Names of God in Islam
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Names of God in Islam(Arabic:أَسْمَاءُ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ,romanized:ʾasmāʾu llāhi l-ḥusnā,lit. 'Allah's Beautiful Names') are names that each containAttributes of God in Islam,[1][2][3][4][5][6]which are implied by the respective names.[7]
These names usually denote his praise, gratitude, commendation, glorification, magnification, perfect attributes, majestic qualities, and acts of wisdom, mercy, benefit, and justice from Allah, as believed by Muslims. These names are commonly called upon by Muslims duringprayers,supplications,andremembrance,as they hold significant spiritual and theological importance, serving as a means for Muslims to connect with God. Each name reflects a specific attribute of Allah and serves as a means for believers to understand and relate to the Divine.
Some names are known from either theQur’anor thehadith,while others can be found in both sources, although most are found in the Qur’an.[8]Additionally, Muslims also believe that there are more names of God besides those found in the Qur'an and hadith, and that God has kept knowledge of these names hidden with himself, and no one else knows them completely and fully except him.
List of names
[edit]TheQuranrefers to God'sMost Beautiful Names(al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusná) in several Surahs.[9]According to Islamic belief, the names of God must be established by evidence and direct reference in the Qur'an and hadiths (the concept oftawqif). Thus, it is impermissible (haram) for Muslims to give Allah names except with what has been mentioned in the Qur'an or in authentic Hadiths, according to SheikhAbd al-Muhsin al-Abbad,Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymin,and others, are as following Hadith:
الخافضُ، المعزُّ، المذِل، العَدْلُ، الجَلِيلُ، البَاعِثُ، المُحْصِي، المُبْدِئُ، المُعِيدُ، المُمِيتُ، الوَاجِدُ، المَاجِدُ، الوَالِي، المُقْسِط، المُغْنِي، المَانِعُ، الضَّارُّ، النَّافِعُ، البَاقِي، الرَّشِيدُ، الصَّبُور.
According toSahih al-BukhariHadith:[10]
Abu Hurairahreported that God has ninety-nine Names, i.e., one hundred minus one, and whoever believes in their meanings and acts accordingly, will enterParadise;and God is witr (one) and loves 'the witr' (i.e., odd numbers).
— Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 8, Book 75, Hadith 419
According toSahih MuslimHadith:[11]
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "God has ninety-nine Names, one-hundred less one; and he who memorized them all by heart will enter Paradise." To count something means to know it by heart.
— Sahih Bukhari, Vol. 9, Book 93, Hadith 489
Gerhard Böweringrefers to Surah 17(17:110)as thelocus classicusto which explicit lists of 99 names used to be attached intafsir.A cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets which are included in such lists is found in Surah 59.[12]
Different sources give different lists of the 99 names. The following list is based on the one found in theJamiʿ at-Tirmidhi(9th century), which is the most commonly known.[citation needed]Other hadiths, such as those ofal-Bukhari,Sahih Muslim,Ibn Majah,al-Hakim al-TirmidhiorIbn ʿAsākir,have variant lists. All attribute the original compilation of the list of names toAbu Hurairah.[citation needed]Various early Muslim exegetes, includingJaʿfar al-Sadiq,Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah,Ibn Hazm,al-Qurtubi,Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani,have given their own versions of lists of 99 names.
Pronunciation | ClassicalArabic
(Quranic/ classical written forms)[13] |
Romanization | Translation | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
اَلرَّحْمَـٰنِ | ar-Raḥmān | The Most Merciful (in major affairs)/[14]The Beneficent/ All-Compassionate/ Most Gracious/ | Quran: Beginning of everySurah(chapter) exceptone,and numerous other places. The firstAyah(verse) ofSurah ar-Raḥman(Surah 55) consists only of this name. | |
اَلرَّحِيْمُ | ar-Raḥīm | The Most Merciful/ Ever-Merciful/ Merciful/ Most Clement (in specific or detailed affairs).[14] | Quran: Beginning of every Surah exceptone,and numerous other places. | |
اَلْمَلِكُ | al-Malik | The King/ Lord/ Sovereign/ Dominion/ Master/Possessor of theThrone of God.[15]
[also means "the God/ Lord, the One and Only", "Possessor of Supreme Power or Authority" ] |
[Quran59:23] | |
اَلْقُدُّوسُ | al-Quddūs | TheHoly/ All-Holy/ All-Pure/ Sacred/ All-Sacred | [Quran62:1] | |
