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Republic Pictures

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Republic Pictures Corporation
IndustryMotion pictures
PredecessorMonogram Pictures
Mascot Pictures
Liberty Pictures
Majestic Pictures
Chesterfield Pictures
Invincible Pictures
Founded1935;89 years ago(1935)
FounderHerbert J. Yates
Defunct1967;57 years ago(1967)
FateCeased producing feature films in 1959, and later sold and absorbed byNational Telefilm Associates
SuccessorLibrary of original:
Paramount Pictures
HeadquartersStudio City, Los Angeles,California

Republic Pictures Corporation(currently held underMelange Pictures, LLC) was an American film studio corporation that originally operated from 1935 to 1967, based inLos Angeles,California.It had production and distribution facilities inStudio City,as well as amovie ranchinEncino.

Republic was known for specializing inWesterns,cliffhanger serials,andB-filmsemphasizing action and mystery. The studio was also notable for developing the careers of such famous Western stars asRoy Rogers,Gene Autry,andJohn Wayne.It was also responsible for the financial management and distribution of several big-budget feature films directed byJohn Ford,as well as oneShakespearemotion picture directed byOrson Welles.

Under the supervising leadership ofHerbert J. Yates,Republic was considered a mini-major film studio, producing almost 1,000 motion pictures.[1]

Company history

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Herbert J. Yates

Created in 1935 byHerbert J. Yates,a longtime investor in film (having invested in20th Century Picturesat its founding in 1933)[1]and owner of the film processing laboratoryConsolidated Film Industries,Republic was initially founded upon Yates' acquisition of six smallerindependentPoverty Rowstudios.[1][2]

In the depths of theGreat Depression,Yates' laboratory was no longer serving the major studios, which had developed their own in-house laboratories for purposes of both economy and control, while the small, independent producers were going under in the face of increased competition from the majors combined with the general impact of the depressed economy. In 1935, he thus decided to create a studio of his own to insure Consolidated's stability. Six surviving small companies (Monogram Pictures,Mascot Pictures,Liberty Pictures,Majestic Pictures,Chesterfield Pictures,andInvincible Pictures) were all in debt to Yates' lab. He prevailed upon these studios to merge under his leadership or else face foreclosure on their outstanding lab bills. Yates' new company, Republic Pictures Corporation, was presented to their producer-owners[1]as a collaborative enterprise focused on low-budget product.

Monogram Pictures,a predecessor to Republic Pictures
  • The largest of Republic's components was Monogram Pictures, run by producersTrem CarrandW. Ray Johnston,which specialized in"B" filmsand operated a nationwide distribution system.[1]
  • The most technologically advanced of the studios that now comprised Republic wasNat Levine's Mascot Pictures Corporation, which had been making serials almost exclusively since the mid-1920s and had a first-class production facility, the formerMack Sennettlot in Studio City. Mascot also had just discoveredGene Autryand signed him to a contract as a singing cowboy star.
  • Larry Darmour's Majestic Pictures had developed an exhibitor following, with big-name stars and rented sets giving his humble productions a polished look.
  • Republic took its original "Liberty Bell"logo fromM. H. Hoffman's Liberty Pictures (not to be confused withFrank Capra's short-livedLiberty Filmsthat produced hisIt's a Wonderful Life) as well as Hoffman's talents as a low-budget film producer.
  • Chesterfield Pictures and Invincible Pictures, two sister companies under the same ownership, were skilled in producing low-budgetmelodramasand mysteries.

Acquiring and integrating these six companies enabled Republic to begin life with an experienced production staff, a company of veteran B-film supporting players and at least one very promising star, a complete distribution system, and a functioning and modern studio. In exchange for merging, the principals were promised independence in their productions under the Republicaegis,and higher budgets with which to improve the quality of the films. After he had learned the basics of film production and distribution from his partners, Yates began asserting more and more authority over their film departments, and dissension arose in the ranks. Carr and Johnston left and reactivated Monogram Pictures in 1937;[1]Darmour resumed independent production forColumbia Pictures;Levine left and never recovered from the loss of his studio, staff and stars, all of whom now were contracted to Republic and Yates. Meanwhile, Yates installed a staff of new, "associate" producers who were loyal to him. Freed of partners, Yates presided over what was now his film studio and acquiring senior production and management staff who served him as employees, not experienced peers with independent ideas and agendas.

