Revolutionary wave

Arevolutionary wave(sometimesrevolutionary decade) is a series ofrevolutionsoccurring in various locations within a particular timespan. In many cases, past revolutions and revolutionary waves have inspired current ones, or an initial revolution has inspired other concurrent "affiliate revolutions" with similar aims.^[1]^[2] The causes of revolutionary waves have become the subjects of study by historians andpolitical philosophers,includingRobert Roswell Palmer,Crane Brinton,Hannah Arendt,Eric Hoffer,andJacques Godechot.^[3]

Writers and activists, includingJustin RaimondoandMichael Lind,have used the phrase "revolutionary wave" to describe discrete revolutions happening within a short time-span.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Typology[edit]

Mark N. Katz^[7]identified six forms of revolution;

rural revolution
urban revolution
Coup d'état, e.g.Egypt, 1952
revolution from above, e.g. Mao'sGreat Leap Forwardof 1958
revolution from without, e.g. the allied invasions ofItaly,1944 andGermany,1945.
revolution by osmosis, e.g. the gradualIslamizationof several countries.

These categories are not mutually exclusive; theRussian revolution of 1917began with urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by rural revolution, followed by theBolshevik coupin November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows;

Central; countries, usuallyGreat powers,which play a leading role in a Revolutionary wave; e.g. theUSSR,Nazi Germany,Iransince 1979.^[8]
Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution
subordinate or puppet revolutions
rival revolutions, e.g.communist Yugoslavia,andChinaafter 1969

Central and subordinate revolutions may support each other militarily, as for example the USSR,Cuba,Angola,Ethiopia,Nicaraguaand other Marxist regimes did in the 1970s and 1980s.^[9]

A further dimension to Katz's typology^[10]is that revolutions are eitheragainst(anti-monarchy,anti-dictatorial,anti-capitalist,anti-communist,anti-democratic) orfor(pro-fascism,pro-liberalism,pro-communism,pro-nationalismetc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is often necessary to decide on the direction taken.

Periodisation[edit]

There is no consensus on a complete list of revolutionary waves. In particular, scholars disagree on how similar the ideologies of different events should be in order for them to be grouped as part of a single wave, and over what period a wave can be considered to be taking place – for example,Mark N. Katzdiscussed a "Marxist-Leninist wave" lasting from 1917 to 1991, and a "fascist wave" from 1922 to 1945, but limits an "anti-communist wave" to just the 1989 to 1991 period.^[11]

Pre-19th century[edit]

Republican waves inRome(509 BCE),^[12]Athens(508 BCE),^[13]andCarthage(480 BCE).^[14]
TheSecond Reformation(1566–1609), including theRevolt of the Netherlandsand the Second and Third Wars of Religion in France.^[15]
Jihadist warsin Western Africa in the 16th century.
TheThirty Years' War(1618–1648), including Calvinist uprisings and theHuguenot Warsin France.^[15]
TheAtlantic Revolutionsoccurring at the end of the 18th century, including theAmerican Revolution(1776), theFrench Revolution(1789), theHaitian Revolution(1791), theBatavian Revolution(1795) and theIrish Rebellion of 1798.^[15]^[16]

19th century[edit]

TheLatin American wars of independence,including the variousSpanish American wars of independenceof 1810–1826 were often seen as inspired at least in part by the American and French Revolutions in terms of theirliberal Enlightenmentideology and aims, are counted as the second part of the Atlantic Wave.^[16]
TheRevolutions of 1820,also theDecembrist revoltof 1825 inRussiaand theGreek War of Independence.^[16]^[15]
TheRevolutions of 1830,such as theJuly RevolutioninFranceand theBelgian Revolution^[15]orNovember Uprisingagainst the Russian rule in Poland.
TheRevolutions of 1848throughout Europe, following theFebruary Revolutionin France.^[11]^[15]^[16]
TheGreat Eastern Crisis,including theHerzegovina uprising,April Uprising,Razlovtsi insurrectionand theCretan Revolt.^[15]

