Reno Gang

Reno Gang

Founded	1864
Founded by	Frank Reno and John Reno
Founding location	Seymour, Jackson County, Indiana,U.S.
Years active	1864-1868
Territory	southernIndiana,Missouri,Iowa
Ethnicity	European-American
Membership(est.)	10-11
Criminal activities	Bounty-jumping murder counterfeiting robbery train robbery

TheReno Gang,also known as theReno Brothers GangandThe Jackson Thieves,were a group ofcriminalsthat operated in theMidwestern United Statesduring and just after theAmerican Civil War.Though short-lived, the gang carried out the first three peacetimetrain robberiesin U.S. history. Most of the stolen money was never recovered.

The gang was broken up by thelynchingsof ten of its members byvigilantemobs in 1868. The murders led to an international diplomatic incident withCanadaandGreat Britain,international newspaper coverage, and a general public uproar, though no one was ever identified or prosecuted for the lynchings.

The Reno Brothers have been portrayed inat least three films,includingElvis Presley's film debut inLove Me Tender(1956), in which he starred as Clint Reno, andRage at Dawn(1955), featuringRandolph Scott.

Family and early life

J. Wilkison (also known as Wilkinson or Wilkerson) Reno moved toIndianain 1813 from theSalt Riverregion ofKentucky,one of theCivil War border states.He married Julia Ann Freyhafer in 1835. Future gang members Franklin (Frank), John, Simeon (Sim), and William (Bill) Reno were born to the couple inRockford, Jackson County, Indiana.There was also another son, Clinton ( "Honest" Clint), and a daughter, Laura. In their early years, the siblings were raised in a strictMethodistfarming household and were required to read theBibleall day on Sunday, according to John Reno's 1879 autobiography. Neither Clint nor Laura were involved in the gang's crime spree.

The rest of the brothers got into trouble early. John claimed that he and Frank bilked travellers in crooked card games.The Renos were also suspected when a series of mysterious fires broke out around Rockford over a period of seven years beginning in 1851.The community also suspected the brothers in thetheft of a horse.The crimes caused considerable tension in the town and Wilkison and four of his sons fled, living nearSt. Louis, Missouri,for some time, before returning to their farm in 1860. TheAmerican Civil Warbroke out shortly after and the brothers enlisted in hopes of escaping the angry citizens of the town.

Civil War

During the war, Frank, John, and possibly Simeon becamebounty jumpers.They were paid to enlist in theUnion Army,then failed to appear for duty. They continued to enlist under different names and in different locales, taking additional money. Federal records show that Frank, John and Simeon alldeserted.Many residents of southern Indiana were sympathetic to theConfederate States of Americaor were Northern Democrats wanting peace (known as "Copperheads"). It is not known if the Reno brothers were Copperheads or simply taking advantage of the situation. William briefly wentAWOL,but did return to serve out his enlistment. He was the only one who received anhonorable dischargefrom the army. (There is a possibility that he was not a member of the gang.)

In 1864, Frank and John returned to Rockford, and a gang began to form under their leadership; Simeon and William joined them. Late that year, Frank and two other gang members, Grant Wilson and a man named Dixon, robbed the post office and Gilbert's Store in nearbyJonesville, Indiana.They were arrested, but were released on bond. Wilson agreed to testify against his fellow robbers, but was murdered before he could do so, and Frank was acquitted.

Post-war crimes

Frank Reno (1837–1868)

John Reno (1839–1895)

Frank Sparks

The Reno Gang was the first "Brotherhood of Outlaws" in the United States. They terrorized theMidwestfor several years and inspired a host of other similar gangs who copied their crimes, leading to several decades of high-profile train robberies.Their gang attracted several new members after the end of the war. They started by robbing and murdering travellers in Jackson County and began to branch out to other counties, where they raided merchants and communities.

They planned to rob their first train nearSeymour, Indiana,an important rail hub at that time. On the evening of October 6, 1866, John Reno, Sim Reno, and Frank Sparkes boarded anOhio and Mississippi Railwaytrain as it started to leave the Seymour depot. They broke into the express car, restrained the guard, and broke open a safe containing approximately $16,000. From the moving train, the three men pushed a larger safe over the side, where the rest of the gang was waiting. Unable to open the second safe, the gang fled as a large posse approached.