Republic also acquiredBrunswick Recordsfor recording sessions with singing cowboysRoy Rogersand Gene Autry. They hiredCy Feueras head of the studio's music department.[3]

At the 1958 annual meeting, Yates announced the end of motion picture production.[1]

Movie studio

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Notable Republic films

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Main article:List of Republic Pictures films

Types of films

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In its early years, Republic was sometimes labeled a "Poverty Row"company, as its primary products wereB moviesandserials.Most of the technical staff had been with Mascot, a serial specialist, and thus was already geared to the steady production of weekly chapter plays. Republic's own serials began in 1936 and developed a following very quickly. Many were live-action adaptations of radio and comic-strip adventures.Dick Tracy(1937), starringRalph Byrdas the intrepid detective, was so popular that it spawned three sequels.The Lone Ranger(1938) and its follow-upThe Lone Ranger Rides Again(1939) were well received, andAdventures of Captain Marvel(1941) reached new heights of visual effects. Serials produced afterWorld War IIwere more economy-minded, with the running times slashed from 20 minutes per episode to 13 minutes, and with the cliffhanger endings borrowed from older Republic serials and features. The studio also stopped licensing expensive comic-strip and radio properties, and instead created generic cops-and-robbers stories and science-fiction adventures. Despite the obvious economies, the Republic serials still found an audience, the last film beingKing of the Carnival(1955). Republic kept many of its serials in circulation; they were still playing in local movie theaters well into the 1960s.

The backbone of the company was its feature-lengthWesterns.Many of its Western film leads — among themJohn Wayne,Gene Autry,Roy Rogers,Bill Elliott,Allan "Rocky" Lane,andRex Allen— became recognizable stars at Republic. However, by the mid-1940s, Yates was producing better-quality pictures, mounting big-budget fare such asThe Quiet Man(1952),Sands of Iwo Jima(1949),Johnny Guitar(1954), andThe Maverick Queen(1956). Another distinguishing aspect of Republic Pictures was Yates' avoidance of any controversial subject matter (exploitation filmsbeing a staple of B movies), in contrast to the other "Poverty Row" studios that often dodged theProduction Code.

Republic's leading female star wasJudy Canova,who was enormously popular in Republic's customer base of small towns and rural areas. Republic produced many "hillbilly"ruralmusicals and comedies featuring Canova and theWeaver Brothers and Elviry.[4]She left Republic after a salary dispute in 1943, but was wooed back into the fold in 1951.

In 1946, Republic incorporated animation into its Gene Autry feature filmSioux City Sue.It turned out well enough for the studio to dabble in animated cartoons. After leavingWarner Bros.in 1946 (reportedly because of angering his peers at the studio's cartoon division for taking credit that was not really his),Bob Clampettapproached Republic and directed a single cartoon,It's a Grand Old Nag,featuring the equine character Charlie Horse. Republic management, however, had second thoughts owing to dwindling profits and discontinued the series.[5]Clampett took his direction credit under the name "Kilroy".Republic also released another cartoon series in 1949 (this time without Clampett): a free-wheeling series of animated travelogues calledJerky Journeys,written and produced byLeonard Levinson,but only four cartoons were made.[6]

From the mid-1940s, Republic films often featuredVera Hruba Ralston,a former ice skater fromCzechoslovakiawho had won the heart of Yates, marrying him in 1952.[7]She was originally featured in musicals as Republic's answer toSonja Henie,but Yates tried to build her up as a dramatic star, casting her in leading roles opposite important male stars. Yates billed her as "the most beautiful woman in films", but her charms and her noticeable Czech accent were lost on the moviegoing public and exhibitors complained that Republic was producing too many Ralston pictures. Years later, John Wayne admitted that he had departed Republic in 1952 over the prospect of having to appear in another film with her. Yates remained Ralston's most ardent supporter, and she continued to appear in Republic features until its final production,Spoilers of the Forest(1957).