20th century[edit]

The Revolutions of 1905–11 in the aftermath of theRusso-Japanese War,including theRussian Revolution of 1905,theArgentine Revolution of 1905,thePersian Constitutional Revolution,theYoung Turk Revolution,the GreekGoudi coup,theMonegasque Revolution,the5 October 1910 revolutionin Portugal, theMexican Revolution,and theXinhai Revolutionin China involvednationalism,constitutionalism,modernization,and/orrepublicanismtargeting autocracy and traditionalism.^[15]^[16]
TheRevolutions of 1917–1923in theaftermath of World War I,including theRussian Revolutionand the emergence of an internationalcommunist partyalliance in theSoviet-ledComintern(the beginning of theMarxistrevolutionary wave), the collapse of theGerman Empire,Austro-Hungarian empireandOttoman empireand resultant founding ofYugoslavia,Czechoslovakiaand independent Poland and Austria; the first protest of theIndian independence movementorganized byMohandas Karamchand Gandhi,theKemalistrevolution in Turkey; the1919 Egyptian Revolution,theArab revolt,theEaster risingandIrish Free State;as well as othernationalist,populistandsocialistuprisings and protests worldwide.^[15]^[16]
The Fascist Revolutionary wave, beginning in Italy in 1922, also including the28 May 1926 coup d'étatin Portugal, Japan from 1931, Germany from 1933, Greece from 1936, and theSpanish Civil War.^[17]^[15]
World War II Revolutions (1943–1949), including theGreek Civil War,French Resistance,Yugoslav Resistance,and Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.^[15]^[16]
TheIndochina Warswerecommunist revolutionsinEast AsiaandSoutheast Asiaincluding theIndonesian National Revolutionin 1945.
Thedecolonisation of Africawere waves of revolution inAfrica,cresting in the 1970s, including thecommunist revolutionsand pro-Soviet military coupsinSomalia,theCongo-Brazzaville,BeninandEthiopia,and the fight of thecommunist partiesallied underCONCPagainst thePortuguese Empirein thePortuguese Colonial War.
TheArab nationalistmovement: revolutions occurred in Egypt, 1952; Syria, 1958; Iraq, 1958; Algeria, 1962; North Yemen, 1962; Sudan and Libya, 1969. The central regime in this case was Egypt, inspired especially byGamal Abdel Nasser.^[11]
FollowingNikita Khrushchev's "Secret Speech"denouncing Stalin in February 1956, a wave of political upheavals swept through theEastern Bloc.In Poland, aworkers' uprising in Poznańled tomajor political changeslater that year, as the longtimeStalinistold guard of thePolish United Workers' Partywas forced out of power in favor of a new, more independent-minded Communist leadership. Pro-reform movements in Hungary, inspired in part by the Polish upheavals, soon erupted into theHungarian Revolution of 1956,a major popular uprising against the Soviet-backed regime in Budapest that was brutally crushed. There was also anascent pro-reform movement in Romaniathat was suppressed.
TheBlack Power movementand thecivil rights movementorganized successful protests against government and private discrimination. Continuing unrest in African-American communities led to the multi-city riots during the "Long, hot summer of 1967"and the various1968 riots following the assassinationofMartin Luther King Jr.In Trinidad theBlack Power Revolutionwas successful.
TheProtests of 1968saw youth movements worldwide supporting theopposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam Warand other left wing causes, the worldwidecounterculture of the 1960sand theNew Leftinspired protest and revolution in the communist world and capitalist world, including thePrague Spring,Mao'sCultural Revolutionin China, and theMay 1968 protests in France;the latter led to theWerner ReportonEuropean monetary union.^[18]
TheCentral American crisissaw asocialist movementtake power in theNicaraguan Revolutionand leftist popular uprisings inEl SalvadorandGuatemala.
A decade ofreligious fundamentalistrevolutions, mostly from 1977-1987, including theShia Islam Iranian revolutionof 1979,revisionist Zionismandneo-Zionism,the re-introduction of theMuslim Brotherhood in Egyptand other Islamist movements likeal-Jama'a al-Islamiyyaduring theCorrective Revolution,the1977 Pakistani military coupending the rule of thePakistan People's Partyand beginning theIslamization of Pakistan,the implemention of theSeptember 1983 LawsinSudan,and the 1977 firstLikudgovernment in Israel; theChristian rightandChristian Zionismmovements, mostly in the US, and theHindutva Janata party,later theBJP,in India, founded 1977. In the 1980s,Al Qaeda,founded 1988;Hamas,founded 1987;Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen,founded 1981 or 1985;Lashkar-e-Taibawas founded in Pakistan in 1987. The modern version of theTalibanbegan in 1994.^[19]
TheRevolutions of 1989and thedissolution of the Soviet Union^[6]by the end of 1991, which ended the Marxist revolutionary wave,^[20]resulting inRussiaand 14 countries declaring their independence from the Soviet Union:Armenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Estonia,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Latvia,Lithuania,Moldova,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine,andUzbekistan.Communismsoon was abandoned by other countries, includingAfghanistan,Albania,Angola,Benin,Bulgaria,Cambodia,Congo-Brazzaville,Czechoslovakia,East Germany,Ethiopia,Hungary,Mongolia,Mozambique,Poland,Romania,Somalia,South Yemen,andYugoslavia.^[11]^[15]^[16]Apartheid South Africa,Yugoslavia,andCzechoslovakiaalso collapsed in the early 1990s.
Pink TideinLatin Americastarting in 1999 to late 2000s.

