Pinus resinosa
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| Red pine | |
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| Trees atSherburne NWR,Minnesota | |
Scientific classification
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Pinus |
| Subgenus: | P.subg.Pinus |
| Section: | P.sect.Pinus |
| Subsection: | P.subsect.Pinus |
| Species: | P. resinosa
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| Binomial name | |
| Pinus resinosa | |
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Pinus resinosa,known asred pine[2][3](alsoNorway pineinMinnesota),[4]is apinenative to EasternNorth America.[5]
Description
[edit]Red pine is aconiferousevergreentree characterized by tall, straight growth.[6]It usually ranges from 20–35 metres (66–115 feet) in height and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in trunk diameter, exceptionally reaching43.77 m (143+1⁄2ft) tall.[7]The crown is conical, becoming a narrow rounded dome with age. Thebarkis thick and gray-brown at the base of the tree, but thin, flaky and bright orange-red in the upper crown; the tree's name derives from this distinctive character. Some red color may be seen in the fissures of the bark. The species is self pruning; there tend not to be dead branches on the trees, and older trees may have very long lengths of branchless trunk below the canopy.[5]
Theleavesare needle-like, dark yellow-green, infasciclesof two,[6]12–18 centimetres (4+3⁄4–7 inches) long, and brittle. The leaves snap cleanly when bent; this character, stated as diagnostic for red pine in some texts, is however shared by several other pine species. Theconesare symmetricalovoid,4–6 cm (1+1⁄2–2+1⁄4in) long by 2.5 cm (1 in) broad, and purple before maturity, ripening to nut-blue and opening to4–5 cm (1+1⁄2–2 in) broad, the scales without a prickle and almost stalkless.[2]
The pine grows well in sandy soils and on soils which are too poor for white pine.[5]
Phylogeny
[edit]Red pine is notable for its very constant morphology and low genetic variation throughout its range, suggesting it has been through a near extinction in its recentevolutionaryhistory.[8][9]A genetic study of nuclear microsatellite polymorphisms among populations distributed throughout its natural range found that red pine populations from Newfoundland are genetically distinct from most mainland populations, consistent with dispersal from different glacial refugia in this highly self-pollinating species.[10]
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An old tree inItasca State Park,Minnesota -
Pollen cones in spring -
Cone (scale in cm) -
Red pine boughs, showing yellowing andabscissionof older foliage in the autumn. -
Distribution and habitat
[edit]It occurs fromNewfoundlandwest toManitoba,and south toPennsylvania,with several smaller, disjunct populations occurring in theAppalachian MountainsinVirginiaandWest Virginia,as well as a few small pockets in extreme northernNew Jerseyand northernIllinois.[1][11]
It can be found in a variety of habitats.[5]
Ecology
[edit]It isintolerant of shade,but does well in windy sites; it grows best in well-drained soil. It is a long-lived tree, reaching a maximum age of about 500 years.[12]
Uses
[edit]Thewoodis commercially valuable inforestryfortimberandpaper pulp,and the tree is also used for landscaping.[5]
The wood is light, hard, and very close grained. It is not durable in contact with soil without chemical treatment. It is used in construction for piling, masts, spars, boxes, and crates.[5]
In culture
[edit]The red pine is Minnesota'sstate tree.[13]In Minnesota the use of the name "Norway"[4]may stem from earlyScandinavianimmigrants who likened the American red pines to theScots pinesback home.[14]
References
[edit]- ^abFarjon, A. (2013)."Pinus resinosa".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2013:e.T42410A2978087.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42410A2978087.en.Retrieved11 November2021.
- ^abMoore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; et al. (May 9, 2008).National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America.New York:Sterling Publishing.p. 66.ISBN978-1-4027-3875-3.
- ^"Red Pine".dnr.state.mn.us.Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
- ^abHoyt, Richard (21 September 2017)."Red Pine Tree Facts".gardenguides.Retrieved24 February2022.
- ^abcdefGrimm, William Carey (1966).The Book of Trees.Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stockpole Company. p. 43.
- ^abKral, Robert (1993)."Pinus resinosa".In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA).Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,Missouri Botanical Garden,St. Louis, MO &Harvard University Herbaria,Cambridge, MA.
- ^Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018)."Pinus resinosa".The Gymnosperm Database.Retrieved5 February2012.
- ^Fowler, D. P.; Morris, R. W. (1977). "Genetic diversity in Red Pine: evidence for low genic heterozygosity".Canadian Journal of Forest Research.7(2): 343–347.doi:10.1139/x77-043.
- ^Simon, Jean-Pierre; Bergeron, Yves; Gagnon, Daniel (1986). "Isozyme uniformity in populations of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) in the Abitibi Region, Quebec ".Canadian Journal of Forest Research.16(5): 1133–1135.doi:10.1139/x86-198.
- ^Jacquelyn Boys; Marilyn Cherry; Selvadurai Dayanandan (2005)."Microsatellite Analysis Reveals Genetically Distinct Populations of Red Pine".American Journal of Botany.92(5): 833–841.doi:10.3732/ajb.92.5.833.PMID21652464.
- ^Hilty, John (2020)."Pinus resinosa".Illinois Wildflowers.RetrievedMay 1,2017.
- ^"Eastern OLDLIST: A database of maximum tree ages for Eastern North America".Columbia Climate School,Columbia University.RetrievedFebruary 24,2022– via ldeo.columbia.edu.
- ^"State Tree- Norway Pine".sos.state.mn.us.Minnesota Secretary of State.
- ^Wright, Jacob J. (September 21, 2017)."What is a Norway Pine Tree?".gardenguides.Archived fromthe originalon June 27, 2019.RetrievedFebruary 24,2022.
External links
[edit]
- Interactive Distribution Map of Red Pineat plantmaps
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