ٱلسَّلَامُ | as-Salām | The Giver of Peace/Peace/ All-Calm/ Ever-Tranquil | [Quran59:23] | |
ٱلْمُؤْمِنُ | al-Muʾmin | The Granter of Security/ the Giver/ Faith/ Supreme Believer (of Belief)/ Giver of Belief/ All-Assurer | [Quran59:23] | |
ٱلْمُهَيْمِنُ | al-Muhaymin | The Controller/ Absolute Authority Over All/ Guardian Over All/ Absolute Master/ Eternal Dominating | [Quran59:23] | |
ٱلْعَزِيزُ | al-ʿAzīz | The Exalted in Might and Power/ Exalted/ Powerful/ Almighty/ Mighty | [Quran3:6],[Quran4:158],[Quran9:40],[Quran48:7],[Quran59:23] | |
ٱلْجَبَّارُ | al-Jabbār | The Omnipotent/ Supreme Power/ Possessor of Having All Power/Strong | [Quran59:23] | |
ٱلْمُتَكَبِّرُ | al-Mutakabbir | The Possessor of Greatness/ Supreme/ Justly Proud | [Quran59:23] | |
ٱلْخَالِقُ | al-Khāliq | The Creator/ Creator of the Universe/ Maker/ True Originator/ Absolute Author | [Quran6:102],[Quran13:16],[Quran36:81],[Quran40:62],[Quran59:24] | |
ٱلْبَارِئُ | al-Bāriʾ | The Initiator/ Evolver/ Eternal Spirit Worshipped By All, Have Absolute Power Over All Matters, Nature and Events | [Quran59:24] | |
ٱلْمُصَوِّرُ | al-Muṣawwir | The Fashioner/ Shaper/ Designer/ Artist | [Quran59:24] | |
ٱلْغَفَّارُ | al-Ghaffār | The Repeatedly Forgiving/ Absolute Forgiver/ Pardoner/ Condoner
[He Who is Ready to Pardon and Forgive] |
[Quran38:66],[Quran39:5],[Quran40:42],[Quran71:10] | |
ٱلْقَهَّارُ | al-Qahhār | The Subduer/ Overcomer/ Conqueror/ Absolute Vanquisher
[Possessor of Who Subdues Evil and Oppression] |
12:39,13:16,14:48,38:65,39:4,40:16 | |
ٱلْوَهَّابُ | al-Wahhāb | The Absolute Bestower/ Giver/ Grantor/ Great Donor | 38:9,38:35 | |
ٱلرَّزَّاقُ | ar-Razzāq | The Provider/ Sustainer/ Bestower of Sustenance/ All-Provider | 51:58 | |
ٱلْفَتَّاحُ | al-Fattāḥ | The Opener/ Opener of the Gates of Profits/ Reliever/ The Victory Giver | 34:26 | |
ٱلْعَلِيمُ | al-ʿAlīm | The Knowing/ All-Knower/ Omniscient/ All-Knowledgeable/ Possessor of Knowing Much of Ever Thing/ All-Knowing | 2:158,3:92,4:35,24:41,33:40 | |
ٱلْقَابِضُ | al-Qābiḍ | The Restrainer/ Withholder/ Straightener/ Absolute Seizer | 2:245 | |
ٱلْبَاسِطُ | al-Bāsiṭ | The Extender/ Expander/ Generous Provider | 2:245 | |
ٱلْخَافِضُ | al-Khāfiḍ | The Abaser/ Humiliator/ Downgrader [Possessor of Giving Comfort, Free from Pain Anxiety or Troubles] | 56:3;al-Kafʿamī (1992:38) | |
ٱلرَّافِعُ | ar-Rāfiʿ | The Exalter/ Upgrader [of Ranks] | 58:11,6:83 | |
ٱلْمُعِزُّ | al-Muʿizz | The Giver of Honor/ Bestower of Honor/ Empowerer | 3:26 | |
ٱلْمُذِلُّ | al-Muḏill | The Giver of Dishonor/ the Giver of Disgrace | 3:26 | |
ٱلسَّمِيعُ | as-Samīʿ | The Hearing/ All-Hearing/ Hearer of Invocation | 2:127,2:256,8:17,49:1 | |
ٱلْبَصِيرُ | al-Baṣīr | The All-Seeing/ All-Seer/ Ever-Clairvoyant/ Clear-Sighted/ Clear-Seeing | 4:58,17:1,42:11,42:27 | |
ٱلْحَكَمُ | al-Ḥakam | The Judge/ Arbitrator/ Arbiter/ All-Decree/ Possessor of Authority of Decisions and Judgment | 22:69 | |
ٱلْعَدْلُ | al-ʿAdl | The Just/ Authorized and Straightforward Judge of Dealing Justly | Not Quranic, see al-Kafʿamī (1992:40) | |
ٱللَّطِيفُ | al-Laṭīf | The Gentle/ Benignant/ Subtly Kind/ All-Subtle | 22:63,31:16,33:34 | |
ٱلْخَبِيرُ | al-Khabīr | The All-Aware/ Well-Acquainted/ Ever-Adept | 6:18,17:30,49:13,59:18 | |
ٱلْحَلِيمُ | al-Ḥalīm | The Forbearing/ Indulgent/ Oft Forbearing/ All-Enduring | 2:235,17:44,22:59,35:41 | |
ٱلْعَظِيمُ | al-ʿAẓīm | The Most Great/ Ever-Magnificent/ Most Supreme/ Exalted/ Absolute Dignified | 2:255,42:4,56:96 | |
ٱلْغَفُورُ | al-Ghafūr | The Ever-Forgiving/ Oft-Forgiving | 2:173,8:69,16:110,41:32 | |
ٱلشَّكُورُ | ash-Shakūr | The Grateful/ Appreciative/ Multiplier of Rewards | 35:30,35:34,42:23,64:17 | |
ٱلْعَلِيُّ | al-ʿAliyy | The Sublime/ Ever-Exalted/ Supreme/ Most High/ Most Lofty | 4:34,31:30,42:4,42:5134:23 | |
ٱلْكَبِيرُ | al-Kabīr | The Great/ Ever-Great/ Grand/ Most Great/ Greatly Abundant of Extent, Capacity and Importance | 13:9,22:62,31:30,34:23 | |
ٱلْحَفِيظُ | al-Ḥafīz | The Preserver/ Ever-Preserving/ All-Watching/ Protector/ Guardian/ Oft-Conservator | 11:57,34:21,42:6 | |
ٱلْمُقِيتُ | al-Muqīt | The Nourisher/ Feeder | 4:85 | |
ٱلْحَسِيبُ | al-Ḥasīb | The Bringer of Judgment/ Ever-Reckoner [the One Who Takes Account of All Matters] | 4:6,4:86,33:39 | |
ٱلْجَلِيلُ | al-Jalīl | The Majestic/ Exalted/ Oft-Important/ Splendid | 55:27,7:143 | |
ٱلْكَرِيمُ | al-Karīm | The Noble/ Bountiful/ Generous/ Precious/ Honored/ Benefactor | 27:40,82:6 | |
ٱلرَّقِيبُ | ar-Raqīb | The Watchful/ Observer/ Ever-Watchful/ Watcher | 4:1,5:117 | |
ٱلْمُجِيبُ | al-Mujīb | The Responsive/ Answerer/ Supreme Answerer/ Accepter of Invocation | 11:61 | |