21st century[edit]

Thecolour revolutionswere various related movements that developed in several societies in theformer Soviet Unionand theBalkansduring the early 2000s.^[16]
Between 2009 and 2014, there were revolutions or mass protests in theArab world,Iceland,Madagascar,Ireland,Iran,Thailand,Kyrgyzstan,Greece,Spain,Chile,theMaldives,California,China,Israel,Azerbaijan,Armenia,Rojava,Mexico,Canada,theUK,Romania,Turkey,France,Ukraine,Venezuela,Burkina FasoandHong Kong.This period also saw theOccupy movementform in the West and theautodefensasin Mexico.
TheArab Winteris a violent mass reaction following theArab Springcharacterized by resurgentauthoritarianism,dictatorships,andIslamic extremismin theMiddle Eastsince 2014.
Late 2019 and 2020 saw a significant wave of protest movements inHong Kong,Catalonia,Lebanon,Chile,Algeria,Bolivia,Haiti,Iraq,Ecuador,Montenegro,Serbia,Bulgaria,Indonesia,Albania,Sudan,Venezuela,theUnited States,Kyrgyzstan,Nigeria,Argentina,Iran,Cuba,and theYellow Vests Movementin various European countries. The causes are varied, spanning fromcorruption,austerity,electoral fraud,inequality anddemocratic backsliding.Central themes in many of these protests include economic and racial equality and widespread resentment against the economic and political elite, as well as the opposition to theCOVID-19 lockdownsand related measures.
Second Arab Spring

In Marxism[edit]

Marxistssee revolutionary waves as evidence that aworld revolutionis possible. ForRosa Luxemburg,"The most precious thing… in the sharp ebb and flow of the revolutionary waves is the proletariat's spiritual growth. The advance, by leaps and bounds, of the intellectual stature of the proletariat affords an inviolable guarantee of its further progress in the inevitable economic and political struggles ahead."^[21]The need for a world-wide socialist revolutionary wave for the survival of a socialist state has and continues to be a topic of controversy between Marxists, most notably betweenTrotskyistsand mainlineMarxist-Leninist.^[22]

Potential revolutionary waves[edit]

