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Renaud Camus

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Renaud Camus
Camus in 2019
Camus in 2019
BornJean Renaud Gabriel Camus
(1946-08-10)10 August 1946(age 77)
Chamalières,France
Pen nameJ. R. G. Le Camus[1]
Education
Notable works
  • Tricks(1979)
  • The Great Replacement(2011)
Notable awards
Political party

Renaud Camus(/kæˈmuː/;French:[ʁənokamy];bornJean Renaud Gabriel Camuson 10 August 1946) is a French novelist,conspiracy theorist,andwhite nationalistwriter. He is the inventor of the "Great Replacement",afar-rightconspiracy theorythat claims that a "global elite" is colluding against thewhite population of Europeto replace them with non-European peoples.[2][3]

Camus's "Great Replacement" theory has been translated on far-right websites and adopted by far-right groups to reinforce thewhite genocide conspiracy theory.[4]Camus has repeatedly condemned and publicly disavowed violent acts which have been perpetrated by far-right terrorists stemming from his theories.[5][6][7][8]

Early life and career as a fiction writer[edit]

Family and education (1946–1977)[edit]

Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus[9]was born on 10 August 1946[10]inChamalières,Auvergne,a rural town in central France.[11][12]Raised in a bourgeois family,[13]he is the son of Léon Camus, an entrepreneur, and Catherine Gourdiat, a lawyer.[14]His parents removed him from their will after herevealedhishomosexuality.At 21, then asocialist,he participated inpro-LGBTmarches during theMay 1968 eventsin Paris.[12]

Camus earned abaccalauréatinphilosophyinClermont-Ferrand,Auvergne, in 1963. He then spent a year at a non-university college,St Clare's, Oxford(1965–1966). He earned abachelorinFrench literatureat theSorbonne Universityin Paris (1969), amasterin philosophy at theParis Institute of Political Studies(1970),[15][16]and twoMaster of Advanced Studies(DES) inpolitical science(1970) andhistory of law(1971) at theUniversity Panthéon-Assas.He taught French literature at theHendrix CollegeinConway, Arkansasfrom 1971 to 1972, then was redactor in political science for the encyclopedia publisherGrolierfrom 1972 to 1976. He was also a professional reader and literature advisor at French book publisherDenoëlfrom 1970 to 1976.[15]

Influential gay writer (1978–1995)[edit]

After settling back in Paris in 1978, Camus quickly began to circulate among writers and artists the likes ofRoland Barthes,Andy Warhol,andGilbert & George.[13]Known exclusively as a novelist and poet until the late 1990s, Camus received thePrix Fénéonin 1977 for his novelÉchange,[17]and in 1996 thePrix Amicfrom theAcadémie Françaisefor his previous novels andelegies.[18][19]

Called retrospectively by some English-language media an "edgy gay writer",[13][19]Camus published in 1979Tricks,a "chronicle" consisting of descriptions of homosexual encounters in France and elsewhere, with a preface by philosopher Roland Barthes; it remains Camus's most translated work.[20]TricksandBuena Vista Park,published in 1980, were deemed influential in the LGBT community at that time.[21][22][19]Camus was also a columnist for the French gay magazineGai pied.[22][13]This period of Camus's life has led American magazineThe Nationto label him a "gay icon" who "became the ideologue ofwhite supremacy,"[19]although Camus had rejected the concept of "homosexual writer" by 1982.[23]

Camus was a member of theSocialist Partyduring the 1970s and 1980s, and he voted forFrançois Mitterrandin 1981, winner of theFrench presidential election.[12]Thirty-one years later, during the 2012 presidential campaign, he dismissed the party with the following remark: "The Socialist Party has published a political program titledPour changer de civilisation( "To change civilization" ). We are among those who, to the contrary, refuse to change civilization. "[24]

In 1992, at the age of 46, using the money from the sale of his Paris apartment, Camus bought and began to restore a 14th-century castle inPlieux,a village inOccitanie.In 1996, he had the epiphany which he said led to the concept of the "Great Replacement".[13]As of 2019, Camus still lives in the castle. Because he received government funds to assist in the restoration of the castle – which included the rebuilding of a 10-story tower removed in the 17th century – Camus is required to open it to the public for a part of the year.[20][19]

The Great Replacement[edit]

Main article:Great Replacement

Development (1996–2011)[edit]