ٱلْوَاسِعُ | al-Wāsiʿ | The Vast/ All-Embracing/ Omnipresent/ Boundless/ All-Encompassing | 2:268,3:73,5:54 | |
ٱلْحَكِيمُ | al-Ḥakīm | The Wise/ Ever-Wise/ Endowed with Sound Judgment | 31:27,46:2,57:1,66:2 | |
ٱلْوَدُودُ | al-Wadūd | The Affectionate/ Ever-Affectionate/ Loving One/ Loving/ the Lover/ the One Who Tenders and Warm Hearts | 11:90,85:14 | |
ٱلْمَجِيدُ | al-Majīd | The All-Glorious/ Majestic/ Ever-Illustrious
[Oft-Brilliant in Dignity, Achievements or Actions] |
11:73 | |
ٱلْبَاعِثُ | al-Bāʿiṯ | The Resurrector/ Awakener/ Arouser/ Dispatcher | 22:7 | |
ٱلشَّهِيدُ | ash-Shahīd | The Witness/ Testifier/ Ever-Witnessing | 4:166,22:17,41:53,48:28 | |
ٱلْحَقُّ | al-Ḥaqq | The Truth/ Reality/ the Only One Certainly Sound and Genuine in Truth | 6:62,22:6,23:116,24:25 | |
ٱلْوَكِيلُ | al-Wakīl | The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate | 3:173,4:171,28:28,73:9 | |
ٱلْقَوِيُّ | al-Qawiyy | The Strong | 22:40,22:74,42:19,57:25 | |
ٱلْمَتِينُ | al-Matīn | The Firm, The Steadfast | 51:58 | |
ٱلْوَلِيُّ | al-Waliyy | The Friend, Helper | 4:45,7:196,42:28,45:19 | |
ٱلْحَمِيدُ | al-Ḥamīd | The All Praiseworthy | 14:8,31:12,31:26,41:42 | |
ٱلْمُحْصِىُ | al-Muḥsīy | The Accounter, The Numberer of All | 72:28,78:29 | |
ٱلْمُبْدِئُ | al-Mubdiʾ | The Originator, The Producer, The Initiator | 10:34,27:64,29:19,85:13 | |
ٱلْمُعِيدُ | al-Muʿīd | The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All | 10:34,27:64,29:19,85:13 | |
ٱلْمُحْيِي | al-Muḥyī | The Giver of Life | 7:158,15:23,30:50,57:2 | |
ٱلْمُمِيتُ | al-Mumīt | The Bringer of Death | 3:156,7:158,15:23,57:2 | |
ٱلْحَىُّ | al-Ḥayy | The Living | 2:255,3:2,20:111,25:58,40:65 | |
ٱلْقَيُّومُ | al-Qayyūm | The Subsisting, The Independent | 2:255,3:2,20:111 | |
ٱلْوَاجِدُ | al-Wājid | The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing | 38:44 | |
ٱلْمَاجِدُ | al-Mājid | The Illustrious, The Magnificent, The Glorious | 85:15,11:73;al-Kafʿamī (1992:48) | |
ٱلْوَاحِدُ | al-Wāḥid | The Unique, The Single | 13:16,14:48,38:65,39:4 | |
ٱلْأَحَدُ | al-ʾAḥad | The One, The Indivisible | 112:1 | |
ٱلصَّمَدُ | aṣ-Ṣamad | The Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient | 112:2 | |
ٱلْقَادِرُ | al-Qādir | The All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything | 6:65,46:33,75:40 | |
ٱلْمُقْتَدِرُ | al-Muqtadir | The Determiner, The Dominant | 18:45,54:42,6:65 | |
ٱلْمُقَدِّمُ | al-Muqaddim | The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward | 16:61 | |
ٱلْمُؤَخِّرُ | al-Muʾakhkhir | The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away | 71:4 | |
ٱلْأَوَّلُ | al-ʾAwwal | The First, The Beginning-less | 57:3 | |
اَلْآخِرُ | al-ʾÃkhir | The Last, The Endless | 57:3 | |
ٱلظَّاهِرُ | aẓ-Ẓāhir | The Manifest, The Evident, The Outer | 57:3 | |
ٱلْبَاطِنُ | al-Bāṭin | The Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner | 57:3 | |
ٱلْوَالِي | al-Wāliy | The Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord | 13:11 | |
ٱلْمُتَعَالِي | al-Mutʿāliy | The Supremely Exalted, The Most High | 13:9 | |
ٱلْبَرُّ | al-Barr | The Good, The Beneficent | 52:28 | |
ٱلتَّوَّابُ | at-Tawwāb | The Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting | 2:128,4:64,49:12,110:3 | |
ٱلْمُنْتَقِمُ | al-Muntaqim | The Avenger | 32:22,43:41,44:16 | |
اَلْعَفُوُّ | al-ʿAfuww | The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver | 4:43,4:99,4:149,22:60,58:2 | |
اَلرَّؤُوفُ | ar-Raʾūf | The Kind, The Pitying | 9:117,57:9,59:10 | |
مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكِ | Mālik-ul-mulk | The Owner of all Sovereignty | 3:26 | |
ذُو ٱلْجَلَالِ وَٱلْإِكْرَامُ | Ḏū l-Jalāli wa l-ʾIkrām | The Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour | 55:27,55:78 | |
اَلْمُقْسِطُ | al-Muqsiṭ | The Equitable, The Requiter | 3:18;al-Kafʿamī (1992:58f) | |
اَلْجَامِعُ | al-Jāmiʿ | The Gatherer, The Unifier | 3:9 | |
ٱلْغَنيُّ | al-Ghāniyy | The Rich, The Independent | 39:7,47:38,57:24 | |
اَلْمُغْنِيُّ | al-Mughniyy | The Enricher, The Emancipator | 9:28 | |
اَلْمَانِعُ | al-Māniʿ | The Preventer, The Withholder, The Shielder, The Defender | See al-Kafʿamī (1992:61) | |
اَلضَّارُ | aḍ-Ḍār | The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor | 6:17;al-Kafʿamī (1992:58) | |
اَلنَّافِعُ | an-Nāfiʿ | The Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good | 30:37 | |
اَلنُّورُ | an-Nūr | The Light | 24:35 | |
اَلْهَادِي | al-Hādī | The Guide, The Way | 22:54 | |
اَلْبَدِيعُ | al-Badīʿ | The Originator, The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful | 2:117,6:101 | |