Later, passenger George Kinney stepped forward to identify two of the robbers. The three men were arrested, but were released on bail. When Kinney was shot and killed, the other passengers refused to testify and all charges had to be dropped. However, the robbery would ultimately lead to the gang's downfall. The contents of the safe were insured by theAdams Express Company,which hired thePinkerton Detective Agencyto track down and capture the gang.

On November 17, 1867, theDaviess CountyCourthouse inGallatin, Missouri,was robbed. John Reno was identified, arrested by Pinkerton agents, and sentenced to 25 years in the Missouri State Penitentiary in 1868. He was released in February 1878. He returned to Seymour in 1886, but was again sent to prison for three years, this time for counterfeiting.

However, this did not deter the gang. Three robberies in Iowa followed in quick succession, in February and March 1868. Frank Reno and fellow gang members Albert Perkins and Miles Ogle were caught by Pinkertons led byAllan Pinkerton's son William, but broke out of jail on April 1. A second train robbery occurred in December 1867, when two members of the gang robbed another train leaving the Seymour depot. The robbers netted $8,000, which was turned over to the brothers. A third train, owned by the Ohio & Mississippi, was stopped by six members of the gang on July 10, though the Reno brothers were not involved. Waiting in ambush, however, were ten Pinkerton agents; a shootout ensued, and after several of the gang were wounded, the would-be robbers fled.

In March 1868, the residents of Seymour formed a vigilante group with the aim of killing the gang. In response, the gang fled west to Iowa where they robbed theHarrison Countytreasury of $14,000. The next day, they robbed theMills Countytreasury of $12,000. The Pinkerton detectives quickly located the men and arrested them atCouncil Bluffs, Iowa.On April 1, the gang escaped from their Iowa jail and returned to Indiana.

The Reno Gang then robbed its fourth train on May 22. Twelve men boarded aJeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroadtrain as it stopped at the train depot inMarshfield, Indiana,a now-defunct community inScott County, Indiana.As the train pulled away, the gang overpowered the engineer and uncoupled the passenger cars, allowing the engine to speed away. After breaking into the express car and throwing express messenger Thomas Harkins off the train (causing fatal injuries), the gang broke open the safe, netting an estimated $96,000. This robbery gained national attention and was reported on in many major papers. The Pinkertons pursued, but the gang dispersed throughout the Midwest.

The gang attempted to rob another train on July 9. Pinkerton detectives had learned of the plan and ten agents were waiting aboard the train. When the gang broke in, the agents opened fire, wounding two of the gang. Everyone was able to escape except Volney Elliot, who identified the other members of the gang in exchange for leniency. Using this information, the detectives arrested two more members of the gang, Charlie Roseberry and Theodore Clifton, the next day inRockport.

Lynchings

All three men were taken by train to jail. However, on July 10, 1868, three miles outsideSeymour, Indiana,the prisoners were taken off the train and hanged by the neck from a nearby tree by a group of masked men calling itself the Jackson County Vigilance Committee. Three other gang members, Henry Jerrell, Frank Sparks, and John Moore, were captured shortly after in Illinois and returned to Seymour. In a grisly repeat, they too fell into the hands of vigilantes and were hanged from the same tree. The site became known asHangman Crossing, Indiana.

On July 27, 1868, the Pinkertons captured William and Simeon Reno inIndianapolis.The men were jailed at theScott CountyJail inLe xing ton.They were tried and convicted of robbing the Marshfield train, but because of the threat of vigilantes, they were moved to the more secureFloyd CountyJail. The day after their removal from Le xing ton, the vigilantes broke into the vacated jail, hoping to catch and lynch the men.

Frank Reno, the gang's leader, and Charlie Anderson were tracked down to theCanadianborder townofWindsor, Ontario.With the help ofUnited States Secretary of StateWilliam H. Seward,the men were extradited in October under the provisions of the 1842Webster-Ashburton Treaty.Both men were sent toNew Albany, Indianato join the other prisoners.

