Retroposon

Retroposonsare repetitiveDNAfragments which are inserted intochromosomesafter they had beenreverse transcribedfrom anyRNAmolecule.

Difference between retroposons and retrotransposons

In contrast toretrotransposons,retroposons never encodereverse transcriptase(RT) (but see below). Therefore, they are non-autonomous elements with regard totranspositionactivity (as opposed totransposons). Non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons such as the humanLINE1elements are sometimes falsely referred to as retroposons. However, this depends on the author. For example,Howard Teminpublished the following definition: Retroposons encode RT but are devoid oflong terminal repeats(LTRs), for examplelong interspersed elements(LINEs). Retrotransposons also feature LTRs andretroviruses,in addition, are packaged as viral particles (virions). Retrosequences are non-autonomous elements devoid of RT. They are retroposed with the aid of the machinery of autonomous elements, such as LINEs; examples areshort interspersed nuclear elements(SINEs) or mRNA-derivedretro(pseudo)genes.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Gene duplications

Retroposition accounts for approximately 10,000 gene-duplication events in the human genome, of which approximately 2-10% are likely to be functional.^[5]Such genes are calledretrogenesand represent a certain type of retroposon.

Horizontal gene transfer

A classical event is the retroposition of a spliced pre-mRNA molecule of thec-Src geneinto the proviral ancestor of theRous sarcoma virus(RSV). The retroposed c-src pre-mRNA still contained a singleintronand within RSV is now referred to asv-Srcgene.^[6]

References

^Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; et al. (2010)."Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions".PLOS Biology.8(7): e1000436.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436.PMC2910653.PMID 20668664.
^Temin HM (1989)."Retrons in bacteria".Nature.339(6222): 254–5.Bibcode:1989Natur.339..254T.doi:10.1038/339254a0.PMID 2471077.S2CID 29368479.
^Makałowski W, Toda Y (2007). "Modulation of Host Genes by Mammalian Transposable Elements". In Volff JN, Schmid M (eds.).Gene and Protein Evolution.Genome Dynamics. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Basel: S. Karger. p. 166.doi:10.1159/000107610.ISBN 978-3-8055-8341-1.OCLC 729848415.PMID 18753791.
^Makałowski W, Gotea V, Pande A, Makałowska I (2019). "Transposable Elements: Classification, Identification, and Their Use as a Tool for Comparative Genomics". In Anisimova M (ed.).Evolutionary Genomics.Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1910. Clifton, NJ. pp. 185–86.doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9074-0_6.ISBN 978-3-8055-8341-1.OCLC 145014779.PMID 31278665.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Emerson JJ, Kaessmann H, Betrán E, Long M (January 2004). "Extensive gene traffic on the mammalian X chromosome".Science.303(5657): 537–40.Bibcode:2004Sci...303..537E.doi:10.1126/science.1090042.PMID 14739461.S2CID 41158232.
^Swanstrom, R; Parker, R C; Varmus, H E; Bishop, J M (May 1983)."Transduction of a cellular oncogene: the genesis of Rous sarcoma virus".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.80(9): 2519–2523.Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.2519S.doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2519.PMC393857.PMID 6302692.

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[Nilsson2010-1] Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.; Sommer, M.; et al. (2010)."Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions".PLOS Biology.8(7): e1000436.doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436.PMC2910653.PMID 20668664.

[Temin1989-2] Temin HM (1989)."Retrons in bacteria".Nature.339(6222): 254–5.Bibcode:1989Natur.339..254T.doi:10.1038/339254a0.PMID 2471077.S2CID 29368479.

[Makałowski_2007-3] Makałowski W, Toda Y (2007). "Modulation of Host Genes by Mammalian Transposable Elements". In Volff JN, Schmid M (eds.).Gene and Protein Evolution.Genome Dynamics. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Basel: S. Karger. p. 166.doi:10.1159/000107610.ISBN 978-3-8055-8341-1.OCLC 729848415.PMID 18753791.

[Makałowski_2019-4] Makałowski W, Gotea V, Pande A, Makałowska I (2019). "Transposable Elements: Classification, Identification, and Their Use as a Tool for Comparative Genomics". In Anisimova M (ed.).Evolutionary Genomics.Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1910. Clifton, NJ. pp. 185–86.doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9074-0_6.ISBN 978-3-8055-8341-1.OCLC 145014779.PMID 31278665.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Emerson2004-5] Emerson JJ, Kaessmann H, Betrán E, Long M (January 2004). "Extensive gene traffic on the mammalian X chromosome".Science.303(5657): 537–40.Bibcode:2004Sci...303..537E.doi:10.1126/science.1090042.PMID 14739461.S2CID 41158232.

[6] Swanstrom, R; Parker, R C; Varmus, H E; Bishop, J M (May 1983)."Transduction of a cellular oncogene: the genesis of Rous sarcoma virus".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.80(9): 2519–2523.Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.2519S.doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2519.PMC393857.PMID 6302692.

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