By the mid-to-late-1940s, the American film industry faced an existential threat, the result of years of wartime stress on costs and the postwar exchange and trade restrictions enacted by the nations ofContinental Europe(practically closing off the market to smaller studios such as Republic), theParamount Case(even though Republic never owned more than a handful of theaters), and the rise of television. In 1947, Yates stopped the production of short subjects, reduced the amount of serials, and organized Republic's feature output into four types of films: "Jubilee", usually a Western shot in seven days for about $50,000; "Anniversary", filmed in 14–15 days for $175,000-$200,000; "Deluxe", major productions made with a budget of around $500,000; and "Premiere", which were usually made by top-rank directors who most often did not work for Republic, such asJohn Ford,Fritz LangandFrank Borzage,and which could have budgets of $1,000,000 or more.[8]Some of these "Deluxe" films were produced by independent companies and were picked up for release by Republic.[citation needed]

On-screen logo since 1949 to 1959

Although Republic released most of its films in black and white, it occasionally produced higher-budgeted films such asThe Red Pony(1949) andThe Quiet ManinTechnicolor.During the late 1940s and 1950s, Yates utilized a low-cost, two-color process calledTrucolor(similar toCinecolor,favoring blues and oranges) in many Republic films, includingJohnny Guitar,The Last Command(1955), andMagic Fire(1956). In 1956, the studio devised its ownwidescreenfilm process,Naturama,andThe Maverick Queenwas the first film made in that process.[9]

Television era

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Shut out of their attempts to acquire television broadcasting licenses, most studios resisted making their film libraries available to local stations. Republic, however, established a subsidiary, Hollywood Television Service, in December 1950. Earl Collins, Republic's branch manager in Los Angeles, accepted the presidency of the new TV arm. Collins made two major announcements: effective June 25, 1951, much of Republic's backlog of feature films would be available to local stations; and, effective that same day, Republic's studio lot would be available for rental to independent TV producers.[10]The Republic features, including theGene AutryandRoy Rogerswesterns, were uniformly edited to a running time of 53 minutes and 30 seconds each, in order to fit neatly into one-hour time slots. This was looked upon by TV programmers as a tremendous convenience, and Hollywood Television Service found hundreds of ready customers.

Hollywood Television Service also produced television shows filmed in the same style as Republic's serials, such asThe Adventures of Fu Manchu(1956). Also, in 1952, the Republic studio lot became the first home ofMCA's series factory,Revue Productions.[citation needed]

While it appeared that Republic was well suited for television series production, it did not have the finances or vision to do so. Yet by the mid-1950s, thanks to its sale of old features and leasing of studio space to MCA, television was the prop supporting Republic. During this period, the studio producedCommando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe;unsuccessful as a theater release, the 12-part serial was later sold toNBCfor television distribution.

Talent agentMCA exerted influence at the studio, bringing in some high-paid clients for occasional features, and it was rumored at various times that either MCA or deposedMGMheadLouis B. Mayerwould buy the studio outright.

As the demand and market for motion pictures declined with the increasing popularity of television, Republic began to cut back on its films, slowing production from 40 features annually in the early 1950s to 18 in 1957 (in 1956—the year the company had recorded a profit of $919,000—it temporarily ceased production of features.[11]) Perhaps inspired by the success ofAmerican International Picturescatering to teenaged audiences, Republic dispensed with its old "no exploitation" rule and released several films in the late 1950s aboutjuvenile delinquency,such asThe Wayward Girl(1957),Juvenile Jungle(1958), andYoung and Wild(1958).

A tearful Yates informed shareholders at the 1958 annual meeting that feature film production was ending; the distribution offices were shut down the following year.[12][13]

Serials

[edit]
Main article:List of film serials by studio § Republic Pictures

Republic Corporation

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On July 1, 1958, Victor M. Carter, a Los Angeles businessman and turnaround specialist,[14]acquired controlling interest in the company for nearly $6 million, becoming its president.[15]He turned Republic into a diversified business that includedplasticsandappliancesin addition to its film and studio rentals and Consolidated Film Industries, renaming the company Republic Corporations.[16]In 1963, having used the studio for series production for years, Republic began leasing its backlot to other firms, includingCBS.In February 1967, Republic's studio was purchased outright by CBS[17]and, having more than quadrupled the stock price for shareholders, Carter sold his controlling interest.[14]Other than producing a 1966 package of 26Century 66100-minutemade-for-TV moviesedited from some of the studio's serials to cash in on the popularity of theBatmantelevision series, Republic Pictures' role in Hollywood ended with the sale of the studio lot. Republic sold its library of films toNational Telefilm Associates(NTA).