اَلْبَاقِي | al-Bāqī | The Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting | 55:27;al-Kafʿamī (1992:64) | |
اَلْوَارِثُ | al-Wāriṯ | The Heir, The Inheritor of All | 15:23,57:10 | |
اَلرَّشِيدُ | ar-Rashīd | The Guide to the Right Path | 11:87 (Used Not referring to Allah) | |
اَلصَّبُورُ | aṣ-Ṣabūr | The Timeless, The Patient | 2:153,3:200,103:3 |
There are several names that usually not included in the interpretation of al-Tirmidhi's Hadith list of 99, but also found in Qur'an and authentic Hadiths. Those names includingal-Ilah(The only One Who deserve to be worshipped),[16]ar-Rabb(The Most authoritative/Most regulative/Possessor/Arranger).,[17]Muqallibal-qulub(Changer of the hearts),[18]al-Mannan(The all-giving/Giver without being asked),[4]oral-Muhsin(The One who continually perform good deeds);[4]among others.
Hidden names
[edit]On the other hand, there is no universal agreement among Islamicexegesisscholars, as to how many as a name of God, since it was onlyIbn Hazmwho only agreed the limitation of 99 names. Instead, Islamic scholars such asal-Khattabi,al-Qurtubi,Abi Bakr bin Thayyib, Ibn al-'Arabi (notIbn Arabi),[a]Abu Abdillah ar-Razi,Ibn Taymiyya,Al-Nawawi,Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani,[20]Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya[21]andIbn Rajab,[22]has stated that Allah hasInfinitenumbers of name. This with the rulings that only few names and each of its attributes revealed and known in Qur'an and Hadiths, while the uncountably unrevealed names and their attributes are only known by Allah Himself.[23][24]The basis of this rulings was the Hadith which said:
Arabic:أَسْأَلُكَ بِكُلِّ اسْمٍ هُوَ لَكَ سَمَّيْتَ بِهِ نَفْسَكَ أَوْ أَنْزَلْتَهُ فِي كِتَابِكَ أَوْ عَلَّمْتَهُ أَحَدًا مِنْ خَلْقِكَ أَوْ اسْتَأْثَرْتَ بِهِ فِي عِلْمِ الْغَيْبِ عِنْدَكَ,romanized:"I beg You by every Names that is Yours, which You have named Yourself with, or revealed in Your Book, or taught to any of Your creation, or (which you) kept them secret to Yourself in the mysterious knowledge of Yours."Transmitted byAbdullah ibn Masud.[25]
And also another Hadith with multiple chain of transmitters:
Arabic:اَللَّهُمَّ إِنِّيْ أَعُوْذُ بِرِضَاكَ مِنْ سَخَطِكَ، وَبِمُعَافَاتِكَ مِنْ عُقُوْبَتِكَ، وَأَعُوْذُ بِكَ مِنْكَ، لاَ أُحْصِيْ ثَنَاءً عَلَيْكَ أَنْتَ كَمَا أَثْنَيْتَ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ.,romanized:“O Allah, indeed I seek refuge in Your blessing from Your wrath, and I seek refuge in Your salvation from Your torment, and I seek refuge in You from You. I cannot limit the amount of praise to You. You are as You praise Yourself."Transmitted byAisha[26]
As for the established Islamic creed about these unrevealed names of Allah, majorityfatwasof scholars said it is obligatory for a Muslim to believe in those names existence along with their attributes, but it is forbidden for Muslims to trying to searching for them without literal evidences from Qur'an and authentic Hadiths.[20][22][23][21]In the creed ofIslamic eschatology,Those hidden names are believed to be hidden from anyone but Allah, and will only be revealed personally to Muhammad during theJudgement Day[21]
Attributes
[edit]Islamic tenets has detailed descriptions about to differentiate names with attributes (Arabic:صِفَة,romanized:ṣifāhplural ofsˤi.faːt), which has literal abilities of their owns. Examples of the attributes are the name of "ar-Rahman" contains the attributes "mercifulness in general",[3]or "fundamental mercy".[28]According to Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, Allah has 100 kinds ofRahmat(grace/godsend), whereas only one of them already revealed to this world, while the other 99 still withheld for the afterlife. One of the "Rahmat" which sent to the world are sufficient to fulfil the needs of all creatures until theJudgement Day;including humans,Jinns,and even non-sentients such as animals, so the parents of animals would not trample their babies under their foots or wasting.[29]Another example is name of al-ʿAliyy contains several attributes, such as "heightness" and "above all".[3]