Mark Katz theorises that Buddhism (in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indochina, Burma, Tibet) and Confucianism (to replace Marxism in China and promote unity with Chinese in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia) might be the revolutionary waves of the future. In the past, these religions have been passively acquiescent to secular authority; but so was Islam, until recently.^[23]

Katz also suggests that nationalisms such asPan-Turanianism(in Turkey, Central Asia, Xin gian g, parts of Russia), 'Pan-native Americanism' (in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay) andPan-Slavism(in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) could also form revolutionary waves.^[24]

References[edit]

^Mark N. Katz,Revolution and Revolutionary Waves,Palgrave Macmillan (October 1, 1999)
^Nader Sohrabi,Revolution and Constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire and Iran,Cambridge University Press, 2011pp. 74, 83, 87, 90, 94, 96,ISBN 0-521-19829-1,ISBN 978-0-521-19829-5
^
*Colin J. Beck, Dissertation submitted to Stanford University Department of Sociology graduate Ph.D program, March 2009, "Ideological roots of waves of revolution," ProQuest, 2009,pp. 1-5,ISBN1-109-07655-X,9781109076554.
- Note: Colin J. Beck also wroteThe Ideological Roots of Waves of Revolution,BiblioBazaar, 2011,ISBN 1-243-60856-0,9781243608567
^Justin Raimondo,"The Revolutionary Wave: Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen – is the West next?",Antiwar,January 28, 2011 - "The revolutionary wave now sweeping the world will not exempt America, in spite of the myth of 'American exceptionalism.'".
^ Frank B. Tipton,A history of modern Germany since 1815,University of California Press,2003,p. 82,ISBN 0-520-24049-9,ISBN 978-0-520-24049-0Chapter 3: A Revolutionary Generation: The 1840s and the Revolutions of 1848 - "A rising revolutionary wave?"
^^a ^b Michael Lind,Vietnam, the Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict,Simon and Schuster, 2002 p 37ISBN 0-684-87027-4,ISBN 978-0-684-87027-4- "The revolutionary wave effect produced by the fall of Saigon in 1975 was far more significant than the regional domino effect in Southeast Asia proper. [...] Mark N. Katz has identified a 'Marxist-Leninist revolutionary wave' that peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, along with an 'Arab nationalist revolutionary wave' that began with the [1978-1979] Iranian Revolution. Samuel P. Huntington has identified a 'democratic wave' that began with the defeat of the Soviet bloc in the Cold War. [...] The Marxist-Leninist revolutionary wave associated with the Vietnam War saw 'affiliate Marxist-Leninist revolutions' come to power outside of Indochina in the Congo (1964, 1968), Benin (1972), Ethiopia and Guinea-Bissau (1974), Madagascar, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and Angola (1975), Afghanistan (1978), and Grenada and Nicaragua (1979)."
^Mark N Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p4
^Mark N Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p13
^Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 86
^Mark N Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p12
^^a ^b ^c ^dMark N. Katz,"Cycles, waves and diffusion", in: Jack A. Goldstone,The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions,pp. 126-127
^Gates, Charles (2003). "19: Rome from its origins to the end of the Republic".Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome.London: Routledge (published 2013). p. 318.ISBN 9781134676620.Retrieved17 January2018.
^Ober, Josiah(1996).The Athenian Revolution.Princeton:Princeton University Press.pp. 32–52.ISBN 9780691217970.OCLC 1241099836.
^Michael D. Chan (1 December 2006).Aristotle and Hamilton on Commerce and Statesmanship.University of Missouri Press. p.47.ISBN 978-0-8262-6516-6.Retrieved1 March2013.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^lColin A. Beck, "The World-Cultural Origins of Revolutionary Waves: Five Centuries of European Contention",Social Science History,vol.35, no.2, pp.167-207
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱLaurence Cox and Alf Gunvald Nilson, "What Makes a Revolution?",Ceasefire,30 September 2014
^Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 22
^Michael M. Seidman,The Imaginary Revolution: Parisian Students and Workers in 1968
^Ahmed Rashid,Taliban,IB Tauris, 2000, chapter one
^Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, chapter 4
^Rosa Luxemburg,Gesammelte Werke(Collected Works), quoted inTony Cliff,"Rosa Luxemburg, 1905 and the classic account of the mass strike"in"Patterns of mass strike",International Socialism,vol. 2, no. 29 (Summer 1985), pp. 3-61.
^Carr, Edward Hallett (1900).Socialism in one country, 1924-1926.Internet Archive. Harmondsworth, Penguin.ISBN 978-0-14-021040-8.
^Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 138
^Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 139

