Rawandiz
Rawandiz | |
|---|---|
City | |
 View on Rawandiz | |
  Rawandiz Location in Iraq | |
| Coordinates:36°36′43″N44°31′29″E/ 36.61194°N 44.52472°E | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Autonomous region | Kurdistan Region |
| Governorate | Erbil Governorate |
| District | Rawandiz District |
| Elevation | 658 m (2,159 ft) |
| Population (2003) | |
| • Total | 95,089 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 |
Rawandiz(Kurdish:ڕەواندز,romanized:Rewandiz)[1][2]is a city in theKurdistan RegionofIraq,located in theErbil Governorateinsorandistrict, close to theborders with IranandTurkey,it is only 7km far from the city ceneter of soran city and it is located 10 km to the east fromBekhal Waterfall.This city is 123 km far from Erbil. The city along with thesorandistrict is surrounded by theZagros mountain range;Korek Mountain is to the south, Hindren Mountain to the north, Zozik Mountain to the west, and Bradasot Mountain to the east. Rawandiz is populated byKurds.
Etymology
[edit]The name 'Rawandiz' derives from the name of the Rawandiz (Rawadiya) Kurdish tribe, of whichSaladinand theAyyubidsoriginated. The tribe's name is a corruption of theOld Persianroot, Erwend 'a pass,' and which was usually Hellenized into Orodes and Orontes.[3]The tribe was itself a branch of theHadhabaniconfederation.[4]
History
[edit]
In the time of theNeo Assyrian Empire,from the 10th to the 7th centuries BC, the area lay on the trading route toNineveh.[5]
The area came under the rule of theEmirate of Bradostafter theBattle of Chaldiranin 1514.[6]The town would later come under the rule of theSoran Emirateuntil 1836.[7]
In 1915, during theFirst World War,the town was occupied by the Russians and Assyrians.[8]The Rawandiz massacre took place, where the Kurdish Muslim population was massacred by the Russian army and allied Assyrian militants; after Nikolai Baratov'sCossacksrecaptured the town, only 20 percent of the Kurdish population managed to survive.[9]In 1922 the town was occupied by theTurks,until they were driven out at the end of the year.[10]The British army occupied the town on 22 April 1923. The British decided to stay in place to await the arrival of a special commission to fix the border between Turkey and Iraq, believing that if they left the Turkish troops would return.[11]
Between 1928 and 1932 the British built a strategic road fromErbil,through Rawandiz, to the Iranian border near modern-dayPiranshahr.The construction of the road was directed by the New Zealand engineerA. M. Hamilton.[12]In 1940, the population was 1970.[7]
As of July 2007, Rawandiz was undergoing major reconstruction. Thebazaarwas being relocated to make room for a new road. In July 2011, in a response to a Turkish military offensive, local artists decided to paint the debris from the raids.[13]In 1930, A. M. Hamilton noted: "it has always been a place of grim deeds and bloody retributions. Its greater and its lesser rulers alike have nearly all met with violent deaths and even today this reputation is being well earned".[12]The anthropologistEdmund Leachwent to Rawandiz in 1938, to study the Rawandiz Kurds, intending to make this the subject of his thesis. His field trip had to be aborted because of theMunich crisis,but he nevertheless published his monograph "Social and Economic Organization of the Rowanduz Kurds" two years later.[14][15]
Climate
[edit]Like most of Iraqi Kurdistan, Rawanduz has a hot-summerMediterranean climate(Csa) with very hot dry summers and cool, wet winters. The winters see lows belowfreezingin many nights, makingfrostprevalent. Snowfall occurs occasionally.
