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Rashi

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"Shlomo Yitzhaki" redirects here. For the economist, seeShlomo Yitzhaki (economist).
For other uses, seeRashi (disambiguation).
Rashi
רש "י‎
16th-century depiction of Rashi
Bornc. 1040
Troyes,County of Champagne,France
Died13 July 1105(1105-07-13)(aged 64–65)
Troyes,County of Champagne,France
Resting placeTroyes
NationalityFrench
Occupation(s)Traditionally a vintner (recently questioned, see article)
Known forWriting commentaries, grammarian
Children3 daughters

Shlomo Yitzchaki(Hebrew:רבי שלמה יצחקי‎;Latin:Salomon Isaacides;French:Salomon de Troyes;c. 1040– 13 July 1105), commonly known by the acronymRashi,was a Frenchrabbiwho authored comprehensive commentaries on theTalmudandHebrew Bible.

Born inTroyes,Rashi studiedTorah studiesinWormsunder German rabbiYaakov ben Yakarand French rabbiIsaac ben Eliezer Halevi,both of whom were pupils of the famed scholarGershom ben Judah.After returning to Troyes, Rashi joined thebeth din,began answeringhalakhicquestions and later served as thebeth din's head after the death of Zerach ben Abraham.

Rashi is generally considered a leading biblical exegete in theMiddle Ages.Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise and lucid fashion, Rashi's commentaries appeal to both learned scholars and beginning students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporaryTorah study.A large fraction ofrabbinic literaturepublished since the Middle Ages discusses Rashi, either using his view as supporting evidence or debating against it. His commentary on theTalmud,which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud, has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing byDaniel Bombergin the 1520s. His commentaries on theTanakh—especially his commentary on theChumash(the "Five Books of Moses" )—serves as the basis of more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names inrabbinic literature.

Name[edit]

Rashi's surname, Yitzhaki, derives from his father's name, Yitzhak. The acronym "Rashi" stands forRabbiShlomoYitzhaki, but is sometimes fancifully expanded asRabbanShelYIsrael which means the "Rabbi of Israel", or asRabbenuSheYichyeh (Our Rabbi, may he live). He may be cited in Hebrew and Aramaic texts as (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak", (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak", (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki", and myriad similar highly respectful derivatives.[1]

In older literature, Rashi is sometimes referred to asJarchiorYarhi(ירחי‎), his abbreviated name being interpreted asRabbiShlomoYarhi. This was understood to refer to the Hebrew name ofLunelinProvence,popularly derived from theoccitanluna"moon", in Hebrewירח‎,[2]in which Rashi was assumed to have lived at some time[3]or to have been born, or where his ancestors were supposed to have originated.[4]Later Christian writersRichard Simon[5]andJohann Christoph Wolf[6]claimed that only Christian scholars referred to Rashi as Jarchi, and that this epithet was unknown to the Jews.Bernardo de Rossi,however, demonstrated that Hebrew scholars also referred to Rashi as Yarhi.[7]In 1839,Leopold Zunz[8]showed that the Hebrew usage of Jarchi was an erroneous propagation of the error by Christian writers, instead he interpreted the abbreviation as:RabbiShlomoYitzhaki. The evolution of this term has been thoroughly traced.[9][10]

Biography[edit]

Birth and early life[edit]

Rashi was an only child born atTroyes,Champagne,in northern France. His mother's brother wasSimeon bar Isaac,rabbi ofMainz.[11][12]Simon was a disciple ofGershom ben Judah,[13]who died that same year. On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant ofJohanan HaSandlar,[14]who was a fourth-generation descendant ofGamaliel,who was reputedly descended from theDavidic line.[14]In his voluminous writings, Rashi himself made no such claim at all. The main early rabbinical source about his ancestry, Responsum No. 29 bySolomon Luria,makes no such claim either.[15][16]

Legends[edit]

His fame later made him the subject of many legends. One tradition contends that his parents were childless for many years. Rashi's father, Yitzhak, a poorwinemaker,once found a precious jewel and was approached by non-Jews who wished to buy it to adorn their idol. Yitzhak agreed to travel with them to their land, but en route, he cast the gem into the sea. Afterwards he was visited by either theVoice of Godor the prophetElijah,who told him that he would be rewarded with the birth of a noble son "who would illuminate the world with his Torah knowledge."[17]