Samee-Ullah gave example the attribute of 'Anger' (Gadb) of Allah cannot be likened to the anger of humans. And also the naming of Allah solely with his attribute are deemed wrong by Samee-Ullah, such as "al-Gaadib (the Angry one)," as example,[citation needed]since This ruling is because the naming of Allah are limited by the evidences from Qur'an and Hadith.[4]Thus, postulating the tenet in Islam's creed that essentialy, the name-bearing of Allah are different from attributes of Allah.[5]Nevertheless,Al-Uthayminstated the principal ruling of giving attributes to Allah is similar with the ruling about giving name to Allah; that is forbidden to gave attributes without evidences from Qur'an and Sunnah.[30]One of the disputed name of Allah among the Islamic academic is "al-Hannan",[4]Since it is considered as one of the attribute of "ar-Rahman" name inMaryam19:13,not because al-Hannan is a name itself.[31]
Both Ibn Taymiyya in his work,The treaty of Tadmur,and Ibn al-Qayyim has published their statements refutingJahmiyya,[4]andal-Juwaynirespectively; as Jahmiyya scholars and al-Juwayni rejected the existence of the attributes of Allah and consider the names of Allah are just semantics without any substances in them.[3]Both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim statement became the ruling which established bySaudi Council of Senior Scholars,as they stated that each of Allah's name contains multiple attributes.[3]The Salafi scholars such asAbdul-Aziz Ibn Bazdoes not consent the interpretation of the attributes of Allah.[32]Moreover, Walid Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad al-'Ali, exegesis professor ofIslamic University of Madinah,has quoted Ibn al-Qayyim's concern regarding the importance names and its attributes of Allah as part of the first article of thesix Articles of Faith,theTawhid(oneness [of God]') article.[33]
Sufi and Shia mysticism
[edit]There is a tradition inSufismto the effect the 99 names of God point to a mystical "Most Supreme and Superior Name"(ismu l-ʾAʿẓam(الاسْمُ ٱلْأَعْظَم).[34]This "Greatest Name of God" is said to be "the one which if He is called (prayed to) by it, He will answer."[35]More than 1000 names of God are listed in theJawshan Kabir(جَوْشَنُ ٱلْكَبِير—literally "the GreatCuirass") invocations.[citation needed]Sufi mysticIbn Arabisurmised that the 99 names are "outward signs of the universe's inner mysteries".[8]
Ibn Arabi (26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240) did not interpret the names of God as mereepithets,but as actual attributes paring the universe both in created and possible forms. By these names, the divine traits disclose for humans, whose divine potential is hidden, can learn to become a reflection of such names. However, such reflections are limited; the divine traits do not equal the divine essence of the names.[36]Influenced by the metaphysical teachings of Ibn Arabi,Haydar Amuliassignedangelsto the different names of God. Accordingly, the good angels as a whole are a manifestation of God's Names of Beauty.Shaitan(shayatin) on the other hand are a manifestation of God's Names of majesty, such as "The Haughty".[37]
Theophoric given names
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(August 2024) |
The Arabic names of God are used to form theophoric given names commonly used in Muslim cultures throughout the world, mostly in Arabic speaking societies.
Because the names of God themselves are reserved to God and their use as a person's given name is considered religiously inappropriate, theophoric names are formed by prefi xing the termˁabd(عَبْدُ: "slave/servant of" ) to the name in the case of male names;
This distinction is established out of respect for the sanctity of Divine names, which denote attributes (of love, kindness, mercy, compassion, justice, power, etc.) that are believed to be possessed in a full and absolute sense only by God, while human beings, being limited creatures, are viewed by Muslims as being endowed with the Divine attributes only in a limited and relative capacity. The prefi xing of the definite article would indicate that the bearer possesses the corresponding attribute in an exclusive sense, a trait reserved to God.
Quranic verse 3:26 is cited as evidence against the validity of using Divine names for persons, with the example ofMālik ul-Mulk(مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty" ):
Say: "O God! Lord of Power, You give power to whom You please, and You strip off power from whom You please. You endue with honour whom You please, and You bring low whom You please. In Your hand is all Good." Verily, over all things You have power.
The two parts of the name starting withˁabdmay be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed afterˁabduis often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g.,Abdur-Rahman,Abdul-Aziz,Abdul-Jabbar,or evenAbdullah(عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God" ). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.)