The castle of Plieux, built in 1340 and Camus's home inOccitanie,southern France

Camus stated in a 2016 interview with British magazineThe Spectatorthat he began to develop his theory in 1996, while editing a guidebook about thedepartmentofHérault.He claimed that he "suddenly realised that in very old villages... the population had totally changed" and added, "this is when I began to write like that."[13]

Camus supported for a time the left-wingsouverainistpoliticianJean-Pierre Chevènement,then voted for theecologistcandidateNoël Mamèrein the2002 presidential election.[12]The same year, he founded his ownracialistpolitical party,[25]the Parti de l'In-nocence ( "Party of No-harm" ), although it was not publicly launched until the2012 presidential election.[13]The party advocatesremigration,i.e. sending all immigrants and their families back to the country of their origin, and a complete cessation of future immigration.[20]

He also declared that a key to understanding his "Great Replacement" theory can be found in a book about aesthetics he published in 2002, titledDu Sens( "Of Meaning" ).[13]In the latter, inspired by adialogbetweenPlatoandCratylus,he wrote that the words "France" and "French" equal a natural and physical reality, not a legal one; it is a form ofcratylismsimilar toCharles Maurras' distinction between the "legal country" and the "real country."[a][26]Camus also built on the earlier work ofJean Raspail,who published the dystopian novelThe Camp of the Saintsin 1973, a fictional story about immigration and the destruction of Western civilization.[27]

Political activism (2012–present)[edit]

He was a candidate in the 2012 French presidential election, with a program ranging from "serious proposals, such as the repatriation of foreign-born criminals", to unusual themes in French politics, such as "the right to silence, abolishing wind-farms, banning roadside ads, making sanctuaries of remaining unspoiled places, stopping the production of cars that can go faster than the speed limit, and recognisingIsrael,Palestineand aGreater Lebanonfor Christians in the Middle East. "[13]He nonetheless failed to gain enough elected representativespresentationsto be able to run for president, and eventually decided to supportMarine Le Pen.[24][28]

In 2015 Camus headed an initiative to launchPegidaFrance alongsidePierre CassenofRiposte Laïque,Jean-Luc Addorof theSwiss People's Party,Pierre Renversez of the Belgian "No to Islam" and Melanie Dittmer of the German Pegida.[29][30]

Renaud Camus withKarim Ouchikhduring their2019 European campaign

In December 2017, he declared: "The presidential election that took place [in 2017] was the last chance for a political solution. I don't believe in a political solution... because in 2022, this time, it will be the occupants, the invaders [i.e. the immigrants] who will vote, who will be the masters of the elections, so anyway the solution is no longer political".[25]

In May 2019, Camus ran, along withKarim Ouchikh,for theEuropean parliament elections:"we shall not leave Europe, we shall make Africa leave Europe," they wrote to define their agenda.[31][32]During the campaign, a photograph of a candidate on his ballot kneeling before a giantswastikadrawn on a beach re-emerged on social media. Camus decided to withdraw from the election, claiming that the swastika was "the opposite of everything [he had] fought for [his] whole life."[19][33]During the2022 French presidential election,he sided with far-right pundit and presidential candidateÉric Zemmour.[34]

Views[edit]

The Great Replacement[edit]

Since his 2010 and 2011 booksL'Abécédaire de l'in-nocence( "Abecedarium of no-harm" ) andLe Grand Remplacement( "The Great Replacement" )—both unpublished in English—Camus has been warning of the purported danger of the "Great Replacement".[35]The conspiracy theory supposes that "replacist elites"[b]are colluding against the White French and Europeans in order to replace them with non-European peoples—specificallyMuslimpopulations fromAfricaand theMiddle East—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the European birth rate; a supposed process he labeled "genocide by substitution."[2][36]To promote his theory, Camus participated in two conferences organised byBloc Identitairein December 2010 and November 2012.[25]