On the night of December 11, about 65 hooded men travelled by train to New Albany. The men marched four abreast from the station to the Floyd County Jail where, just after midnight, they forced their way into the jail and the sheriff's home. After they beat the sheriff, Thomas Fullenlove, and shot him in the arm for refusing to turn over the keys, his wife surrendered them to the mob. Frank Reno was the first to be dragged from his cell to be lynched. He was followed by brothers William and Simeon. Another gang member, Charlie Anderson, was the fourth and last to be lynched, at around 4:30 AM on December 12. It was rumored that the vigilantes were part of the group known as the Scarlet Mask Society or Jackson County Vigilance Committee. No one was ever charged, named or officially investigated in any of the lynchings. Many local newspapers, such as theNew Albany Weekly Ledger,stated that "Judge Lynch" had spoken.Reno Avenue in New Albany is likely named for the gang.

Frank Reno and Charlie Anderson were technically in federal custody when they were lynched. This is believed to be the only time in U.S. history that a federal prisoner had ever been lynched by a mob before a trial. Secretary of StateWilliam H. Sewardwrote a formal letter of apology as a result. A new bill was later introduced into theU.S. Congressthat clarified the responsibility for the safety of extradited prisoners.

The three Reno brothers are buried in theSeymour city cemetery.Treasure hunters have long searched for any trace of their rumoured hoard of loot, but nothing has been found.

Name	Age	Date of death	Location
Clifton, Theodore Freylinghuysen	about 24	July 20, 1868	Hangman Crossing, Indiana
Elliott, Thomas Volney (Val)	about 22
Roseberry, Charles W.	about 25
Jerrell, Henry	about 23	July 25, 1868
Moore, John J.	about 21
Sparks, Frank	about 27
Anderson, Charles	about 24	December 12, 1868	New Albany, Indiana
Reno, Frank	31
Reno, Simeon	25
Reno, William Harrison	20

In popular culture

• The Legend of the Reno Brothers,a 2013 documentary film directed by Anthony Susnick and starring Morgan Raque, was released to DVD on December 12, 2013.
• Rage at Dawnis a 1955 Hollywood film based on the Reno brothers' story. It stars Randolph Scott as undercover detective James Barlow.Forrest Tucker,born inPlainfield, Indiana,played Frank Reno.
• Elvis Presley's first film wasLove Me Tender(1956), where he starred (in his only historical film) as "Honest" Clint Reno.
• The song "Ballad of a Well-Known Gun"onElton John's 1970 albumTumbleweed Connectionmakes reference to the Pinkertons and Reno ( "Now I know how Reno felt when he ran from the law." ).
• The song "The First Train Robbery"onLarry Cordle's 2007 albumTook Up and Put Down,written byChris Stuart,tells the story from William Reno's perspective.

References

• Funk, Arville L (1983) [1969].A Sketchbook of Indiana History.Rochester, Indiana:Christian Book Press.

