Rhyacian

Rhyacian
Rhyacian
2300 – 2050Ma Pha. Proterozoic Archean Had.
	A reconstruction of the Earth as it may have appeared in the early Rhyacian, c. 2.2 Ga.[citation needed]
Chronology
←	Huronian glaciation
	MajorGlacial period
	Events of the Rhyacian Period.; Axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Period
Stratigraphic unit	System
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Defined Chronometrically
Lower GSSA ratified	1991
Upper boundary definition	Defined Chronometrically
Upper GSSA ratified	1991

TheRhyacian Period(/raɪˈeɪsi.ən/;Ancient Greek:ῥύαξ,romanized:rhýax,meaning "stream oflava") is the secondgeologic periodin thePaleoproterozoic Eraand lasted from 2300 Mya to 2050 Mya (million years ago).^[2]Instead of being based onstratigraphy,these dates are definedchronometrically.^[3]

TheBushveld Igneous Complexand some other similarintrusions^[specify]formed during this period.^[3]

TheHuronian(Makganyene) global glaciation began at the start of the Rhyacian and lasted 100 million years. It lasted about 80% of this period.^[4]

For the time interval from 2250 Ma to 2060 Ma, an alternative period based on stratigraphy rather than chronometry, named either theJatulianor theEukaryian,was suggested in the geological timescale review 2012 edited by Gradstein et al.,^[5]but as of March 2020^[update],this has not yet been officially adopted by theIUGS.The term Jatulian is, however, used in the regional stratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic rocks ofFennoscandia.^[6]

This is when theeukaryotesare thought to have originated from the symbiosis betweenasgardarchaeaandAlpha proteobacteria,as well as thesexual reproductionfound within the eukaryotes only, thus the alternative name Eukaryian.^[7]^[8]^[9]

References[edit]

^^a ^bPlumb, K. A. (June 1, 1991)."New Precambrian time scale".Episodes.14(2): 139–140.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005.
^"Rhyacian Period".GeoWhen Database.Archived fromthe originalon August 19, 2006.RetrievedJanuary 5,2006.
^^a ^bJames G. Ogg (2004). "Status on Divisions of the International Geologic Time Scale".Lethaia.37(2): 183–199.doi:10.1080/00241160410006492.
^Kopp; Kirschvink, JL; Hilburn, IA; Nash, CZ; et al. (August 2005)."The Paleoproterozoic Snowball: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis"(PDF).PNAS.102(32): 11131–6.Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211131K.doi:10.1073/pnas.0504878102.PMC1183582.PMID 16061801.
^Gradstein, F.M.; et al., eds. (2012).The Geologic Time Scale 2012.Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 361–365.ISBN 978-0-44-459390-0.
^Bingen, B.; Solli, A.; Viola, G.; Torgersen, E.; Sandstad, J.S.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Røhr, T.S.; Ganerød, M.; Nasuti, A. (2015)."Geochronology of the Palaeoproterozoic Kautokeino Greenstone Belt, Finnmark, Norway: Tectonic implications in a Fennoscandia context"(PDF).Norwegian Journal of Geology.95:365–396.doi:10.17850/njg95-3-09.
^Strassert, Jürgen F. H.; Irisarri, Iker; Williams, Tom A.; Burki, Fabien (2021)."A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids".Nature.12(1): 1879.Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.1879S.doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z.PMC7994803.PMID 33767194.
^Mänd, Kaarel; Lalonde, Stefan V.; Robbins, Leslie J.; Thoby, Marie; Paiste, Kärt; Kreitsmann, Timmu; Paiste, Päärn; Reinhard, Christopher T.; Romashkin, Alexandr E.; Planavsky, Noah J.; Kirsimäe, Kalle; Lepland, Aivo; Konhauser, Kurt O. (April 2020). "Palaeoproterozoic oxygenated oceans following the Lomagundi–Jatuli Event".Nature Geoscience.13(4): 302–306.Bibcode:2020NatGe..13..302M.doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0558-5.hdl:10037/19269.S2CID 212732729.
^Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). "16: A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian: Possibilities and Challenges". In Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; abi M. Ogg (eds.).The geologic time scale 2012(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359–365.doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0.ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9.

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[Plumb1991-1] Plumb, K. A. (June 1, 1991)."New Precambrian time scale".Episodes.14(2): 139–140.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1991/v14i2/005.

[geowhen-2] "Rhyacian Period".GeoWhen Database.Archived fromthe originalon August 19, 2006.RetrievedJanuary 5,2006.

[ogg-3] James G. Ogg (2004). "Status on Divisions of the International Geologic Time Scale".Lethaia.37(2): 183–199.doi:10.1080/00241160410006492.

[4] Kopp; Kirschvink, JL; Hilburn, IA; Nash, CZ; et al. (August 2005)."The Paleoproterozoic Snowball: A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis"(PDF).PNAS.102(32): 11131–6.Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211131K.doi:10.1073/pnas.0504878102.PMC1183582.PMID 16061801.

[Gradstein_et_al_2012-5] Gradstein, F.M.; et al., eds. (2012).The Geologic Time Scale 2012.Vol. 1. Elsevier. pp. 361–365.ISBN 978-0-44-459390-0.

[Bingen2015-6] Bingen, B.; Solli, A.; Viola, G.; Torgersen, E.; Sandstad, J.S.; Whitehouse, M.J.; Røhr, T.S.; Ganerød, M.; Nasuti, A. (2015)."Geochronology of the Palaeoproterozoic Kautokeino Greenstone Belt, Finnmark, Norway: Tectonic implications in a Fennoscandia context"(PDF).Norwegian Journal of Geology.95:365–396.doi:10.17850/njg95-3-09.

[7] Strassert, Jürgen F. H.; Irisarri, Iker; Williams, Tom A.; Burki, Fabien (2021)."A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids".Nature.12(1): 1879.Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.1879S.doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z.PMC7994803.PMID 33767194.

[Mand2020-8] Mänd, Kaarel; Lalonde, Stefan V.; Robbins, Leslie J.; Thoby, Marie; Paiste, Kärt; Kreitsmann, Timmu; Paiste, Päärn; Reinhard, Christopher T.; Romashkin, Alexandr E.; Planavsky, Noah J.; Kirsimäe, Kalle; Lepland, Aivo; Konhauser, Kurt O. (April 2020). "Palaeoproterozoic oxygenated oceans following the Lomagundi–Jatuli Event".Nature Geoscience.13(4): 302–306.Bibcode:2020NatGe..13..302M.doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0558-5.hdl:10037/19269.S2CID 212732729.

[vankranendonk2012-9] Van Kranendonk, Martin J. (2012). "16: A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian: Possibilities and Challenges". In Felix M. Gradstein; James G. Ogg; Mark D. Schmitz; abi M. Ogg (eds.).The geologic time scale 2012(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 359–365.doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0.ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9.

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