Zeira
Zeira | |
|---|---|
רבי זירא | |
| Personal | |
| Born | Zeira |
| Died | |
| Religion | Judaism |
| Era | Third generation of amoraim |
| Rabbinical eras |
|---|
Rabbi Zeira(Hebrew:רבי זירא), known before hissemichaasRav Zeira(Hebrew:רב זירא) and known in theJerusalem TalmudasRabbi Ze'era(Hebrew:רבי זעירא), was aJewishTalmudist,of the third generation ofamoraim,who lived in theLand of Israel.
Biography[edit]
He was born inBabylonia,where he spent his early youth. He was a pupil ofḤisda,[1]ofHuna,[1]and ofJudah b. EzekielinPumbedita.
He associated also with other prominent teachers of the Babylonian school, includingRav Nachman,[2]Hamnuna,[3]andSheshet,who called him a great man.[4]His love for theHoly Landled him to decide upon leaving his native country and emigrating toIsrael.This resolve, however, he kept secret from his teacher Judah, who disapproved of any emigration from Babylonia. Before leaving, he spied upon Judah while the latter was bathing, and the words which he then overheard he took with him as a valuable and instructive memento.[5]
A favorable dream, in which he was told that his sins had been forgiven, encouraged him to undertake the journey to the Holy Land.[6]and before starting he spent a hundred days in fasting, in order to forget the dialectic method of instruction of the Babylonian schools, that this might not handicap him in the Land of Israel.[7]His journey took him throughAkrokonia,where he metHiyya bar Ashi,[8]and throughSura.[8]When he reached theRiver Jordanhe could not control his impatience, but passed through the water without removing his clothes. When jeered at by an unbeliever who stood by, he answered, "Why should not I be impatient when I pursue a blessing which was denied even toMosesandAaron?".[9]
Arrival in the Land of Israel[edit]
Zeira's arrival in theLand of Israeland his first experiences there have been recorded in various anecdotes. He was small of stature and of dark complexion, for which reasonAssicalled him "Black Pot",[8]according to an expression current inBabylonia;[10]this name possibly also contained an allusion to his sputtering manner of speech. Perhaps with reference to a malformation of his legs, he was called "the little one with burned legs," or "the dark, burned one with the stubby legs".[11]But a different explanation of this is given in Bava Metzia 85a, where it is said that he fasted in order to merit protection from the fires ofGehennaand that he then tested himself every thirty days by sitting in the fire without coming to harm, until one day the sages distracted him (cast an eye upon him) and his legs were burned. Thus, these nicknames throw light upon Zeira's ascetic piety.[7]
In the Land of Israel he associated with all the prominent scholars.Eleazar b. Pedatwas still living at the time,[12]and from him Zeira received valuable instruction.[13]His most intimate friends wereRabbi AssiandHiyya bar Abba.In his interaction with Assi he was generally the one who asked questions, and on one occasion Assi made known his approval of one of Zeira's questions by saying: "Right you are, Babylonian; you have understood it correctly".[14]Zeira especially acknowledged the authority ofAmmi,the principal of the school atTiberias,and it is related that he asked Ammi to decide questions pertaining to religious law that had been addressed to himself.[15]
Zeira was highly esteemed byAbbahu,the rector atCaesarea,of whom he considered himself a pupil. He was ordained rabbi, a distinction usually denied to members of the Babylonian school, and though in the beginning he refused this honor,[16]he later accepted it on learning of the atoning powers connected with the dignity.[17]Because of the difficult route taken by Zeira to attain the rabbinate, when finally ordained, his fellow jurists humorously called out before him: "Even though she painted not her eyes with antimony, neither darkened her cheeks with rouge, nor braided her hair, yet is she still a damsel of exceptional beauty!", lines traditionally cited at weddings.[18]Upon receivingsemicha,his title changed from Rav toRabbi.
Social condition and family life[edit]
With regard to Zeira's private vocation, the only facts known are that he once traded in linen, and that he askedAbbahuhow far he might go in improving the outward appearance of his goods without rendering himself liable in the slightest degree to a charge of fraud.[19]Information regarding his family relations is also very scanty; it is asserted that he became an orphan at an early age,[20]and that his wedding was celebrated duringSukkot,[21]and he had one son, Ahabah or Ahava, who has become well known through variousaggadicmaxims.[22]He was known for hislongevity.
On account of his lofty morals and piety Zeira was honored with the name "the pious Babylonian." Among his neighbors were several people known for their wickedness, but Zeira treated them with kindness in order to lead them to moral reformation. When he died, these people said, "Until now Zeira has prayed for us, but who will pray for us now?" This reflection so moved their hearts that they really were led to repent.[23]That Zeira enjoyed the respect of his contemporaries is evidenced by the comment upon his death written by an elegist: "Babylonia gave him birth; Israel had the pleasure of rearing him; 'Woe is me,' says Tiberias, for she has lost her precious jewel".[24]
Teachings[edit]
Zeira occupies a prominent place in bothhalakhahandaggadah.In halacha, he is especially distinguished for the correctness and knowledge with which he transmits older teachings.
His aggadic sayings include the following:
- He who has never sinned is worthy of reward only if he has withstood temptation to do so.[25]
- One should never promise a child anything which one does not intend to give it, because this would accustom the child to untruthfulness.[26]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^abBerachot49a
- ^Talmud YerushalmiBerachot8c
- ^Zevachim105b; Berachot 24b
- ^"gabra rabba"; Eruvin 66a
- ^Shabbat41a;Ketubot110b
- ^Berachot57a
- ^abBava Metzia85a
- ^abcAvodah Zarah16b
- ^YerushalmiShevuot35c
- ^CompareMegillah14b;Pesachim88a;Berachot50a
- ^Compare Bacher,Ag. Pal. Amor.3:7, note 2
- ^Niddah48
- ^YerushalmiTerumot47d
- ^YerushalmiShabbat7c
- ^YerushalmiDemai25b; Yerushalmi Shabbat 8a; YerushalmiYevamot72d
- ^YerushalmiBikkurim65c
- ^Sanhedrin14a
- ^Ketuvot17a
- ^YerushalmiBava Metzia9d
- ^YerushalmiPe'ah15c
- ^Sukkah25b
- ^Compare Bacher, l.c. 3:651-659
- ^Sanhedrin37a
- ^Moed Katan25b
- ^YerushalmiKiddushin61d
- ^Sukkah46b
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Singer, Isidore;et al., eds. (1901–1906)."Ze'era".The Jewish Encyclopedia.New York: Funk & Wagnalls.It has the following bibliography:
- Bacher, Ag. Pal. Amor. iii. 1-34;
- Heilprin, Seder ha-Dorot,ii. 117–120.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