On 9 November 2017, Camus founded, withKarim Ouchikh,theNational Council of European Resistance,an allusion to the WWII FrenchNational Council of the Resistance.[37]The pan-European movement—with other members the likes ofJean-Yves Le Gallou,Bernard Lugan,Václav Klaus,Filip DewinterorJanice Atkinson[38]—seeks to oppose the "Great Replacement",immigration to Europe,and to defeat "replacist totalitarianism".[39][40]In 2017, French essayistAlain Finkielkrautcaused controversy after he invited Camus to debate the "Great Replacement" on the literary talk showRépliquesat the public radioFrance Culture.Finkielkraut justified his choice by arguing that Camus, who "is heard and seen nowhere, has shaped an expression that we hear everywhere."[6][41]After white supremacist protesters at the 2017Unite The Right RallyinCharlottesville, Virginiawere heard chanting "You will not replace us" and "Jews will not replace us,"[42]Camus stated that he did not support Nazis or violence, but that he could understand why white Americans felt angry about being replaced, and that he approved of the sentiment.[43]In November 2018, he released a book directly written in English and intended for an international audience, titledYou Will Not Replace Us![44]

As of February 2023, he continued to defend the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory on hisTwitteraccount,[45]which had around 54,000 followers at the time of its permanent suspension in October 2021.[46]Camus's account was reactivated in January 2023 thanks to a policy of general amnesty announced by Twitter's new ownerElon Musk.[47]

White nationalist violence[edit]

Camus has repeatedly said that he condemns the violent attacks and terrorism committed in echo with his ideas,[5][6][7][8]dismissing them as "Occupier's [i.e. immigrant's] practices."[48]While he denies stigmatizing all Muslims, Camus believes in an unbroken line between petty crime andIslamic terrorism:"all the terrorists are known by the police, not for terrorist acts or for religious extremism, but by petty larceny and bank attacks, or even by very small things like attacking old ladies in suburban trains, or conflicts between neighbours",[13]adding in another speech: "we are talking about the fight against terrorism: in my opinion there are no terrorists, not a single one. There are occupants who... kill a few hostages from time to time to better remind us who the master is."[25]

Camus's tract for his 2014 "day of anger" manifestation against the "great replacement": "No to the change of people and of civilization, no to antisemitism"

I therefore believe that we are entering into an absolute necessity of a struggle that will no longer be political... for which there are two main sources of inspiration: that of the Resistance and that of anti-colonial struggles. We are under occupation—I am absolutely not afraid of the word, I often speak of the second occupation... We also follow the tradition of all anti-colonial struggles... Algeria, which has become independent, has considered that it would not be truly independent without the departure of the settlers... I also believe that there will be no liberation of the territory without the departure of the occupier or colonization, i. e. withoutremigration.All the major texts in the fight against decolonization apply admirably to France, in particular those ofFrantz Fanon... Faced with this, I propose open resistance, that is, to revolt.

— Renaud Camus.Speech of the 10 years ofRiposte Laïque,2 December 2017.

Scholars Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Ahmed Boubeker state that "the announcement of a civil war is implicit in the theory of the 'great replacement'... This thesis is extreme—and so simplistic that it can be understood by anyone—because it validates a racial definition of the nation."[49]In April 2014, Camus was fined €4,000 for incitement to racial hatred after he referred to Muslims as "hooligans" and "soldiers" and as "the armed wing of a group intent on conquering French territory and expelling the existing population from certain areas" during a conference organised byBloc Identitaireand Riposte Laïque in December 2010.[50][13]In April 2015, theCourt of Appeal of Parisconfirmed this decision.[51]

Allegations of antisemitism[edit]

In his diary of 1994—published in 2000 under the titleLa campagne de France—Renaud Camus commented on the fact that the membership of a regular panel of literary critics on the public radioFrance Culturecomprised a majority of Jewish members who, in his view, tended to exclusively focus discussion on Jewish authors and community-centered issues.[52][19]This accusation drew much criticism among some French journalists such asMarc WeitzmannorJean Daniel,who denounced Camus's remarks as anti-Semitic.[53][19]Oneeditorial,signed byFrédéric Mitterrand,Emmanuel Carrère,Christian CombazandCamille Laurens,defended Camus in the name of free speech, while another, signed byJacques Derrida,Serge Klarsfeld,Claude Lanzmann,Jean-Pierre VernantandPhilippe Sollers,contended that racism and antisemitism, as allegedly displayed by Camus in his diary, are not entitled to this freedom.[53]

Camus has since gained a number of defenders amongFrench-Jewishconservative thinkers, most notablyAlain Finkielkraut,who has taken his side in the controversy since 2000. "Demographic substitution," Finkielkraut said toThe Nationin 2019, is "not a conspiracy theory," but he dismissed Camus's frequent talk of "genocide by substitution."[19]Éric Zemmour,a French conservative journalist ofSephardic Jewishdescent, is one of the most prominent mainstream advocates of Camus's theory.[41][54]Additionally, various right-wing and far-right French-speaking Jewish websites, such asDreuz.info, Europe-IsraëlorJssNews,have positively received Camus's conspiracy theory and have called their readership to study his books.[55]