| Climate data for Rawandiz | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
9 (48) |
13.4 (56.1) |
20 (68) |
28.1 (82.6) |
33 (91) |
36 (97) |
42 (108) |
38 (100) |
28.2 (82.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
23.6 (74.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6 (21) |
−2 (28) |
0 (32) |
9 (48) |
14.7 (58.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.4 (74.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.0 (35.6) |
10.4 (50.6) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 147 (5.8) |
169 (6.7) |
141 (5.6) |
98 (3.9) |
41 (1.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
12 (0.5) |
77 (3.0) |
108 (4.3) |
794 (31.4) |
| Source: Climate Data[16] | |||||||||||||
Tourism
[edit]The striking scenery has been noted by a number of visitors to the region. A. M. Hamilton relates that the Rawanduz gorge was said to be the finest in Asia.[17]
The Pank Tourist Resort, which was opened in 2007, it was the first suchresortin Iraq. It includes aFerris wheeland other rides, including atobogganand Bobsled. Also includes a five-star hotel, restaurants, swimming pools, saunas, tennis courts, helipads and mini golf.[18]Mount Korekis one of the top 10 destinations to visit in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, there is a 4 kilometer long Doppelmayr Teleferic (cable car) from its Bekhal Bottom station to Mount Korek. The mountain is developed as an international destination. The Resort has developed 132 villas and several rides in his project which is called "The Korek Mountain Resort & Spa". There are also restaurants, cafes and helipads. The resort is a summer retreat providing cool environs when the whole region reels under high temperatures. During winters, it turns into a Ski Resort.[19]
Gallery
[edit]-
Nowruz2021 in Rawanduz District -
peruyan -
Valley Rawanduz -
Valley Rawanduz -
Jundian -
The statue ofMuhammad Pasha of Rawanduz -
Wasta Rajab Cannon -
KAwloka, and behind it the city of Rawandiz -
-
xerend Waterfall inRawanduz
References
[edit]- ^"لە هەوارگەی (شنگلبانە)ی گەشتیاری یەکەمەکانی سنووری ڕەواندز خەڵات دەکرێن"(in Kurdish).Retrieved19 December2019.
- ^"Welatiyên Rewandiz li benda nexweşxaneyê ne".ROJ News(in Kurdish). 1 December 2019.Retrieved19 December2019.
- ^Ainsworth, William (1888)."A Personal Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition".
- ^Humphreys, R. S. (1987)."AYYUBIDS".Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2.pp. 164–167.
- ^Chahin, M. (1987).The kingdom of Armenia: a history.Croom Helm.ISBN9780700714520.Retrieved2009-09-06.
- ^Dehqan, Mustafa; Genç, Vural (2019)."The Kurdish Emirate of Brādōst, 1510-1609".Oriente Moderno.99(3): 306–320.doi:10.1163/22138617-12340222.S2CID213564665.Retrieved30 January2021.
- ^abBosworth, C.E. (1965)."Rawāndiz".Encyclopedia of Islam(2 ed.).doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0914.
- ^"Assyrians & the Assyrian Identity in the Ottoman Empire".Zinda magazine. 1999-11-16.Retrieved2009-09-06.
- ^Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908-1918, Michael A. Reynolds, page 158, 2011. Quote "The Russian's local allies often abetted this line of thinking. One Assyrian officer urged his superiors to drop the Russian rule of concilatings one's enemy peacefully in favor of all-out warfare on Muslims. The British Major E. W. C Noel described the extermination of the town of Rowanduz and the wholesale massacre of its [Muslim] inhabitants by what he dubbed Christian Army of Revenge of Agha Petros as one example of a long record of outrages
- ^"The Development of Air Control in Iraq".National Archives (UK). October 1922.Retrieved2009-09-06.
- ^Sluglett, Peter (1976)."The Kurdish Problem and the Mosul Boundary: 1918-1925".Ithaca.Retrieved2009-09-08.
- ^abHamilton, Archibald Milne (1930).Road through Kurdistan: travels in Northern Iraq.ISBN9781850436379.Retrieved2009-09-06.
- ^"Rawandiz artists paint Turkish air raid debris in peaceful protest".AKNews. 2011-08-24.Retrieved2011-09-25.
- ^Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (2002).Edmund Leach: An Anthropological Life.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521521024.Retrieved2009-09-06.
- ^Leach, Edmund (1940)."Social and Economic Organization of the Rowanduz Kurds".London School of Economics.Retrieved2009-09-06.
- ^"Climate statistics for Rawanduz".Climate-Data.Retrieved22 January2017.
- ^Hamilton, Archibald Milne (1930).Road through Kurdistan: travels in Northern Iraq.ISBN9781850436379.Retrieved2009-09-08.
- ^Howard, Michael (2007-06-16)."All the fun of the fair - it must be Iraq".The Guardian.Retrieved2009-09-06.
- ^"The resort - the Korek".The Korek Mountain Resort & Spa.
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