Another legend also states that Rashi's parents moved toWorms, Germanywhile Rashi's mother was pregnant. As she walked down one of the narrow streets in the Jewish quarter, she was imperiled by two oncoming carriages. She turned and pressed herself against a wall, which opened to receive her. This miraculous niche is still visible in the wall of theWorms Synagogue.[18]

Additional legends, particularly inHasidicliterature, postulate that Rashi's tremendous works and accomplishments were inspired by theHoly Spirit,theShekhinah,as no mere human could produce such immense works. One text goes so far as to claim that Rashi was beyond human; the author proposes that he never died a natural death, but rather ascended to Heaven alive like the immortal prophetElijah.[19]

Yeshiva studies[edit]

Rashi Synagogue,Worms

According to tradition, Rashi was first brought to learn Torah by his father onShavuotday at the age of five. His father was his main Torah teacher until his death when Rashi was still a youth. At the age of 17 he married and soon after went to learn in theyeshivaofYaakov ben YakarinWorms,returning to his wife three times yearly, for theDays of Awe,PassoverandShavuot.When Yaakov died in 1064, Rashi continued learning in Worms for another year in the yeshiva of his relative,Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi,who was also chief rabbi of Worms. Then he moved toMainz,where he studied under another of his relatives, Isaac ben Judah, the rabbinic head of Mainz and one of the leading sages of theLorraineregion straddling France and Germany.

Rashi's teachers were students ofRabbeinu GershomandEliezer Hagadol,leading Talmudists of the previous generation. From his teachers, Rashi imbibed the oral traditions pertaining to the Talmud as they had been passed down for centuries, as well as an understanding of the Talmud's logic and forms of argument. Rashi took concise, copious notes from what he learned in yeshiva, incorporating this material in his commentaries. He was also greatly influenced by the exegetical principles ofMenahem Kara.[20]

Rosh yeshiva[edit]

He returned to Troyes at the age of 25, after which time his mother died, and he was asked to join the TroyesBeth din(rabbinical court). He also began answeringhalakhicquestions. Upon the death of the head of theBet din,Zerach ben Abraham,Rashi assumed the court's leadership and answered hundreds of halakhic queries.

Exterior of Rashi's Synagogue, Worms, Germany

At some time around 1070 he founded a yeshiva which attracted many disciples. It is thought by some that Rashi earned his living as avintnersince Rashi shows an extensive knowledge of its utensils and process, but there is no evidence for this.[21]Most scholars and a Jewish oral tradition contend that he was a vintner.[22]The only reason given for the centuries-old tradition that he was a vintner being not true is that the soil in all of Troyes is not optimal for growing wine grapes, claimed by the research ofHaym Soloveitchik.There exists a reference to a seal said to be from his vineyard.[23]

Although there are many legends about his travels, Rashi likely never went further than from theSeineto theRhine;his furthest destinations were the yeshivas of Lorraine.

In 1096, thePeople's Crusadeswept through the Lorraine, murdering 12,000 Jews and uprooting whole communities. Among those murdered in Worms were the three sons of Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, Rashi's teacher. Rashi wrote severalSelichot(penitential poems) mourning the slaughter and the destruction of the region's great yeshivot. Seven of Rashi'sSelichotstill exist,[24]includingAdonai Elohei Hatz'vaot,which is recited on the eve ofRosh Hashanah,andAz Terem Nimtehu,which is recited on theFast of Gedalia.

Death and burial site[edit]

Rashi died on July 13, 1105 (Tammuz29, 4865) at the age of 65.[25]He was buried in Troyes. The approximate location of the cemetery in which he was buried was recorded inSeder ha-Dorot,but over time the location of the cemetery was forgotten. A number of years ago, aSorbonneprofessor discovered an ancient map depicting the site of the cemetery, which lay under an open square in the city of Troyes. After this discovery, French Jews erected a large monument in the center of the square—a large, black and white globe featuring the three Hebrew letters of רשי artfully arranged counterclockwise in negative space, evoking the style of Hebrewmicrocalligraphy.The granite base of the monument is engraved:Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki — Commentator and Guide.