External links[edit]

Deborah Jerome,Can Tunisia Spark a Revolutionary Wave?,Council on Foreign Relationsanalysis brief, January 18, 2011.
Mark Kosman,Is revolution back on the agenda?

[1] Mark N. Katz,Revolution and Revolutionary Waves,Palgrave Macmillan (October 1, 1999)

[2] Nader Sohrabi,Revolution and Constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire and Iran,Cambridge University Press, 2011pp. 74, 83, 87, 90, 94, 96,ISBN 0-521-19829-1,ISBN 978-0-521-19829-5

[3] *Colin J. Beck, Dissertation submitted to Stanford University Department of Sociology graduate Ph.D program, March 2009, "Ideological roots of waves of revolution," ProQuest, 2009,pp. 1-5,ISBN 1-109-07655-X,9781109076554.
Note: Colin J. Beck also wroteThe Ideological Roots of Waves of Revolution,BiblioBazaar, 2011,ISBN 1-243-60856-0,9781243608567

[4] Note: Colin J. Beck also wroteThe Ideological Roots of Waves of Revolution,BiblioBazaar, 2011,ISBN 1-243-60856-0,9781243608567

[4] Justin Raimondo,"The Revolutionary Wave: Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen – is the West next?",Antiwar,January 28, 2011 - "The revolutionary wave now sweeping the world will not exempt America, in spite of the myth of 'American exceptionalism.'".

[5] Frank B. Tipton,A history of modern Germany since 1815,University of California Press,2003,p. 82,ISBN 0-520-24049-9,ISBN 978-0-520-24049-0Chapter 3: A Revolutionary Generation: The 1840s and the Revolutions of 1848 - "A rising revolutionary wave?"

[Lind-6] Michael Lind,Vietnam, the Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict,Simon and Schuster, 2002 p 37ISBN 0-684-87027-4,ISBN 978-0-684-87027-4- "The revolutionary wave effect produced by the fall of Saigon in 1975 was far more significant than the regional domino effect in Southeast Asia proper. [...] Mark N. Katz has identified a 'Marxist-Leninist revolutionary wave' that peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, along with an 'Arab nationalist revolutionary wave' that began with the [1978-1979] Iranian Revolution. Samuel P. Huntington has identified a 'democratic wave' that began with the defeat of the Soviet bloc in the Cold War. [...] The Marxist-Leninist revolutionary wave associated with the Vietnam War saw 'affiliate Marxist-Leninist revolutions' come to power outside of Indochina in the Congo (1964, 1968), Benin (1972), Ethiopia and Guinea-Bissau (1974), Madagascar, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and Angola (1975), Afghanistan (1978), and Grenada and Nicaragua (1979)."

[7] Mark N Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p4

[8] Mark N Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p13

[9] Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 86

[10] Mark N Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p12

[katz-11] Mark N. Katz,"Cycles, waves and diffusion", in: Jack A. Goldstone,The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions,pp. 126-127

[12] Gates, Charles (2003). "19: Rome from its origins to the end of the Republic".Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome.London: Routledge (published 2013). p. 318.ISBN 9781134676620.Retrieved17 January2018.

[Ober1996-13] Ober, Josiah(1996).The Athenian Revolution.Princeton:Princeton University Press.pp. 32–52.ISBN 9780691217970.OCLC 1241099836.