Further reading

• "Anarchy in the Heartland" by A. David Distler, 2008,ISBN978-0-9705297-1-8
• A passage titled"From the Pinkertons to the Patriot Act"includes a section titled "The Reno Case".
• Reno Gang: History of Jackson County, IndianaArchived2011-07-26 at theWayback Machineby Brant & Fuller, 1886
• The Destruction of the Reno Gang: Stories from the Archives of the Pinkerton Detective AgencybyCleveland Moffett,McClure's Magazine, 1895
• A Family of Outlaws,by Richard Wilmer Rowan, 1931
• Seymour, Indiana and the famous story of the Reno gang: Who terrorized America with the first train robberies in world historybyRobert Shields,1939, Rare, out of print, ASIN: B00089LL7E
• Illustrations for Mules Crossing,: A history of the Reno era; the story of the Reno brothersby Robert Shields, 1944, Rare, out of print, ASIN: B0007HS6HU
• The Reno Gang of Seymourby Robert Frederick Volland, 1948, Rare, out of print, Library of Congress Control No.: 48021348
• The Scarlet Mask, or, The Story of the Notorious Reno Gangby Carl Robert Bogardus, 1960, Rare, out of print, ASIN: B0007I0CF8
• The First Train Robberyby Wilgus Wade Hogg, 1977, Rare, out of print, LCCN: 77-73272
• The Masked Haltersby Edwin J Boley, 1977, Rare, out of print, ASIN: B0006CZCIC
• John Reno: The world's first train robber and self proclaimed leader of the infamous Reno Gang, Seymour, Indianaby John Reno, 1879, reprinted with annotations by The Jackson County (Indiana) Historical Society, 1993, ASIN: B0006P2G5G
• Tragic Destiny - Demise of the Reno Gangby Loren W Noblitt, The Jackson County (Indiana) Historical Society, 2000
• The Reno story: the world's first train robbers, the facts—the fictions—the legendsby John M Lewis, III, 2003, Graessle-Mercer, ASIN: B0006P7AXO
• http://genealogytrails /ind/jackson/reno-gang.htm
• Facebook site with recent discoveries about the Reno Brothers Gang
• Site about Hangman's Crossing Production's new documentary The Legend of the Reno BrothersArchived2014-01-03 at theWayback Machine
• True West Magazine article on the Reno GangArchived2013-06-03 at theWayback Machine
• William Bell article on the Historynet website
• Reno Gang article on Legends of America website
• UK Website about Frank Reno
• Reno Family Graves in Seymour, Indiana
• Indiana Folklore: A Reader, p. 93: Hangman's Crossing
• History Channel's This Day in History: October 6 1866
• Highwaymen of the Railroad by William A Pinkerton 1893
• Lane Public Library: Hamilton Co., OH News-Journal Articles on Reno GangArchived2010-11-24 at theWayback Machine
• Reno Gang Steals $23,000 from Daviess County, Gallatin, Daviess County (MO) Historical Society

New York Times Archive

• July 25, 1868, "THE SEYMOUR THIEVES; Further Particulars of the Lynching"
• July 31, 1868, "THE SEYMOUR THIEVES; The Last Act of the Vigilance Committee-Threats of Retaliation"
• August 12, 1868, "The Re-Arrest of Frank Reno and Confederate at Windsor"
• August 17, 1868, "EXPRESS ROBBERIES"
• August 22, 1868, "THE ADAMS EXPRESS ROBBERY.; Reno and Anderson Discharged at Windsor, and Rearrested on Another Charge."
• August 26, 1868, "THE EXPRESS ROBBERIES.; A Statement by the Lawyer of the Accused Parties"
• September 13, 1868, "The Adams Express Robbery Investigation in Canada"
• October 7, 1868, "The Reno-Anderson Case in Toronto"
• October 16, 1868, "Attempt of Reno and Anderson to Break Jail at Windsor, Canada"
• December 17, 1868, "The Indiana Express Robbers--Reno Confessed his Guilt"
• December 19, 1868, "The Indiana Lynching and the Extradition Treaty"
• December 21, 1868, "THE NEW-ALBANY TRAGEDY.; Verdict of the Coroner's Jury--Something More About the Renos"
• December 22, 1868, "CANADA.; Affairs at Toronto--The Legislature--The Provincial Finances--Resignation of the Superintendent of Education--Reno and Anderson"
• December 26, 1868, "NEW-ALBANY, INDIANA.; Proclamation of the Vigliance Committee--A Warning to Thieves"
• January 2, 1869 "INDIANA.; The Vigilance Committee Excitement in Southern Indiana--The Regulators Defy the Authorities"
• January 9, 1869 "The Seymour Express Robbery--The Chicago Board of Trade"
• August 5, 1869 "ALLAN PINKERTON.; An Alleged Conspiracy Agained the Detective's Life--Examination of the Accused Parties"
• October 19, 1869 "..An Absolute State of Barbarism"
• September 14, 1872 "FORRESTER'S CASE.;" Detective "Samuel Felcker in a New Role-A Reminiscence of the Reno Brothers"