Examples of Muslim theophoric names include:
- Raḥmān, such asAbdul-Raḥman Al-Sudais(عَبْدُ ٱلْرَّحْمَان ٱلْسُّدَيْس): Imam of the Grand Mosque of Makkah, KSA
- Salām, such asSalam Fayyaḍ(سَلَام فَيَّاض): Palestinian politician
- Jabbār, such asKareem Abdul-Jabbar(كَرِيم عَبْدُ ٱلْجَبَّار): American basketball player
- Ḥakīm, such asSherman "Abdul Ḥakim" Jackson(عَبْدُ ٱلْحَكِيم—ˁabdu ʼl-Ḥakiym): American Islamic Studies scholar
- Ra'ūf, such asRa'ouf Mus'ad(رَؤُوف مُسَعد): Egyptian-Sudanese novelist
- Mālik, such asMālik bin ʼAnas(مَـٰالِك بِن أَنَس): classicalSunni Muslimscholars after whom theMalikischool offiqhwas named
- Abdul Muqtedar as inMuḥammad Abdul Muqtedar Khan(مُحَمَّد عَبْدُ ٱلمُقْتَدِر خَان): Indian-American academic
Use in Baháʼí sources
[edit]Baháʼísources state that the 100th name was revealed as "Baháʼ"(Arabic:بهاء"glory, splendor" ), which appears in the wordsBahá'u'lláhand Baháʼí. They also believe that it is the greatest name of God.[38][39]TheBábwrote a noted pentagram-shapedtabletwith 360morphological derivationof the word "Baháʼ" used in it.[38]
According to Baháʼí scholar‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari,Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilīadopted thePersian poetic pen name"Bahāʾ" after being inspired by the words of the fifthTwelver Imam,Muhammad al-Baqir,and the sixth Imam,Ja'far al-Sadiq,who stated that the greatest name of God was included in either theDuʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ,a dawn prayer forRamadan,or theʾAʿmal ʿam Dawūd.[38]In the first verse of theduʿāʾul-Bahāʾ,the name "Bahāʾ" appears four times.[40]
See also
[edit]- The 99,acomic bookbased on the 99 names of God in Islam
- Basmala
- List of Arabic theophoric names
- Names of God
- Names of God in Zoroastrianism
- Names of God in Christianity
- Names of God in Judaism
- Names of God in Sikhism
- Sahasranama,the Hindu lists of 1000 names of God
- "The Nine Billion Names of God",a short story byArthur C. Clarke
Appendix
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^Ibn al-'Arabi fullNisbaname is Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Andalusi al-Ishbili al-Maliki, aMaliki scholarwho died in 1121 AD.Ibn Arabifull Nisba is Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hatimi at-Tayy al-Andalusi, a philosopher who died in 1216 AD.[19]
References
[edit]- ^Mohammad Mahdi Al-Sharif (2014).ALLAH'S MOST BEAUTIFUL NAMES: اسماء الله الحسنى [انكليزي].Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah. p. 25.ISBN978-2745154811.Retrieved20 August2024.
...Name "Rahman" and the characteristic it carries.
- ^Mark W. Muesse(2018).Four Wise Men.BoD – Books on Demand. p. 240.ISBN9780718895228.Retrieved20 August2024.
... attributes, which name certain qualities that assist in appropriately orienting the mind toward god.
- ^abcdeM. Saifudin Hakim (9 April 2018)."Sifat Allah: Apakah Hanya Tujuh atau Dua Puluh? (Bag. 3)"[The Attributes of God: Only Seven or Twenty? (Part 3)].muslim.or.id(in Indonesian). Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Al-Atsari (YPIA) Al-Atsari Islamic Education Foundation.Retrieved19 August2024.References from:
- Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbalno. 3712. graded authentic by Shaikh Albani inSilsilah Ash-Sahihahno. 3528
- Sahih Bukhari. Bukhari no. 4712.
- Sahih Muslim no. 1118
- Sharh al-Qawa' Ied al-Muthla p. 134-135, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, first print, published by Dar al-Athar in 2001.
- Sharh ar-Risala att-Tadmuriyyah li Shaykh al-Islaam Ibn Taimiyyah, by Shaikh Dr. Yusuf Al-Ghafish
- Sharh Al-'Aqida As-Safariyaniyya, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, published by Madar ul-Watan KSA, second printing in 2010, pp. 202-203.
- Dar'u Ta'arudhi Al-'Aqli wan Naqli, 5/ 248 (Maktabah Shamila).
- Asas at-Taqdiis, pp. 147-148.
- Al-Ibana ‘an Usl ad-Diyanah, page. 443.
- ^abcdefMuhammad Al-Munajjid(2019)."هل (الحنان) من صفات الله ؟"[Is al-Hannan one of God's attributes?].Islamqa.info(in Arabic).Retrieved19 August2024.
Fatawa Noor 'ala al-Darb; Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (3/11), and Tafsir al-Tabari (16/113). "Attributes of God Almighty contained in the Qur'an and Sunnah"; Fatwa ofCouncil of Senior Scholars (Saudi Arabia)(24/172)
- ^abOliviu Felecan (2019).Onomastics between Sacred and Profane.Vernon Press. p. 6.ISBN978-1622734016.Retrieved20 August2024.
... attributes, postulating that a name is different from naming
- ^Al-Uthaymin(2019). bin Nashir bin Ibrahim As-Sulaiman, Fahd (ed.).Tuntunan Tanya-Jawab Akidah, Shalat, Zakat, Puasa, dan Haji[Guide to Questions and Answers on Faith, Prayer, Zakat, Fasting and Hajj] (in Indonesian). Translated by Munirul Abidin. Darul Falah. p. 72.ISBN978-979-3036-66-3.Retrieved20 August2024.