[14] Michael D. Chan (1 December 2006).Aristotle and Hamilton on Commerce and Statesmanship.University of Missouri Press. p.47.ISBN 978-0-8262-6516-6.Retrieved1 March2013.

[beck-15] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^lColin A. Beck, "The World-Cultural Origins of Revolutionary Waves: Five Centuries of European Contention",Social Science History,vol.35, no.2, pp.167-207

[ceasefire-16] ^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱLaurence Cox and Alf Gunvald Nilson, "What Makes a Revolution?",Ceasefire,30 September 2014

[Mark_Katz_1997,_p_22-17] Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 22

[18] Michael M. Seidman,The Imaginary Revolution: Parisian Students and Workers in 1968

[19] Ahmed Rashid,Taliban,IB Tauris, 2000, chapter one

[20] Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, chapter 4

[21] Rosa Luxemburg,Gesammelte Werke(Collected Works), quoted inTony Cliff,"Rosa Luxemburg, 1905 and the classic account of the mass strike"in"Patterns of mass strike",International Socialism,vol. 2, no. 29 (Summer 1985), pp. 3-61.

[22] Carr, Edward Hallett (1900).Socialism in one country, 1924-1926.Internet Archive. Harmondsworth, Penguin.ISBN 978-0-14-021040-8.

[23] Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 138

[24] Mark Katz,Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves,St Martin's Press, 1997, p 139

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v t e Revolutionary waves
18th century	Age of Revolution Atlantic Revolutions
19th century	Spanish American wars of independence Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Revolutions of 1848 Great Eastern Crisis
20th century	Revolutions of 1917–1923 Strike wave of 1945–1946 Protests of 1968 Central American crisis Revolutions of 1989
21st century	Colour revolutions Arab Spring Concurrent incidents Anti-austerity movement Occupy movement 2018–2022 Arab protests Coup Belt

v t e Marxist phraseology and terminology
Philosophy and politics (Marxist)	Barracks communism Base and superstructure Bourgeoisie Bourgeois democracy Bourgeois nationalism Bourgeois revolution Bourgeois socialism Capitalist mode of production Class struggle Commodification Dialectics Dictatorship of the proletariat Historical materialism Imperialism Liquidationism Lumpenproletariat Means of labor Metabolic rift Petite bourgeoisie Primitive accumulation of capital Proletarian internationalism Proletarian revolution Pure communism Revisionism Revolutionary spontaneity Revolutionary wave Scientific socialism Socialist mode of production Super-imperialism Theoretician Two-stage theory Wage slavery Workers of the world, unite! Workers' council Workers' control World communism World revolution
Sociology and economics (Marxian)	Critique of political economy Accumulation of capital Capital Capitalist mode of production Crisis of capitalism Commanding heights of the economy Commodity Commodity production Dominant ideology Exchange value Free association Law of value Materialism Means of production Mode of production Productive forces Production for use Relations of production Ruling class Simple commodity production Socialist mode of production Socially necessary labour time Socialization Social murder Subject of labor Surplus value Use value Value Worker cooperative
Marxist–Leninist	Anti-revisionism Cadre Central Committee Democratic centralism Dual power Enemy of the people Foco General line of the party National liberation New class People's democratic state Politburo Political rehabilitation Popular front Real socialism Revisionism Revolutionary terror Self-criticism Socialist accumulation Socialism in one country Social fascism Social imperialism Soviet democracy Democracy in Marxism United front Vanguardism
Trotskyist	Deformed workers' state Degenerated workers' state French Turn Permanent revolution Social revolution Transitional demand Uneven and combined development United front World revolution
Maoist	Antagonistic contradiction Anti-revisionism Capitalist roader Continuous revolution theory The East wind prevails over the West wind Four Olds Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Mass line New Democracy Whole-process people's democracy One Divides Into Two People's war Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun Revisionism Revolutionary base area Revolution is not a dinner party Social imperialism Struggle session
Other	People's Multiparty Democracy