]

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