In 2005,Yisroel Meir Gabbaierected an additional plaque at this site marking the square as a burial ground. The plaque reads: "The place you are standing on is the cemetery of the town of Troyes. ManyRishonimare buried here, among them Rabbi Shlomo, known as Rashi the holy, may his merit protect us".[26]

Descendants[edit]

Main article:Rashi's daughters

Rashi had no sons. All of histhree childrenwere girls, named Yocheved, Miriam and Rachel. He invested himself in their education; his writings and the legends which surround him suggest that his daughters were well-versed in theTorahand theTalmud(at a time when women were not expected to study) and would help him when he was too weak to write. His daughters married his disciples; most present-dayAshkenazirabbinical dynasties can trace their lineage back to his daughters Miriam or Yocheved.[27]

A late-20th century legend claims that Rashi's daughters woretefillin.While a few women in medieval Ashkenaz did wear tefillin, there is no evidence that Rashi's daughters did.[28]

  • Rashi's oldest daughter, Yocheved, marriedMeir ben Samuel;their four sons were Shmuel (Rashbam;born 1080), Yitzchak (Rivam;born 1090), Jacob (Rabbeinu Tam;born 1100), and Shlomo the Grammarian, all of whom were among the most prolificTosafists.Yocheved's daughter,Channah,is reputed to have instructed the local women to recite the blessing aftercandle lighting(instead of before).
  • Rashi's middle daughter, Miriam, marriedJudah ben Nathan,who completed the commentary on the TalmudMakkot.[29]Their daughter Alvina was a learned woman whose customs served as the basis for later halakhic decisions. Their sonYom Tovlater moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there, together with his brothers Shimshon and Eliezer.
  • Rashi's youngest daughter, Rachel, married (and divorced) Eliezer ben Shemiah. Little else is known about her.

It is reputed that the famous Polish TalmudistMoses Isserles(1530-1572) was a descendant of Rashi.[30]

Works[edit]

Commentary on the Tanakh[edit]

A modern translation of Rashi's commentary on theChumash,published byArtscroll

Rashi's commentary on the Tanakh—and especially his commentary on theChumash—is the essential companion for any study of the Bible amongOrthodox Jews.Drawing on the breadth of Midrashic, Talmudic andAggadicliterature (including literature that is no longer extant), as well as his knowledge of Hebrew grammar andhalakhah,Rashi clarifies the "simple" meaning of the text so that a bright child of five could understand it.[31]At the same time, his commentary forms the foundation for some of the most profound legal analysis and mystical discourses that came after it. Scholars debate why Rashi chose a particular Midrash to illustrate a point, or why he used certain words and phrases and not others.Shneur Zalman of Liadiwrote that "Rashi's commentary on Torah is the 'wine of Torah'. It opens the heart and uncovers one's essential love and fear of G-d."[32]

Scholars believe that Rashi's commentary on the Torah grew out of the lectures he gave to his students in his yeshiva, and evolved with the questions and answers they raised on it. Rashi completed this commentary only in the last years of his life. It was immediately accepted as authoritative by all Jewish communities,AshkenaziandSephardialike.[dubious–discuss]

The first dated Hebrew printed book was Rashi's commentary on the Chumash, printed by Abraham ben Garton inReggio di Calabria,Italy,18 February 1475. (This version did not include the text of the Chumash itself.)[33]

Rashi wrote commentaries on all the books of Tanakh[34]exceptChronicles I & II,andEzra–Nehemiah.[35]His commentary toJobis incomplete, ending at 40:25.[36]

A main characteristic of Rashi's writing was his focus on grammar and syntax. His primary focus was on word choice, and "essentially [he acts] as a dictionary where he defines unusual Hebrew words." He searches for things that may not be clear to the reader and offers clarification on the inconsistency that may be present. Rashi does so by "filling in missing information that [helps] lead to a more complete understanding" of the Torah.[37]A portion of his writing is dedicated to making distinctions between thepeshat,or plain and literal meaning of the text, and theaggadahor rabbinic interpretation.Rashbam,one of Rashi's grandchildren, heavily critiqued his response on his "commentary on the Torah [being] based primarily on the classic midrashim (rabbinic homilies)."[38]