Political scientistJean-Yves Camusand historianNicolas Lebourghave noted that, contrary to its parent thewhite genocide conspiracy theory,Renaud Camus's "Great Replacement"does not include an antisemitic Jewish plot, which is, according to them, a reason for its success.[56]French journalistYann Moix,who had accused Camus of being an anti-Semite in 2017, was fined €3,000 by a FrenchCourt of Appealfor libel on 13 March 2019.[57]Moix's conviction was overturned in January 2020 by theFrench Court of Cassation,judging that his comments "were the expression of an opinion and a value judgment on the personality of the plaintiff... and not the imputation of a specific fact."[58]

Democracy and multiculturalism[edit]

Camus sees democracy as a degradation ofhigh cultureand favors a system whereby the elite are guardians of the culture, thus opposingmulticulturalism.[26]

LGBT rights[edit]

Camus is openly gay and has given lukewarm support tosame-sex marriage.[22]He has said thathomophobiaand opposition togay rightswithin conservative Islam justifiesanti-Muslim sentiment,and that the mainstreamlefthas often prioritised defending Islam andanti-racismover criticisingMuslim homophobia.[26]

Influence[edit]

In a survey led byIfopin December 2018, 25% of the French subscribed to the theory of the "Great Replacement"; as well as 46% of the responders who defined themselves as "Gilets Jaunes".[59]In another survey led byHarris Interactivein October 2021, 61% of the French believed that the "Great Replacement" will happen in France; 67% of the respondents were worried about it.[60]The theory has been cited by Canadian political activistLauren Southernin a YouTube video of the same name released in July 2017.[61]Southern's video had attracted in 2019 more than 670,000 viewers[62]and is credited with helping to popularize the theory.[63]

The "Great Replacement" theory is a key ideological component ofIdentitarianism,a strand ofwhite nationalismthat originated in France and has since gained popularity inEuropeand the rest of the Western world.[64]

Mass shootings[edit]

Although Camus has repeatedly condemned and publicly disavowed violent acts perpetrated by far-right terrorists,[5][6][7][8]several far-right terrorists, including the perpetrators of the shootings inChristchurch,El Paso,andBuffalo,all of which have made reference to the "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory. According to scholars, Camus' Great Replacement theory can only lead to acts of violence, by presenting non-whites as an existential threat to white people,[65][66]and immigrants as afifth columnor an "internal enemy".[67]Camus' use of strong terms like "colonization" and "Occupiers" to label non-European immigrants and their children (in analogy to theNazi occupation of France),[68][69]has been described by philosopherAlain Finkielkrautas implicit calls to violence.[70]

Christchurch mosque shootings[edit]

Main article:Christchurch mosque shootings

The "Great Replacement" was also the name of a manifesto by terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant, theAustralian-born perpetrator of the shootings in twoChristchurchmosques that killed 51Muslimsand injured 40 others. Camus condemned the massacre and described the shootings as aterrorist attack,also adding that Tarrant's manifesto had failed to understand the Great Replacement theory. Camus said that he suspected the attacks to be inspired by acts ofIslamic terrorism in France.[71]In a discussion withThe Washington Post,he said that while he was against the use of violence, he still supported a sort of "counter-revolt"against non-White immigration and had no issues with the majority of his supporters' beliefs.[6]ScholarJean-Yves Camussees Tarrant's ideas as more extreme than Camus' replacement theory, and argues that they are more firmly rooted inJean Raspail's thinking.[7]

El Paso Walmart shooting[edit]

Main article:2019 El Paso shooting

Likewise, Tarrant's manifesto and the Great Replacement theory were also cited inThe Inconvenient Truthby Patrick Crusius, the perpetrator of the shooting at aWalmartstore inEl Paso, Texas,that killed 23Latinosand injured 23 others.[72][73]

Buffalo Tops shooting[edit]

