Voiced retroflex flap
Appearance
(Redirected fromRetroflex flap)
Voiced retroflex flap | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɽ | |||
IPA Number | 125 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity(decimal) | ɽ | ||
Unicode(hex) | U+027D | ||
X-SAMPA | r` | ||
Braille | |||
|
Thevoiced retroflex flapis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, a letterrwith tail, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isr`
.
Features
[edit]Features of the voiced retroflex flap:
- Itsmanner of articulationistap or flap,which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Itsplace of articulationisretroflex,which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical(with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolarwithout beingpalatalized.That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical(pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal(flat).
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atrabic | Eastern | rağafe / рагъафэ / ραπφέ | [raɽafe] | 'flame, sign' | This and[r]has described asğ,гъ,π.Variant of /r/, /g/. |
Bengali[1] | গাড়ি | [ɡäɽiː] | 'car' | Apical postalveolar.[1]SeeBengali phonology | |
Dutch[2][3] | North Brabant[4] | riem | [ɽim] | 'belt' | A rare word-initial variant of/r/.[5][6]Realization of/r/varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology |
Northern Netherlands[4][7] | |||||
Elfdalian | luv | [ɽʏːv] | 'permission' | ||
Enga | yála | [jɑɽɑ] | 'shame' | ||
Gokana[8] | bele | [beːɽeː] | 'we' | Apical postalveolar. Allophone of/l/,medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be apostalveolar trillor simply[l]instead.[8] | |
Hausa | bara | [bəɽä] | 'servant' | Represented in Arabic script with⟨ر⟩ | |
Hindustani[9] | Hindi | बड़ा | [bəɽäː] | 'big' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[9]SeeHindustani phonology |
Urdu | بڑا | ||||
Nepali[10] | भाडा | [bʱäɽä] | 'rent' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of/ɖ,ɖʱ/.[11]SeeNepali phonology | |
Norwegian | Central dialects[12] | blad | [bɽɑː] | 'leaf' | Allophone of/l/and/r/.InUrban East Norwegianit often alternates with the alveolar[ɾ],save for a small number of words.[12][13]SeeNorwegian phonology |
Eastern dialects[12][13] | |||||
Odia[14] | ଗାଡ଼ି | [ɡäɽiː] | 'car' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of/ɖ,ɖʱ/.[14] | |
Okinawan | karatii | [kaɽatii] | 'karate' | Intervocalic allophone of/ɾ/. | |
Parkari Koli | ۿُونَواڙ | [ɦuːnaʋaːɽ] | 'desolate, deserted' | ||
Portuguese | SomeEuropeanspeakers[15] | falar | [fɐˈläɽ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of/ɾ/.SeePortuguese phonology |
Braziliancaipiraspeakers[16][17] | madeira | [mäˈd̪eɽə] | 'wood' | ||
Somesertanejospeakers[18] | gargalhar | [ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ] | 'to guffaw' | ||
Punjabi[19] | Gurmukhi | ਘੋੜਾ | [gʱòːɽaː] | 'horse' | |
Shahmukhi | گھوڑا | ||||
Scottish Gaelic | Lewis | thuirt | [hʉɽʈ] | 'said' | Possible realisation of/rˠ/. |
Shipibo[20] | roro | [ˈɽo̽ɽo̽] | 'to break' | Apical postalveolar; possible realization of/r/.[20] | |
Swedish | Some dialects[13] | blad | [bɽɑː(d)] | 'leaf' | Allophone of/l/and/ɖ/.SeeSwedish phonology |
Tamil | நாடு/نَاڊُ | [naːɽɯ] | 'country' | Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of/ʈ/.SeeTamil phonology | |
Telugu | గోడు | [goːɽu] | 'grief' | Allophone of /ɖ/ | |
Tukano[21] | Ye’pâ-Masa | petâ-de | [pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆] | '(relative to the) port' | Realisation of⟨d⟩in certain positions. Nasalised[ɽ͂]in nasal contexts.[21] |
Wapishana[22] | [pɨɖaɽɨ] | 'your father' | |||
Warlpiri | jarda | [caɽa] | 'sleep' | Transcribes/ɽ/asrd. | |
Yidiny[23] | [gambi:ɽ] | 'tablelands' |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^abMazumdar (2000:57)
- ^Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107)
- ^Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55)
- ^abGoeman & van de Velde (2001:107)
- ^Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107)
- ^Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54)
- ^Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
- ^abL.F. Brosnahan."Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-04-03.Retrieved2013-11-24.
- ^abTiwari (2004:?)
- ^Khatiwada (2009:377)
- ^Khatiwada (2009:374)
- ^abcHeide (2010:3–44)
- ^abcKristoffersen (2000:24)
- ^abMasica (1991:107)
- ^Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP(in Portuguese)
- ^(in Portuguese)Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, ParanáArchived2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine.Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21
- ^(in Portuguese)Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisisArchived2013-09-26 at theWayback Machine.Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
- ^(in Portuguese)Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and ParatyArchived2017-10-11 at theWayback Machine.Pages 22 and 23.
- ^Bashir, Elena;J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1".A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki.Vol. 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 24.ISBN9781614512257.
- ^abValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)
- ^abRamirez (2019:22)
- ^dos Santos (2006:34)
- ^Dixon, R.M.W (1977).A Grammar of Yidiɲ.London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 3.ISBN978-0-521-14242-7.
References
[edit]- dos Santos, Manoel Gomes (2006),Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe(PhD thesis), Campinas: University of Campinas,doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861,hdl:20.500.12733/1602812
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001)."Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects".In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).'r-atics.Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112.ISSN0777-3692.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Heide, Eldar (2010),"Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.",Maal og Minne(in Norwegian),1,Novus forlag
- Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,39(3): 337–380,doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
- Kristoffersen, Gjert(2000),The Phonology of Norwegian,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-823765-5
- Labrune, Laurence (2012),The Phonology of Japanese,Oxford, England: Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-954583-4
- Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920],The history of the Bengali language,New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,ISBN8120614526
- Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese",in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN978-0-52163751-0
- Ramirez, Henri (2019),A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I,Porto Velho: CEDEM
- Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966],Hindī Bhāshā,Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal,ISBN81-225-0017-X
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001),"Shipibo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31(2): 281–285,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Vance, Timothy J. (2008),The Sounds of Japanese,Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-5216-1754-3
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001)."Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch".In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).'r-atics.Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61.ISSN0777-3692.
{{cite book}}
:|journal=
ignored (help) - Masica, Colin (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-29944-2.