Rashi himself explained his method as utilizing bothpeshatandderash:"I, however, am only concerned with the plain sense of Scripture (peshuto shel mikra) and with such Agadoth that explain the words of Scripture in a manner that fits in with them. "[39]In one place, he quotes a midrash and then states "But this midrash cannot be reconciled with Scripture for several reasons... Therefore I say: let scripture be reconciled according to its simple meaning, clearly, and the midrash may also be expounded, as is said: 'Is not My word... like a hammer which shatters the rock?'[40]- it is divided into many fragments. "[41]

Commentary on the Talmud[edit]

An early printing of the Talmud (Ta'anit9b); Rashi's commentary is at the bottom of the right column, continuing for a few lines into the left column. [Note: According toR' Zvi Chajes,the "Rashi" commentary on Ta'anit was not written by Rashi]

Rashi wrote the first comprehensivecommentary on the Talmud,covering nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 out of 39tractates,due to his death). The commentary, drawing on his knowledge of the entire contents of the Talmud, attempts to provide a full explanation of the words and of the logical structure of each Talmudic passage. Unlike other commentators, Rashi does not paraphrase or exclude any part of the text, but elucidates phrase by phrase. Often he provides punctuation in the unpunctuated text, explaining, for example, "This is a question"; "He says this in surprise", "He repeats this in agreement", etc.

As in his commentary on the Tanakh, Rashi frequently illustrates the meaning of the text using analogies to the professions, crafts, and sports of his day. He also translates difficult Hebrew orAramaicwords into the spokenFrench languageof his day, giving latter-day scholars a window into the vocabulary and pronunciation ofOld French.

Rashi's Talmud commentary spread quickly, reaching Jews as far asYemenby mid-12th century.[42]It has been included in every version of the Talmud since its first printing in the fifteenth century. It is always situated towards the middle of the opened book display; i.e., on the side of the page closest to the binding.

Some of the other printed commentaries which are attributed to Rashi were composed by others, primarily his students.Akiva Egerstated that the commentary on Nazir was not in fact by Rashi, whileZvi Hirsch Chajesstated that the commentary on Taanit was not by Rashi.[43]In some editions of the Talmud, the text indicates that Rashi died before completing the tractate, and that it was completed by a student. This is true ofMakkot(the end of which was composed by his son-in-law,Judah ben Nathan), and ofBava Batra(finished, in a more detailed style, by his grandson theRashbam). The commentary attributed to Rashi onHorayotwas thought by some[44]to have been written by Judah ben Nathan, but evidence was uncovered indicating that the commentary on Horayot was from the school ofGershom ben Judah.[45]There is a legend that the commentary on Nedarim, which is clearly not his, was actually composed by his daughters. Another legend states that Rashi died while writing a commentary on Talmud, and that the very last word he wrote was 'tahor,' which means pure in Hebrew - indicating that his soul was pure as it left his body.

Responsa[edit]

About 300 of Rashi'sresponsaand halakhic decisions are extant. Although some may find contradictory to Rashi's intended purpose for his writings, these responsa were copied, preserved, and published by his students, grandchildren, and other future scholars.[46]Siddur Rashi,compiled by an unknown student, also contains Rashi's responsa on prayer. Many other rulings and responsa are recorded inMahzor Vitry.Other compilations includeSefer Hapardes,probably edited by Shemaiah of Troyes,[a]Rashi's student, andSefer Haorah,prepared by Nathan Hamachiri.

Rashi's writing is placed under the category of post-Talmudic, for its explanation and elaboration on the Talmud; however, he not only wrote about the meaning of Biblical and Talmudic passages, but also on liturgical texts, syntax rules, and cases regarding new religions emerging.[47]Some say that his responsa allows people to obtain "clear pictures of his personality," and shows Rashi as a kind, gentle, humble, and liberal man.[48]They also illustrate his intelligence and common sense.

Rashi's responsa not only addressed some of the different cases and questions regarding Jewish life and law, but it shed light into the historical and social conditions which the Jews were under during the First Crusade.[48]He covered the following topics and themes in his responsa: linguistic focus on texts, law related to prayer, food, and the Sabbath, wine produced by non-Jews, oaths and excommunications, sales, partnerships, loans and interest, bails, communal affairs, and civil law. Rashi's responsa can be broken down into three genres: questions by contemporary sages and students regarding the Torah, the law, and other compilations.[46]