Non-entertainment acquisitions included Mansbach Metal Company and Kentucky Electric Steel Company, both acquired in September 1968.[18]Republic reported a $13 million loss for the year ending October 1970, and a $43 million loss for the year ended July 1971. The company promotedSanford Sigoloff,who would later earn a reputation as a turnaround expert, to lead as President.[19]

Today, the studio lot is known asCBS Studio Center.In 2006, it became home to the network's Los Angeles stationsKCBS-TVandKCAL-TV.In 2008, the CBS network relocated from itsHollywoodTelevision Cityoperations to the Radford lot, and its executives are based from the site.

Re-establishment

[edit]

Republic Entertainment Inc.

[edit]
Republic Entertainment Inc.
FormerlyRepublic Pictures Corporation
(1984–1994)
Company typeMotion pictures
PredecessorNational Telefilm Associates
FoundedDecember 28, 1984;39 years ago(1984-12-28)
Defunct2010's
FateCeased production of feature films in 1996 and later folded byViacom
Assets are currently owned by Melange Pictures
HeadquartersStudio City, Los Angeles,California
ParentSpelling Entertainment(1994–1999)
Viacom (1999–2010)
DivisionsRepublic Pictures Home Video

Formation

[edit]

Following the immense success of their syndication of the Republic Pictures catalogue tocable television,National Telefilm Associatesannounced on December 28, 1984, that they had acquired the logos, copyrights, and trademarks of Republic Pictures Corporation and effectively renamed themselves as such.[20]A television production unit was set up under the Republic name and offered, among other things, off-network repeats of the CBS seriesBeauty and the Beastand game showPress Your Luckinsyndication.There were also a few theatrical films, includingFreeway,Ruby in Paradise,Dark Horse,Live Nude Girls,andBound.At the same time, subsidiary NTA Home Entertainment was renamed Republic Pictures Home Video and began remarketing the original Republic film library. In 1985, the company bought outBlackhawk Films,and eventually, Republic decided to close Blackhawk in 1987.

Also that year, Republic Pictures Home Video, the home video division of Republic Pictures, had signed an agreement with Hawk Company, headed byRobert Clouse,in order to gain access to 31 projects that were developed by Hawk, for home video release, and that Republic Pictures Home Video received a 24% share in the newly formed Hawk Company organization.[21]

On August 27, 1986, Republic Pictures Home Video established a venture with Eagle Productions Ltd. that Eagle would produce family-oriented outdoors programming, and that Republic Pictures Home Video would handle sales, marketing, and distribution of the Eagle Productions titles, with the venture The Eagle Heritage Video Collection is aimed at the interest of hunting, fishing and other "non-consumptive" uses of the outdoors.[22]In 1987, Republic Pictures decided to expand onto its television production activities, in association withJaffe/Lansing Productions,on a television movie forABC,which isWhen the Time Comes,plus two prospective projects forCBS,which areIndiscreet,andMistress,which was part of a three-picture deal between Jaffe/Lansing and Republic Pictures.[23]That year, Chuck Larsen was hired by Republic Pictures as president of domestic television distribution, and will select the two from a number of series we have in development.[24]

Purchase by Spelling Entertainment

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In January 1993,Blockbuster Entertainmentannounced they would purchase a 35% stake in Republic,[25][26]

In June 1993, the company's home video division signed a deal with theChildren's Television Workshopfor the release of several of the company's properties on VHS in order for the former to expand to the children's video market.[27]Later on in then year, the company used the landmark legal decisionStewart v. Abendin order to reactivate the copyright onFrank Capra's 1946RKOfilmIt's a Wonderful Life(under NTA, it had already acquired the film's negative, music score, and the story on which it was based, "The Greatest Gift").