Main article:2022 Buffalo shooting

The perpetrator of the shooting at aTops supermarketinBuffalo, New York,Payton Gendron, killed ten people and injured three others; 11 of the victims wereblack.Gendron is reported to have written a manifesto, describing himself as awhite supremacistand voicing support for thefar-rightGreat Replacement conspiracy theory of Camus. The attack has been described as an act ofdomestic terrorism,and the incident is being investigated asracially motivated.[74][75][76][77][78]This manifesto expresses support for other far-right mass shootersDylann Roof,Anders Behring Breivik,and Tarrant.[79][80][81]About 28 percent of the document is plagiarized from other sources, especially Tarrant's manifesto.[82][83]

Selected works[edit]

Novels

  • Passage.Flammarion (1975)ISBN978-2080607829
  • Échange.Flammarion (1976)ISBN978-2080608925
  • Roman roi.P.O.L. (1983)ISBN978-2867440052
  • Roman furieux (Roman roi II).P.O.L. (1987)ISBN978-2867440762
  • Voyageur en automne.P.O.L. (1992)ISBN978-2867443022
  • Le Chasseur de lumières.P.O.L. (1993)ISBN978-2867443725
  • L'épuisant désir de ces choses.P.O.L. (1995)ISBN978-2867444494
  • L'Inauguration de la salle des Vents.Fayard (2003)ISBN978-2213616643
  • Loin.P.O.L. (2009)ISBN978-2846823524

Chronicles

Political writings

Notes[edit]

  1. ^French: "pays légal" and "pays réel"
  2. ^French: "élites remplacistes."

References[edit]