- ^M. Ghulam Hussain Daleel (2023).Kayinath: For Literature and Philanthropy.Notion Press.ISBN9798888839706.Retrieved20 August2024.
...ninety-nine names of God, mentioned in the Quran. Allah's names imply his attributes....
- ^abMorgan, Diane (2010).Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice.ABC-CLIO. p.10.ISBN978-0-313-36025-1.
- ^See theSurah"al-A'raf"(7:180), "Al-Isra"(17:110), "Ta-Ha"(20:8) and "al-Hashr"(59:24).
- ^"Hadith: Book of Invocations - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".sunnah.Retrieved2018-06-15.
- ^"Hadith - Book of Oneness, Uniqueness of Allah (Tawheed) - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".sunnah.Retrieved2018-06-15.
- ^http://quran /59/22-24(59:22–24)
- ^Please note the written Arabic spelling of the names written in Arabic in the table are in thevowelledClassical/Quranic form (proper = in the Quran and Ahādith) with the square bracketed "[.]" variant of the written Arabic forms given in common or modern texts—usually in media, some long vowels and punctuations are omitted for the easier typing and reading.
- ^abMuhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (2013).Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 1 (Part 1): Al-Fatihah 1 to Al-Baqarah 141 2nd Edition.MSA Publication Limited. p. XXIV.ISBN978-1861798268.Retrieved15 August2024.
Exegesis ofAl-TabariandAl-Qurtubiwith the reference material from a Hadith fromSunan al-Tirmidhitransmitted byAbd al-Rahman ibn Awf.
- ^Al-Bayhaqi (1999,pp. 55, 101)
- ^Firanda Andirja"Perbedaan Lafadz Allah اَللَّه dan Al-ilah اَلْإِلَه".firanda(in Indonesian). 13 July 2021.Retrieved17 August2024.
-Asma' Wa As-Sifat Lil-Baihaqi (1/56). Haasyiyah Kitaab at-Tauhiid (1/13) and Tafsiir At-Tabari (1/121).
- ^Abdullah bin Taslim al-Buthoni (2010)."Ar-Rabb, yang Maha Mengatur dan Menguasai Alam Semesta"[Ar-Rabb, the Almighty who regulates and rules the Universe].Almanhaj(in Indonesian). asdf.Retrieved17 August2024.References:
- Mu’jamu Maqâyîsil Lughah 2/313
- An-Nihâyah fî Gharîbil Hadîts wal Atsar 2/450
- Tafsir at-Tabari 1/89
- Commentary ofAbdul-Rahman al-Sa'diin his work; Tafsiir al-Asma-illahil husna hlm. 47
- commentary of al-Uthaymin in kitab “Syarhul arba’iin an-Nawaawiyyah” (hal.43).
- Fiqhul Asma-il Husna hlm. 79
- Bada-i’ul fawa-id 2/473
- Fiqhul Asma-il Husna hlm. 80
- [kitab “Fiqhul asma-il husna” (hal. 80-81).
- Kitab “Tafsiirul asma-illahil husna” (hal. 47).
- [ “Tafsiirul asma-illahil husna” (hal. 47) and “Fiqhul asma-il husna” (p. 81).
- Kitab “Madaarijus saalikiin” (1/411).
- HR Muslim (no. 34).
- ^"Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2140; Book 32, Hadith 8; English translation: Vol. 4, Book 6, Hadith 2140 Chapters On Al-Qadar".Sunnah.Retrieved17 August2024.
- ^Ja’far Assagaf (2019)."Reduksi Sufi antara Penyebutan Ibnu al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (w. 543 H) dengan Ibnu 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (w. 638 H)?"[Sufi reduction between the mention of Ibn al-'Arabiy/إبن العربي (d. 543 H) with Ibn 'Arabiy/إبن عربي (d. 638 H)?].alkhairaat-ternate.or.id(in Indonesian). Alkhiraat Media.Retrieved15 August2024.
- ^abcdAdika Mianoki (2022)."Berapakah Jumlah Asmaul Husna?"[How many the numbers of Asmaul Husn].muslim.or.id(in Indonesian). Yayasan Pendidikan Islam Atsari (YPIA) Islam Atsari Educational Institute.Retrieved14 August2024.Reference commentary from=Kamila bint Muhammad bin Jassim bin Ali Al-Jaham Al-Kuwari (2002).المجلى في شرح القواعد المثلى في صفات الله وأسمائه الحسنى[magazine in explaining the ideal rules in the attributes of God and His beautiful names... by Muhammad Salih al-Uthaymin] (in Arabic). Dar Ibn Hazm. pp. 123–132. Archived fromthe originalon 13 December 2018.Retrieved14 August2024.
- ^abcdAmmi Nur Baits (2011)."Hafal Asmaul Husna, Masuk Surga?"[(if) memorized Asma al-Husn, (is it) guaranteed entering the heaven?].KonsultasiSyariah(in Indonesian). Yufid Institution Network.Retrieved15 August2024.
Ibn al-Qayyim, in Shifa ul-Alil p. 472; Al-Uthaymin; Al-Qawaid ul-Muthla, Pg. 13 – 14
- ^abcdIslamweb Research team (2022)."هل أسماء الله غير متناهية العدد؟".islamweb.net(in Arabic). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Mauritania:Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs (Qatar).Retrieved14 August2024.
- ^abAbdulaziz Al Sheikh.Fatwa no. 39788(in Arabic).Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta.Retrieved14 August2024.