For example, in his writing regarding relations with the Christians, he provides a guide for how one should behave when dealing with martyrs and converts, as well as the "insults and terms of [disgrace] aimed at the Jews."[46]Stemming from the aftermath of the Crusades, Rashi wrote concerning those who were forced to convert, and the rights women had when their husbands were killed.[47]

Rashi focused the majority of his responsa, if not all, on a "meticulous analysis of the language of the text".[49]

Assessment and legacy[edit]

Rashi was one of the first authors to write inOld French(the language he spoke in everyday life,[50]which he used alongside Hebrew), as most contemporary French authors instead wrote inLatin.As a consequence, besides its religious value, his work is valued for the insight it gives into the language and culture of Northern France in the 11th century.[51]His commentaries on theTanakh—especially his commentary on theChumash(the "Five Books of Moses" )—serves as the basis of more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names inrabbinic literature.[52]

Commentary on the Tanakh[edit]

Title page of an English translation of Rashi's Commentary on the Pentateuch.

Tens of thousands of men, women and children study "Chumash with Rashi" as they review the Torah portion to be read in synagogue on the upcomingShabbat.According tohalakha,a man may even fulfill of the requirement ofShnayim mikra ve-echad targumby reading Rashi's commentary rather than the standardTargum Onkelos.Since its publication, Rashi's commentary on the Torah is standard in almost all Chumashim produced within theOrthodox Jewishcommunity.Mordechai LeiferofNadvornasaid that anyone who learns the weeklyParshatogether with the commentary by Rashi every week is guaranteed to sit in theYeshiva(school) of Rashi in the Afterlife.[53]

Voluminous supercommentaries have been published on Rashi's Bible commentaries, includingGur AryehbyJudah Loew(the Maharal),Sefer ha-MizrachibyElijah Mizrachi(the Re'em), andYeri'ot ShlomobySolomon Luria(the Maharshal).Menachem Mendel Schneerson,in hisRashi Sichos,often addresses several of these commentaries at once.

Rashi's influence grew the most in the 15th century; from the 17th century onwards, his commentaries were translated into many other languages. Rashi's commentary on the Pentateuch was known as the first printed Hebrew work. English translations include those ofRosenbaum and SilbermannandArtScroll.

Commentary on the Talmud[edit]

Raschihaus,Jewish Museum, Worms, Germany.

Rashi's commentary on the Talmud continues to be a key basis for contemporary rabbinic scholarship and interpretation. Without Rashi's commentary, the Talmud would have remained a closed book.[54]

Rashi's commentary had a profound influence on subsequent Talmud study and scholarship:

The commentaries of Rashi democratized talmudic scholarship. Prior to his work, the only way to master a tractate was to travel to a talmudic academy and study at the feet of a master. No written work could systematically convey with any degree of sustained accuracy the precise line of a talmudic argument... With the appearance of Rashi’s work, anyone, regardless of means, could by dint of talent and effort master any talmudic topic. It further expanded the range of knowledge of most scholars. Previously, one knew accurately only what one had been fortunate to study at an academy... The lifelong study of Talmud, the constant conquest of new tractates, and the unlimited personal acquisition of knowledge was in many ways the consequence of Rashi’s inimitable work of exposition.[55]

The presence of Rashi's commentary also changed the nature of subsequent Talmud commentaries:

This is not to say that Rashi’s explanations were definitive. Far from it. For some three hundred years scholars scrutinized his commentary, criticized innumerable passages, and demanded their reinterpretation. Yet, all realized that the problem that had confronted scholars for close to half a millennium—how to turn the abrupt and sometimes gnomic formulations of the Talmud into a coherent and smoothly flowing text—had been solved definitively by Rashi. The subsequent task of scholars, therefore, was to emend and add to his interpretations.[55]

In general, Rashi's commentary provides thepeshator literal meaning of the Talmud, while subsequent commentaries such as theTosafotoften go beyond the passage itself in terms of arguments, parallels, and distinctions that could be drawn out.[56]This addition to Jewish texts was seen as causing a "major cultural product"[57]which became an important part of Torah study.[57][58] In the standard printed Talmud, the Tosafot's commentaries can be found in the Talmud opposite Rashi's commentary. The Tosafot also added comments and criticism in places where Rashi had not added comments.