On September 14, 1993, following Blockbuster's purchase of a 48.2% stake inAaron Spelling'sSpelling Entertainment,[28]Spelling announced that they would enter into a $100 million purchase and merger with Republic Pictures Corporation, which would close at the end of January 1994.[29][30]The deal was closed on April 27, 1994, with Republic Pictures Corporation becoming a fully owned subsidiary of Spelling Entertainment and was renamed Republic Entertainment Inc.[31]Following Blockbuster Entertainment's merger withViacomon September 29, 1994, Blockbuster by then owned 67% of Spelling Entertainment and Republic.[32]At the end of the year, Spelling's exising home video division,Worldvision Home Video,was merged with Republic Pictures Home Video and took the latter name.[33]

Fate

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In 1996, Republic shut down its film production unit.[34]In September 1997, Republic's video rental operations were taken over byParamount Home Video;although its sell-through operations remained.[35]

In September 1998, Spelling announced that they would license the American and Canadian video rights to the Republic Pictures library toArtisan Entertainment,[36]and would continue to be released with the Republic Pictures brand and logo. Overseas, Spelling licensed out the library to distributors such asPolyGram Video/Universal Pictures Videoin the United Kingdom.

By the end of the decade, Viacom bought the portion of Spelling it did not own previously; thus, Republic became a wholly owned division ofParamount Pictures.Artisan (later sold toLionsgate Home Entertainment) continued to use the Republic name, logo, and library under license from Paramount. Republic Pictures' holdings consist of a catalog of 3,000 films and TV series, including the original Republic library (except for the Roy Rogers and Gene Autry catalogs, owned by their respective estates) and inherited properties from NTA and Aaron Spelling.

In 2012, Richard Feiner & Co. sued Paramount for the unauthorized exploitation of 17 films from the 1940s and 50s originally released byWarner Bros.which Feiner had previously acquired. Feiner sold Republic Pictures the "rights, and interest of every kind, nature, and description throughout the Universe" to the films in 1986, but retained the license to exploit the films in major U.S. markets (New York, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, etc.). The plaintiff claimed that the films aired on cable several times without their knowledge. The case was later settled, with Feiner now sharing in the royalties.[37][38]

Republic Entertainment Inc. has since been folded by Paramount, who later formed a holding company called Melange Pictures for the Republic library, logos and brand. After Lionsgate's domestic deal with Paramount expired, Paramount signed new deals with Olive Films andKino Lorberto distribute the Republic Library. As before, the Republic brand and logo continue to be used by both companies under license.

As a Paramount Global subsidiary

[edit]
Republic Pictures
Company typeLabel
FoundedMarch 24, 2023;16 months ago(2023-03-24)(relaunched)
HeadquartersLos Angeles,California
Key people
Dan Cohen (president)
ParentParamount Global

On March 24, 2023,Paramount Globalannounced it would revive the Republic Pictures brand, with the intention of it serving as the company's acquisitions label, releasing titles acquired byParamount Global Content Distribution,similar to the distribution model of, amongst other companies,Stage 6 FilmsorAmerican International Pictures.[39]

