Ramesses V

Ramesses V
Also written Ramses and Rameses
Obelisk of Ramesses V.Archaeological Museum of Bologna,KS 1884
Pharaoh
Reign	1149–1145 BC
Predecessor	Ramesses IV
Successor	Ramesses VI
Royal titulary Horus name Kanekhetmenmaat K3-nḫt-mn-m3ˁt Strong bull, whose Maat is permanent Golden Horus User-renput-mer-Atum Wsr-rnpwt-mr-Jtm Rich in years likeAtum Prenomen (Praenomen) Usermaatre Sekheperenre Wsr-m3ˁt-Rˁ-s-ḫpr-n-Rˁ Ra is rich inMaat,he who Ra has raised Nomen Ramesisu Imen(her)khepeschef Rˁ msj sw Jmn (ḥr) ḫpš.f Rais the one who created him;Amunis his force
Consort	HenutwatiandTawerettenru
Father	Ramesses IV
Mother	Duatentopet
Died	1145 BC
Burial	KV9;Mummy found in theKV35 royal cache(Theban Necropolis)
Dynasty	20th Dynasty

Usermaatre Sekheperenre Ramesses V(also writtenRamsesandRameses) was the fourthpharaohof theTwentieth Dynasty of Egyptand was the son ofRamesses IVandDuatentopet.His mummy is now on display at theNational Museum of Egyptian CivilizationinCairo.

Reign

Ramesses V's reign was characterized by the continued growth of the power of the priesthood ofAmun,which controlled much of thetempleland in the country and the state finances, at the expense of the ruling pharaohs. The Turin 1887papyrusrecords a financial scandal during Ramesses' reign that involved the priests ofElephantine.

Year 1

A period of domestic instability also afflicted his reign, as evidenced by the fact that, according to the Turin Papyrus Cat. 2044, the workmen ofDeir el-Medinaperiodically stopped work on Ramesses V'sKV9tomb in this king's first regnal year, out of fear of "the enemy",presumably Libyan raiding parties, who had reached the town ofPer-Nebyt and "burnt its people."Another incursion by these raiders into Thebes is recorded a few days later.This shows that the Egyptian state was having difficulties ensuring the security of its own elite tomb workers, let alone the general populace, during this troubled time.

Year 4

TheWilbour Papyrus,believed to date to Year 4 of Ramesses V's reign, was a major land survey and tax assessment document which covered various lands "extending from nearCrocodilopolis(Medinet el-Fayyum) southwards to a little short of the modern town of El-Minya, a distance of some 90 miles. "It reveals most of Egypt's land was controlled by the Amun temples, which also directed the country's finances. The document highlights the increasing power of the High Priest of AmunRamessesnakhtwhose son, a certain Usimare'nakhte, held the office of chief tax master.

Death

The circumstances of Ramesses V's death are unknown but it is known he had a reign of almost four full years.He died in his 4th Regnal Year around the time interval between the first and second month ofPeret

Burial

Anostraconrecords that this king was only buried in Year 2 ofRamesses VI,his successor, which was highly irregular since Egyptian tradition required a king to be mummified and buried precisely 70 days into the reign of his successor.

Ramesses V's mummified head.

However, another reason for the much delayed burial of Ramesses V in Year 2, second month ofAkhetday 1 of Ramesses VI's reign (see KRI, VI, 343) may have been connected with Ramesses VI's need "to clear out any Libyans [invaders] from Thebes and to provide a temporary tomb for Ramesses V until plans for a double burial within tomb KV9 could be put into effect."Moreover, a Theban work journal (P. Turin1923) dated to Year 2 of Ramesses VI's reign shows that a period of normality had returned to the Theban West Bank by this time.

Mummy

Themummyof Ramesses V was recovered in 1898 by Victor Loret in KV35.It was unwrapped and examined by G.E. Smith in 1905, and showed a body full of disease. Smith described him as a young man, Ikram and Dodson suggest he died in his early thirties.

Smallpox

One theory is that he may have suffered and subsequently died fromsmallpox,due to lesions found on his face. If true, he is thought to be one of the earliest known victims of the disease.

While a 2016 discovery has found that the shared ancestral form of modern smallpox dates back to 1580 AD, this study merely indicates that the strains of smallpox circulating at the time of smallpox eradication had a common ancestor in the late 16th century, specifically that "the VARV lineages eradicated during the 20th century had only been in existence for ~200 years, at a time of rapidly expanding human movement and population size in the face of increasingly widespread inoculation and vaccination." Indeed, they say merely about ancient cases of smallpox that "if they were indeed due to smallpox, these early cases were caused by virus lineages that were no longer circulating at the point of eradication in the 1970s."The advent of vaccination, or variolation in China and Japan during the middle ages, could have altered the relative presence of smallpox strains and diminished the presence of ancient strains.

A 2015 review summarizing recent research into the question of smallpox evolution and divergence from its common ancestors suggests it is most likely that smallpox evolved 3000–4000 years ago in East Africa or India, which is not inherently contradicted by the study describedthe latter of which contains descriptions of smallpox from before the first century AD at least. Finally, another genomic analysis places the evolution of smallpox at 16,000 years before present, and mentions Ramses V: "if the pustular eruption of Ramses V was from smallpox, it could represent a smallpox outbreak from imported cases... rather than regional endemic disease. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that only three mummies in that period had similar lesions."

Bubonic Plague

Another theory is bubons in his groin, usually associated with thebubonic plague.

Further reading

• A.J. Peden, Where did Ramesses VI bury his nephew?, GM 181 (2001), 83-88