Rashi also exerted a decisive influence on establishing the correct text of the Talmud. Up to and including his age, texts of each Talmudic tractate were copied by hand and circulated in yeshivas. Errors often crept in: sometimes a copyist would switch words around, and other times incorporate a student's marginal notes into the main text. Because of the large number of merchant-scholars who came from throughout the Jewish world to attend the great fairs in Troyes, Rashi was able to compare different manuscripts and readings inTosefta,Jerusalem Talmud,Midrash,Targum,and the writings of theGeonim,and determine which readings should be preferred. However, in his humility, he deferred to scholars who disagreed with him. For example, inChulin4a, he comments about a phrase, "We do not read this. But as for those who do, this is the explanation..."

Influence in non-Jewish circles[edit]

Rashi's commentaries on the Bible, especially those on the Pentateuch, circulated in many different communities. In the 12th–17th centuries, Rashi's influence spread from French and German provinces to Spain and the east. He had a tremendous influence on Christian scholars. The French monkNicholas de Lyraof Manjacoria, who was known as the "ape of Rashi",[59]relied on Rashi's commentary when writing hisPostillae Perpetuate,one of the primary sources used inLuther's translation of the Bible. He believed that Rashi's commentaries were the "official repository of Rabbinical tradition"[60]and significant to understanding the Bible. Rashi's commentaries became significant tohumanistsat this time who studied grammar and exegesis.Christian Hebraistsstudied Rashi's commentaries as important interpretations "authorized by the Synagogue".[60]

Although Rashi had an influence on communities outside of Judaism, his lack of connection to science prevented him from entering the general domain, and he remained more popular among the Jewish community.[59][60]

In his bookDemystifying Islam,MuslimapologistHarris Zafar cites Rashi for the view that theSong of Songsis not an erotic poem narrated by a man about a woman, but is instead a poem narrated by God about the people of Israel, a point of importance to Muslims because of their belief, which Zafar summarizes, that the Song of Songs, at Chapter 5, Verse 16, mentions Muhammad by name, a supposition that might be problematic if the mention were in an erotic context.[61]

"Rashi script"[edit]

Main article:Rashi script
The complete Hebrew Alpha bet in Rashi script [right to left].