  1. ^"Camus, Renaud (1946 )".Idref.fr.Retrieved31 August2022.
  2. ^abTaguieff, Pierre-André(2015).La revanche du nationalisme: Néopopulistes et xénophobes à l'assaut de l'Europe.Presses Universitaires de France.PT71.ISBN9782130729501.To [the theory of a replacement through mass immigration], that claims itself to be an observation or a description, is added in the "anti-replacist" vision a conspiracy theory which attributes to the "replacist" elites the desire to achieve the "Great Replacement".
  3. ^Korte, Barbara; Wendt, Simon; Falkenhayner, Nicole (2019).Heroism as a Global Phenomenon in Contemporary Culture.Routledge.PT10.ISBN9780429557842.This conspiracy theory, which was first articulated by the French philosopher Renaud Camus, has gained a lot of traction in Europe since 2015.
  4. ^Shafak, Elif (1 April 2019)."To understand the far right, look to their bookshelves".The Guardian.
  5. ^abcWildman, Sarah (15 August 2017).""You will not replace us": a French philosopher explains the Charlottesville chant ".Vox.He seemed surprised by the notion that his ideas could in any way be associated with the white nationalists marching in Charlottesville. He condemned the violence and insisted he has no connection to Nazism
  6. ^abcdeHeim, Joe; McAuley, James (15 March 2019)."New Zealand attacks offer the latest evidence of a web of supremacist extremism".The Washington Post.Camus, now 72, told The Washington Post that he condemns the Christchurch attacks and has always condemned similar violence... Camus added that he still hopes that the desire for a "counterrevolt" against "colonization in Europe today" will grow, a reference to increases in nonwhite populations... France Culture is among the most highbrow radio programs in Europe, a French equivalent of NPR. Camus has also discussed the "great replacement" onRépliques,a program anchored by Alain Finkielkraut, a prominent French intellectual.
  7. ^abcdPolakow-Suransky, Sasha; Wildman, Sarah (16 March 2019)."The Inspiration for Terrorism in New Zealand Came From France".Foreign Policy.Jean-Yves Camus(no relation to Renaud), a French scholar of the far-right, sees Tarrant's ideas as more firmly rooted in Raspail's thinking than in great replacement theory. "The shooter is much more extreme than Renaud Camus," he said in an email exchange Friday. "Camus coined the term 'grand remplacement' to show his belief that the native European population is being uprooted by the non-Caucasian immigrants, especially the Muslims. Renaud Camus never condoned violence, much less terrorism." He added: "Raspail is another thing."
  8. ^abcByman, Daniel(16 May 2022)."The Global Roots of the Buffalo Shooting".Foreign Policy.In fact, although white supremacists in the United States and elsewhere have long claimed the white race is under attack, the Great Replacement theory itself originated in France with philosopher Renaud Camus (though Camus himself rejects violence).
  9. ^"Entreprise Monsieur Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus à Plieux (32340)".Le Figaroemploi.
  10. ^Camus, Renaud (1946-....).Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
  11. ^"Le Gersois Renaud Camus, théoricien du" grand remplacement ", candidat à la présidentielle 2017".France 3 Occitanie(in French). 30 May 2016.Retrieved30 May2022.
  12. ^abcdMahrane, Saïd (14 October 2013)."Ce Camus qui n'aime pas l'étranger".Le Point.
  13. ^abcdefghijkSexton, David (3 November 2016)."Non!".The Spectator.Archived fromthe originalon 5 November 2016.
  14. ^Qui est qui en France.J. Lafitte. 2010. p. 443.ISBN9782857840503.
  15. ^ab"Renaud Camus".Éditions P.O.L.
  16. ^Finkielkraut, Alain; Camus, Renaud; Carrère, Emmanuel (2003).L'étrangèreté(in French). TRICORNE.ISBN978-2-8293-0248-0.
  17. ^Baetens, Jan (2000).Etudes camusiennes.Rodopi. p. 61.ISBN9789042007789.
  18. ^"Renaud Camus".Fayard.4 June 2013.
  19. ^abcdefghiMcAuley, James (17 June 2019)."How Gay Icon Renaud Camus Became the Ideologue of White Supremacy".The Nation.ISSN0027-8378.
  20. ^abcOnishi, Norimitsu (20 September 2019)."The Man Behind a Toxic Slogan Promoting White Supremacy".The New York Times.
  21. ^Lestrade, Didier(4 April 2016)."Je suis trop longtemps resté fidèle à Renaud Camus, ce traître homosexuel".Slate.
  22. ^abcLe Bailly, David (29 June 2019)."Renaud Camus, des backrooms gays au" grand remplacement "".Le Nouvel Obs.
  23. ^Vercier, Bruno; Porter, Charles A.; Sarkonak, Ralph (1996). "An Interview With Renaud Camus".Yale French Studies(90).Yale University Press:7–21.doi:10.2307/2930355.ISSN0044-0078.JSTOR2930355.
  24. ^abCamus, Renaud (19 April 2012)."Nous refusons de changer de civilisation".Le Monde.
  25. ^abcdDe Boissieu, Laurent."Parti de l'In-nocence (PI)".France-Politique.
  26. ^abcChaouat, Bruno (27 August 2019)."The Gay French Poet Behind the Alt-Right's Favorite Catch Phrase".Tablet Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 4 November 2019.
  27. ^New York Times Editorial Board (19 November 2022)."There Are No Lone Wolves".The New York Times.Retrieved22 November2022.
  28. ^Staff (27 March 2012)."L'écrivain Renaud Camus appelle à voter Le Pen".Le Figaro.
  29. ^"Factsheet: Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei, SVP)".Bridge Initiative.Georgetown University. 22 December 2020.
  30. ^"Pegida: Renaud Camus lance une section française du mouvement anti-islam".atlantico.20 January 2015.