- ^Muhammad Al-Munajjid(2003)."أسماء الله تعالى غير محصورة في تسعة وتسعين اسماً"[The names of God Almighty are not limited to ninety-nine names only].IslamQA.info(in Arabic).Retrieved14 August2024.
Compilation Fatwa of Uthaymin
- ^Taymiyyah, ibn, Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad(2003).The Goodly Word: al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib.Islamic Texts Society. p.72.ISBN1-903682-15-0.
- ^abMuhammad Al-Munajjid(2021)."Arti dari Sabda Nabi –shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam-:" Dan aku berlindung kepada-Mu dari-Mu ""[The meaning of the words of the Prophet – sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam –: “And I seek refuge in You from You”.].islamqa.info(in Indonesian).Retrieved19 August2024.
Sahih Muslim (751), on the authority of Aisha;Al-Munawicommentary inFaidh ul-Qadir Sharh al-Jami' as-Saghir:2/176; Ibn al-Qayyim commentary in Thariq al-hijratayn wa bab as-Sa'adatayn: 1/431
- ^"Sunan Ibnu Majah 3831"(in Indonesian).Retrieved19 August2024.
- ^John Andrew Morrow (2013).Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism.McFarland. p. 13.ISBN978-0786458486.Retrieved20 August2024.
- ^"Surat Al-Fatihah Ayat 3"(in Indonesian and Arabic).Islamic University of Madinah.excerpt fromImad Zuhair Hafidh (2015).تفسيرُ المدينةِ المُنوَّرة[Exegesis Madinah al-Munawwara] (in Arabic). مركز تعظيم القرآن الكريم بالمدينة المنورة.Retrieved19 August2024.Reference Hadiths:
- ^Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal (2018)."Syarhus Sunnah: Kaidah Nama dan Sifat Allah #02"[Explanation of Sunnah: principles of the Name and Attributes of Allah #02].Rumaysho(in Indonesian).Retrieved19 August2024.References from:
- Al-Minhaj Syarh Sahih Muslim. First printing, 1433 H. Yahya bin Syarf An-Nawawi. Publisher Dar Ibn Hazm.
- Syarh Asma' Allah Al-Husna fi Dhaui Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah. 12th printing, 1431 H. Syaikh Sa'id bin Wahf Al-Qahthani.
- Syarh As-Sunnah. Second printing, 1432 H. Imam Al-Muzani. Ta'liq: Dr. Jamal 'Azzun. Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaj Publishers.
- Syarh Al-Qawa'id Al-Mutsla. Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih Al-'Utsaimin. Ta'liq: Abu Ya'qub Nasy-at bin Kamal Al-Mashri. Maktabah Al-Muslim Publishers.
- ^"Berdoa Kepada Allah Dengan Nama" Al-Hannan "Dan" Al-Mannan ""[praying to Allah with the names of "O Hannan" and "O Mannan" ].fatwaulama(in Indonesian). lajnah. 7 February 2023.Retrieved19 August2024.
- ^Namira Nahouza (2009,p. 193)
- ^Walīd ibn Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh ʻAlī (2004).جهود الإمام ابن قيم الجوزية في تقرير توحيد الأسماء والصفات, Volume 3[The efforts of Imam Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya in establishing the oneness of names and attributes, Volume 3] (in Arabic). المبرة الخيرية لعلوم القرآن والسنة. pp. 1390, 1412, 2041.Retrieved19 August2024.
- ^Schimmel, Annemarie(1993).The Mystery of Numbers.New York, US: Oxford University Press. p. 271.ISBN0-19-508919-7.
- ^Momen, Moojan(2000).Islam and the Bahá'í Faith.George Ronald. p. 241.ISBN978-0-85398-446-7.The endnote states: "Ibn Májah,Sunan,34. (Kitáb ad-Du'á), ch. 9, no. 3856, vol. 2, p. 1267. See also: Ad-Dárimí,Sunan,23 (Fada'il al-Qur'án), ch. 15, no. 3296, vol. 2, pp. 324–325. Similar statements inShi'itradition include:Majlisí,Bihar al-Anwar,vol. 26. p. 7.
- ^Bruce LawrenceThe Qur'an: A BiographyAtlantic Books Ltd, 02.10.2014ISBN9781782392187chapter 8
- ^Ayman ShihadehSufism and TheologyEdinburgh University Press, 21.11.2007ISBN9780748631346pp. 54–56
- ^abcLambden, Stephen (1993)."The Word Baháʼ: Quintessence of the Greatest Name".Baháʼí Studies Review.3(1).
- ^Smith, Peter (2000)."greatest name".A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith.Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 167–8.ISBN1-85168-184-1.
- ^Khadem, Dhikru'llah(March 1976)."Bahá'u'lláh and His Most Holy Shrine".Baháʼí News(540): 4–5.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-06-20.
Bibliography
[edit]- ʾIbrahīm bin ʿAlī al-Kafʿamī (1436–1500 CE),al-Maqām al-asnā fī tafsīr al-asmāʼ al-ḥusnā.Beirut: Dār al-Hādī (1992) (WorldCat listing).
- Namira Nahouza(2009),Contemporary Wahhabism Rebranded as Salafism: The Issue of Interpreting the Qur'anic Verses and Hadith on the Attributes of God and its Significance,University of Exeter,retrieved20 August2024
External links
[edit]- Al-Rahman al-Rahim.Problems of Interpretation and Translation
- Al-Bayhaqi(1999).Allah's Names and Attributes.Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. ISCA.ISBN1930409036.Retrieved16 August2024.