The semi-cursive typeface in which Rashi's commentaries are printed both in the Talmud and Tanakh is often referred to as "Rashi script."Despite the name, Rashi himself did not use such a script: the typeface is based on a 15th-century Sephardic semi-cursive hand, postdating Rashi's death by several hundred years. Early Hebrew typographers such as theSoncino familyandDaniel Bombergemployed in their editions of commented texts (such as theMikraot Gedolotand theTalmud,in which Rashi's commentaries prominently figure) what would become called "Rashi script" to distinguish the rabbinic commentary from the primary text proper, for which they used a square typeface.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^HaCohen-Kerner, Yaakov; Schweitzer, Nadav; Mughaz, Dror (2011). "Automatically Identifying Citations in Hebrew-Aramaic Documents".Cybernetics and Systems.42(3): 180–197.doi:10.1080/01969722.2011.567893.S2CID40235689.For example, the Pardes book written by Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, known by the abbreviation Rashi, can be cited using the following patterns: (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak", (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak", (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki", (4) "In the name of Rashi who wrote in the Pardes
  2. ^Ockley, Simon (1707).History of the Present Jews Throughout the World.p. 74.
  3. ^Abraham, Philip (1879).Curiosities of Judaism.By and for the author. p.2.
  4. ^The Literary Churchman.1857. p. 286.
  5. ^Simon, R. (1685).Histoire critique du Vieux Testament(in French). chez Reinier Leers. p.545.Retrieved2015-08-01.
  6. ^Wolf, Johann Christoph (1715)."R. Schelomo ben Isaac".Bibliotheca Hebræa(in Latin). Vol. 1. Hamburg & Leipzig. pp. 1057–1058.LCCN01010257.
  7. ^Benedictinos. Congregación de Santo Mauro (Francia); Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (Francia); Treuttel et Wü rtz (Estrasburgo) (1824).Histoire littéraire de la France: Treizième siècle(in French). Vol. 16. Firmin Didot. p. 337.Retrieved2015-08-01.
  8. ^Israelitische Annalen(in German). J.D. Sauerländer. 1839. p. 328.Retrieved2015-08-01.
  9. ^Mayer I. Gruber (10 October 2007).Rashi's Commentary on Psalms.Jewish Publication Society. pp. 1–.ISBN978-0-8276-0872-6.
  10. ^John Kitto (1876).A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature.Black. pp.643–.
  11. ^"Index to Articles on Rabbinic Genealogy inAvotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy".Avotaynu.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-06-03.Retrieved2008-06-11.
  12. ^Shabbat 85b:"And I found support on the foundation of Rabbi Simon the Elder, my mother's brother."
  13. ^See Rashi's comments inShabbat85b.
  14. ^ab"Rabbi Yehiel Ben Shlomo Heilprin - (Circa 5420-5506; 1660-1746)".chabad.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-06-28.Retrieved2020-06-28.
  15. ^Hurwitz, Simon(1938).The Responsa of Solomon Luria.New York, New York. pp. 146–151.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^Einsiedler, David (1992)."Can We Prove Descent from King David?".Avotaynu.VIII(3(Fall)): 29.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-02-03.Retrieved2008-06-11.
  17. ^"Shiur 08 - Rashi, Tosfos, And The Development Of Ashkenazi Jewry - Rabbi Menachem Levine - TD19191".torahdownloads.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-12-17.Retrieved2018-12-17.
  18. ^Liber, Maurice.RashiArchived2023-04-07 at theWayback Machine,Kessinger Publishing, 2004. pg. 18–19.ISBN1-4191-4396-4
  19. ^Wiesel, Elie (2009).Rashi: A Portrait.New York, NY: Schocken Books Inc. pp. 1–14.ISBN9780805242546.
  20. ^Grossman, Avraham (2000-11-12),"4. Menahem ben Helbo",Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. I: From the Beginnings to the Middle Ages (Until 1300). Part 2: The Middle Ages,Hebrew Bible / Old Testament, vol. Band 001, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. 331–332,doi:10.13109/9783666535079.331,ISBN978-3-525-53507-3,archivedfrom the original on 2022-08-08,retrieved2020-06-17
  21. ^Mayer I. Gruber."How Did Rashi Make a Living?".the Seforim blog.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-03.Retrieved2023-09-03.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  22. ^Maurice Liber,Rashi,trans. Adele Szold (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1906), p 56; Irving Agus,The Heroic Age of Franco-German Jewry(New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1969), 173; Israel S. Elfenbein, "Rashi in His Responsa", inRashi, His Teachings and Personality,ed.Simon Federbusch(New York: Cultural Division of the World Jewish Congress, 1958), p 67; Salo W. Baron, "Rashi and the Community of Troyes", inRashi Anniversary Volume,ed. H. L. Ginsberg (New York: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1941), p 60. "Rashi was a vintner who grew grapes and sold wine."
  23. ^Oxford Bodleian Ms. Oppenheim 276, p. 35a, cited byAvraham Grossman,The Early Sages of France, 132; 135, n. 45.
  24. ^R. Halperin,Rashi: Chayav u'Ferushav,vol. 1 (Tel Aviv: Hekdesh Ruach Yaakov, 1997), 107-22. Referred to in Yonatan Kolatch,Masters of the Word: Traditional Jewish Bible Commentary from the First Through Tenth Centuries(Brooklyn NY: KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2006), 18.ISBN088125939X,9780881259391