References

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  1. ^abcdefgDixon, Wheeler Winston (August 28, 2012).Death of the Moguls: The End of Classical Hollywood(illustrated ed.). Rutgers University Press. pp. 67, 152, 156.ISBN978-0-8135-5378-8.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
  2. ^Stephens, E. J.; Wanamaker, Marc (2014).Early Poverty Row Studios.Arcadia Publishing. p. 8.ISBN978-1-4396-4829-2.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
  3. ^Feuer, Cy (August 1, 2005).I Got the Show Right Here: The Amazing True Story of How an Obscure Brooklyn Horn Player Became the Last Great Broadway Showman.Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 25.ISBN978-1-55783-658-8.RetrievedNovember 18,2017.
  4. ^Harkins, Anthony;Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon "Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 161.
  5. ^Beck, Jerry;Amidi, Amid."It's a Grand Old Nag".Cartoon Brew.Archived fromthe originalon July 21, 2012.RetrievedOctober 30,2009.
  6. ^"CARTOON RESEARCH FAQ-2".cartoonresearch.Archived fromthe originalon March 28, 2002.RetrievedJanuary 19,2015.
  7. ^"HERBERT YATES TO WED VERA RALSTON: Republic Studio President Gives Age as 72, Blond Film Star 31, in License Application".Los Angeles Times.March 15, 1952. p. A1.
  8. ^p.276 Roberts, Randy & Olson, James StewartJohn Wayne: American1997 University of Nebraska Press
  9. ^Naturama – Republic's New Wide – Screen Process.Widescreenmuseum. Retrieved on August 18, 2013.
  10. ^Telecasting/Broadcasting,June 25, 1951, p. 72.
  11. ^"Option Reported Given For President's Stock In Republic Pictures: H.J. Yates Is Said to have Granted Investment Banking Concern 60-Day Option".The Wall Street Journal.May 24, 1956. p. 6.
  12. ^"Republic Pictures Calls '59 Outlook Bright".The Wall Street Journal.February 2, 1959. p. 21.
  13. ^Scheuer, Philip K. (April 2, 1958). "Film Making to Be Ended by Republic: Studio Will Step Up Efforts to Rent Lot Use to Independents".Los Angeles Times.p. B1.
  14. ^abTugend, Tom (April 1, 2004)."Victor M. Carter Dies at 94".Jewish Journal.Archived fromthe originalon May 29, 2016.RetrievedDecember 14,2013.
  15. ^"Fading, Fading – One-Man Rule; Yates' Republic Exit Latest Instance".Variety.July 8, 1959. p. 4.RetrievedMay 20,2019– viaArchive.org.
  16. ^"Victor Carter, 94; Businessman Gave Time, Money to Southland Charities".Los Angeles Times.April 2, 2004.RetrievedDecember 14,2013.
  17. ^Hurst, Richard M. (2007).Republic Studios: Beyond Poverty Row and the Majors,p. 222. Lanham, Maryland:Scarecrow Press
  18. ^"Acquisitions by Republic".The New York Times.September 3, 1968.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 10,2023.
  19. ^Lindsey, Robert (June 11, 1978)."Up From Bankruptcy: How Daylin Bid for Dymo".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJuly 10,2023.
  20. ^From the Associated Press (January 8, 1985)."Republic Pictures' Eagle Flies Again".Los Angeles Times.ISSN0458-3035.RetrievedSeptember 9,2016.
  21. ^"Republic Pix HV Gains Access to 31 Projects Via Hawk Co. Contract".Variety.November 13, 1985. p. 41.
  22. ^"Republic & Eagle In A Joint Prod.-Distrib Plan For Outdoor Pics".Variety.August 27, 1986. p. 32.
  23. ^"Republic Fires Up TV Production Unit".Variety.March 18, 1987. p. 47.
  24. ^"Repub Pix Hires Chuck Larsen As Domestic TV Prez".Variety.July 8, 1987. pp. 57, 73.
  25. ^"Blockbuster Will Buy 35% Stake in Republic Pictures".Los Angeles Times.January 22, 1993.
  26. ^"Blockbuster gets 35% stake in Republic Pix".January 22, 1993.
  27. ^"Republic Pictures to Distribute Children's Videos".Los Angeles Times.June 30, 1993.
  28. ^"Blockbuster to Buy Stake in Spelling: Entertainment: Pushing further into Hollywood, the video store chain will acquire 48.2% in a $141.3-million deal".Los Angeles Times.March 9, 1993.
  29. ^"Spelling Entertainment, Republic Pictures in Merger".Associated Press.
  30. ^"Spelling Will Acquire Republic Pictures Corp".September 19, 1993.
  31. ^Blockbuster's Spelling Finishes Buying RepublicOrlando Sentinel, Retrieved on May 27, 2013
  32. ^"Viacom Completes Merger With Blockbuster".techagreements. Archived fromthe originalon June 17, 2015.RetrievedApril 2,2023.
  33. ^Lichtman, Irv (May 28, 1994).Billboard.p. 82.
  34. ^Carver, Benedict (September 9, 1998)."Artisan to distrib Republic".RetrievedSeptember 9,2016.
  35. ^Fitzpatrick, Eileen (September 6, 1997).Billboard.p. 96.
  36. ^Billboard.September 26, 1998.
  37. ^"RICHARD FEINER v. PARAMOU – 95 A.D.3d 232 (2012) – 20120405321".Leagle.
  38. ^Gardner, Eriq.Paramount Gets Mixed Rulings in Legal Cases Over 'La Dolce Vita,' 'Johnny Come Lately.'The Hollywood Reporter(April 24, 2012)
  39. ^Donnelly, Matt (March 24, 2023)."Paramount Global Revives Republic Pictures, Historic Home to John Wayne and Orson Welles, as Acquisition Label (EXCLUSIVE)".Variety.

Sources

[edit]
  • Mathis, Jack,Republic Confidential – Volume One: The StudioandRepublic Confidential – Volume Two: The Players(1992), Empire Publishing Company.
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