  31. ^AFP (4 April 2019)."Européennes: l'écrivain Renaud Camus en tête de liste".Le Figaro.«L'Europe, il ne faut pas en sortir, il faut en sortir l'Afrique»... «Jamais une occupation n'a pris fin sans le départ de l'occupant. Jamais une colonisation ne s'est achevée sans le retrait des colonisateurs et des colons. La Ligne claire, et seule à l'être, c'est celle qui mène du ferme constat du grand remplacement... à l'exigence de la remigration», ajoutent-ils.
  32. ^AFP (9 April 2019)."Renaud Camus, le chantre du" grand remplacement ", tête de liste aux européennes".Le Parisien.
  33. ^AFP (22 May 2019)."Européennes: Renaud Camus" n'assume plus "sa liste à cause d'une co-listière".L'Express.
  34. ^"How France's 'great replacement' theory conquered the global far right".France 24.8 November 2021.Retrieved10 January2022.
  35. ^Camus, Jean-Yves;Mathieu, Annie (19 August 2017)."D'où vient l'expression 'remigration'?".Le Soleil.Archivedfrom the original on 24 May 2019.
  36. ^Verstraet, Antoine (2017). "C'est ça que tu veux?".Savoirs et Clinique.23(2): 55.doi:10.3917/sc.023.0055.ISSN1634-3298.[transl. from French] This theory states that the indigenous French ( "Français de souche" ) could soon be demographically replaced by non-European peoples, especially from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa.
  37. ^Sapiro, Gi sắc le (2018).Les écrivains et la politique en France - De l'affaire Dreyfus à la guerre d'Algérie.Le Seuil.PT377.ISBN978-2-02-140215-5.
  38. ^"À propos".Conseil National de la Résistance Européenne.29 November 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 1 December 2017.Retrieved5 August2019.
  39. ^"Charte constitutive".Conseil National de la Résistance Européenne.3 December 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 19 June 2022.Retrieved5 August2019.
  40. ^Lambrecq, Maxence (7 May 2019)."Du jamais vu: deux listes anti-islam pour les élections européennes en France".France Inter.
  41. ^abDiallo, Rokhaya."French Islamophobia goes global".The Washington Post.
  42. ^Weitzmann, Marc(1 April 2019)."The Global Language of Hatred Is French".Foreign Affairs.
  43. ^Wildman, Sarah (15 August 2017).""You will not replace us": a French philosopher explains the Charlottesville chant ".Vox.
  44. ^Chaouat, Bruno (18 March 2019)."La littérature, c'est le grand remplacement du monde".Le Point.
  45. ^Camus, Renaud [@RenaudCamus] (16 February 2023)."Le génocide par substitution est le crime contre l'humanité du XXIe siècle. Il n'est pas commis par le racisme mais par l'antiracisme, l'alliance des industriels de l'homme et des égalitaristes, qui forment ensemble le Bloc Génocidaire"[Genocide by substitution is the crime against humanity of the 21st century. It is committed not by racism but by anti-racism, the alliance of the industrialists of man and the egalitarians, who together form the Genocidal Bloc.] (Tweet) – viaTwitter.
  46. ^"@RenaudCamus".Twitter.Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2021.
  47. ^Bresson, Vincent (31 January 2023)."L'extrême droite de Twitter peut remercier Elon Musk".Slate.fr(in French).Retrieved13 February2023.
  48. ^Camus, Renaud (4 August 2019)."Renaud Camus - Twitter - 3:01PM, 4 Aug 2019".Twitter.J'appelle à la révolte anticoloniale, moi, à la décolonisation, à la libération du territoire, au départ de l'Occupant, à son Grand Rapatriement qui peut seul nous protéger de la violence — certainement pas au terrorisme et aux massacres de masse, ces pratiques d'Occupant. [I do call for an anti-colonial revolt, for decolonization, for territorial liberation, for the Occupier's departure, for its Great Repatriation which alone can protect us from violence—, certainly not for terrorism and mass massacres, those are Occupier's practices.]
  49. ^Boubeker, Ahmed; Bancel, Nicolas; Blanchard, Pascal (2015).Le grand repli.La Découverte. pp. 141–152.ISBN9782707188229.
  50. ^Staff (10 April 2014)."L'écrivain Renaud Camus condamné pour provocation à la haine contre les musulmans".Le Monde(in French).
  51. ^AFP (9 April 2015)."Provocation à la haine contre les musulmans: La condamnation de Renaud Camus confirmée".20Minutes(in French).
  52. ^"Fragments du" Journal de 1994 "".Le Monde.1 June 2000.
  53. ^abJaffrin, Ivan (2012)."D'un scandale l'autre: l'affaire Renaud Camus et la faillite de la critique intellectuelle".COnTEXTES. Revue de sociologie de la littérature(in French) (10).doi:10.4000/contextes.4975.ISSN1783-094X.
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  56. ^Jean-Yves Camus; Nicolas Lebourg (2017).Far-Right Politics in Europe.Harvard University Press. pp. 206–207.ISBN978-0-674-97153-0.The success of that umpteenth incarnation of a theme launched immediately after World War II (Camus has personally declared his indebtedness to Enoch Powell) can be explained by the fact that he subtracted anti-Semitism from the argument
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  58. ^AFP (7 January 2020)."Diffamation envers Renaud Camus: la condamnation de Yann Moix annulée".Le Figaro.
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  65. ^Obaidi, Milan; Kunst, Jonas; Ozer, Simon; Kimel, Sasha Y. (2022)."The" Great Replacement "conspiracy: How the perceived ousting of Whites can evoke violent extremism and Islamophobia".Group Processes & Intergroup Relations.25(7): 1675–1695.doi:10.1177/13684302211028293.ISSN1368-4302.S2CID238778395.Specifically, because it portrays the majority population as victims whose ethnicity is under existential threat, it may help to justify violence as a necessary mean to avert such threats (Bandura, 1999; Kruglanski et al., 2014).
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External links[edit]

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