  25. ^Grossman, Avraham (2012).Rashi,p.12
  26. ^Y. Friedman (2005-07-25)."The Discovery of the Resting Places of Rashi and the Baalei Hatosfos".Dei'ah Vedibur.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-03-26.Retrieved2013-07-12.
  27. ^Shereshevsky, Ezra (1982).Rashi - the Man and His World.Sepher-Hermon.
  28. ^Avraham Grossman.Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe.Brandeis University Press, 2004.)
  29. ^Makkot 19b:One printed edition of the Talmud states: "Our master's body was pure, and his soul departed in purity, and he did not explain any more; from here on is the language of his student Rabbi Yehudah ben Nathan."
  30. ^Jacobi Papers, Vol 4, p. 8, B.5
  31. ^Mordechai Menashe Laufer."רבן של ישראל (Hebrew)"(in Hebrew).Archivedfrom the original on 2023-05-28.Retrieved2007-07-13.
  32. ^"Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary - Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary, and the Rebbe's approach to Rashi's works - Jewish History".chabad.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-06-27.Retrieved2015-08-01.
  33. ^"The Books of the People of the Book - Hebraic Collections: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress - African & Middle Eastern Division)".loc.gov.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-02-27.Retrieved2019-11-03.
  34. ^I.Gruber, Mayer.Rashi's Commentary on Psalms,Brill - The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2007ISBN978-0-8276-0872-6
  35. ^Eran Viezel, The Commentary on Chronicles Attributed to Rashi, Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2010
  36. ^Penkower, Jordan S. (2003)."The End of Rashi's Commentary on Job. The Manuscripts and the Printed Editions (with three appendices)".Jewish Studies Quarterly.10(1): 18–48.doi:10.1628/0944570033029194.ISSN0944-5706.JSTOR40753321.
  37. ^Levy, Steven, and Sarah Levy. “Introduction.” The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 2017, pp. xv-xx. JSTOR (link)
  38. ^Viezel, Eran. "“The Anxiety of Influence”: Rashbam's Approach to Rashi's Commentary on the Torah. "AJS Review 40.2 (2016): 279-303. Print.
  39. ^Rashi, Genesis 3:8
  40. ^Jeremiah 23:29
  41. ^Rashi, Exodus 6:9
  42. ^Hoffman, Yair (January 3, 2014)."Interview with Professor Haym Soloveitchik by Rabbi Yair Hoffman".Five Towns Jewish Times.Archivedfrom the original on July 7, 2022.RetrievedDecember 13,2021.
  43. ^"The role of manuscripts in halakhic decision-making: Hazon Ish, his precursors and contemporaries"(PDF).,p.40
  44. ^See "Nitzozei Or" [Hebrew] of Reuven Margoliot; notes on horayot p. 191.
  45. ^See Y N Epstein, The commentary on Horayot Attributed to Rashi, "Tarbiẕ1942 pp.218-225 [in Hebrew]
  46. ^abcGrossman, Avraham, and Joel A. Linsider. Rashi. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2012. 152-161. Print.
  47. ^abLiber, Maurice, and Adele Szold. Rashi... Translated from the French by A. Szold. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1906. Print.
  48. ^ab“The Life of Rashi.” Rashi, by Chaim Pearl, Peter Halban Publishers Ltd, 1988, pp. 8–23. Print.
  49. ^Skolnik, Fred. “Rashi.” Encyclopedia Judaica. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2007.101-106. Print.
  50. ^He referred to French asleshonenu"our language", in contrast with Hebrew, which was the Holy Language. More about thishere.Archived2022-11-02 at theWayback Machine
  51. ^Claude Hagège,dansHéritages de Rachi,ouvrage collectif, sous la direction deRené-Samuel Sirat,Éditions de l’éclat
  52. ^Miller, Chaim (2013)."Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary".chabad.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-06-27.Retrieved2008-09-13.
  53. ^"Yiddeshe Licht Vol 31 Number 15 Page 14 (Hebrew Text)".Archivedfrom the original on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2013-09-08.
  54. ^Zeitlin, Solomon (October 2, 1940). "RASHI Rabbi Solomon of France".The American Jewish Year Book.41:111–140.
  55. ^abHaym Soloveitchik,"The Printed Page of the Talmud: The Commentaries and Their Authors", inPrinting The Talmud: From Bomberg to Schottenstein(Yeshiva University Museum, 2006), (link)
  56. ^SeeKuntres Eitz HaChayimch 28Archived2023-04-18 at theWayback Machinefor discussion of the interrelation between Rashi and Tosfot
  57. ^abBloomberg, Jon.The Jewish World in the Modern Age.Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Pub. House, 2004. 69.
  58. ^"TOSAFOT - JewishEncyclopedia".jewishencyclopedia.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-26.Retrieved2021-09-26.
  59. ^abBerenbaum, Michael;Skolnik, Fred,eds. (2007). "Rashi".Encyclopaedia Judaica.Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference.ISBN978-0-02-866097-4.
  60. ^abc"Rashi (Solomon Bar Issac)".Jewish Encyclopedia. 27 February 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2013.Retrieved28 February2013.
  61. ^Harris Zafar,Demystifying Islam,p.24,Dev Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2014.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Also often attributed to Samuel ofBamburg;see H. L. Erenreich,Sepher ha-Pardespg. 14.

General sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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