Rhyme

For other uses, seeRhyme (disambiguation).

Arhymeis a repetition of similar sounds (usually the exact samephonemes) in the finalstressed syllablesand any following syllables of two or more words. Most often, this kind of rhyming (perfect rhyming) is consciously used for a musical or aesthetic effect in the final position oflineswithinpoemsorsongs.More broadly, a rhyme may also variously refer to other types of similar sounds near the ends of two or more words. Furthermore, the wordrhymehas come to be sometimes used as ashorthand termfor any brief poem, such as anursery rhymeorBalliol rhyme.

Etymology

The word derives fromOld French:rimeorryme,which might be derived fromOld Frankish:rīm,a Germanic term meaning "series", or "sequence" attested inOld English(Old English:rīmmeaning "enumeration", series ", or" numeral ") andOld High German:rīm,ultimately cognate toOld Irish:rím,Ancient Greek:ἀριθμός(arithmos"number" ). Alternatively, the Old French words may derive fromLatin:rhythmus,fromAncient Greek:ῥυθμός(rhythmos,rhythm).

The spellingrhyme(from the originalrime) was introduced at the beginning of the Modern English period from a learned (but perhaps etymologically incorrect) association with Latinrhythmus.The older spellingrimesurvives in Modern English as a rare alternative spelling;cf.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.A distinction between the spellings is also sometimes made in the study oflinguisticsandphonologyfor whichrimeorrhymeis used to refer to thenucleusandcodaof asyllable.Some prefer to spell itrimeto distinguish it from the poetic rhyme covered by this article (seesyllable rime).

Function of rhyming words

Rhyme partly seems to be enjoyed simply as a repeating pattern that is pleasant to hear. It also serves as a powerfulmnemonicdevice, facilitating memorization.The regular use oftail rhymehelps to mark off the ends of lines, thus clarifying the metrical structure for the listener. As with other poetic techniques, poets use it to suit their own purposes; for example,William Shakespeareoften used a rhymingcoupletto mark off the end of a scene in a play.

Types of rhyme

The wordrhymecan be used in a specific and a general sense. In the specific sense, two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical; two lines ofpoetryrhyme if their final strong positions are filled with rhyming words. Examples aresightandflight,deignandgain,madnessandsadness,loveanddove.

Perfect rhymes

Main article:Perfect rhyme

Perfect rhymes can be classified by the location of the final stressed syllable.

• single,also known asmasculine:a rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words (rhyme,sublime)
• double,also known asfeminine:a rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate (second from last) syllable of the words (picky,tricky)
• dactylic:a rhyme in which the stress is on the antepenultimate (third from last) syllable (amorous,glamorous)

Feminine and dactylic rhymes may also be realized as compound (or mosaic) rhymes (poet,know it).

General rhymes

In the general sense,general rhymecan refer to various kinds of phonetic similarity between words, and to the use of such similar-sounding words in organizing verse. Rhymes in this general sense are classified according to the degree and manner of the phonetic similarity:

• syllabic:a rhyme in which the last syllable of each word sounds the same but does not necessarily contain stressed vowels. (cleaver,silver,orpitter,patter;the final syllable of the wordsbottleandfiddleis/l/,aliquid consonant.)
• imperfect (or near):a rhyme between a stressed and an unstressed syllable. (wing,caring)
• weak (or unaccented):a rhyme between two sets of one or more unstressed syllables. (hammer,carpenter)
• semirhyme:a rhyme with an extra syllable on one word. (bend,ending)
• forced (or oblique):a rhyme with an imperfect match in sound. (green,fiend;one,thumb)
• assonance:matching vowels. (shake,hate) Assonance is sometimes referred to as slant rhymes, along with consonance.
• consonance:matching consonants. (rabies,robbers)
• half rhyme(orslant rhyme): matching final consonants. (hand,lend)
• pararhyme:all consonants match. (tick,tock)
• alliteration(orhead rhyme): matching initial consonants. (ship,short)

Identical rhymes

Identical rhymes are considered less than perfect in English poetry; but are valued more highly in other literatures such as, for example,rime richein French poetry.

Thoughhomophonesandhomonymssatisfy the first condition for rhyming—that is, that the stressed vowel sound is the same—they do not satisfy the second: that the preceding consonant be different. As stated above, in a perfect rhyme the last stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical in both words.

If the sound preceding the stressed vowel is also identical, the rhyme is sometimes considered to be inferior and not a perfect rhyme after all.An example of such asuper-rhymeor "more than perfect rhyme" is theidentical rhyme,in which not only the vowels but also the onsets of the rhyming syllables are identical, as ingunandbegun.Punning rhymes, such asbareandbearare also identical rhymes. The rhyme may extend even farther back than the last stressed vowel. If it extends all the way to the beginning of the line, so that there are two lines that sound very similar or identical, it is called aholorhyme( "For I scream/For ice cream" ).

In poetics these would be consideredidentity,rather than rhyme.

Eye rhyme

Main article:Eye rhyme

Eye rhymes or sight rhymes or spelling rhymes refer to similarity in spelling but not in sound where the final sounds are spelled identically but pronounced differently.Examples in English arecough,bough,andlove,move.

Some early written poetry appears to contain these, but in many cases the words used rhymed at the time of writing, and subsequent changes in pronunciation have meant that the rhyme is now lost.

Mind rhyme

Main article:Mind rhyme

Mind rhyme is a kind of substitution rhyme similar torhyming slang,but it is less generally codified and is "heard" only when generated by a specific verse context. For instance, "this sugar is neat / and tastes so sour." If a reader or listener thinks of the word "sweet" instead of "sour," a mind rhyme has occurred.

Classification by position

Rhymes may be classified according to their position in the verse:

• Tail rhyme(also calledend rhymeorrime couée) is a rhyme in the final syllable(s) of a verse (the most common kind).
• Internal rhymeoccurs when a word or phrase in the interior of a line rhymes with a word or phrase at the end of a line, or within a different line.
• Off-centered rhymeis a type of internal rhyme occurring in unexpected places in a given line. This is sometimes called a misplaced-rhyme scheme or aspoken wordrhyme style.
• Holorime,mentioned above, occurs when two entire lines have the same sound.
• Echo rhymeoccurs when the same syllable endings are utilized (example: disease/ease).
• Broken rhymeis a type ofenjambementproducing a rhyme by dividing a word at the line break of a poem to make a rhyme with the end word of another line.
• Cross rhymematches a sound or sounds at the end of a line with the same sound or sounds in the middle of the following (or preceding) line.

Arhyme schemeis the pattern of rhyming lines in a poem.

History

In many languages, including modern European languages and Arabic, poets use rhyme in set patterns as a structural element for specific poetic forms, such asballads,sonnetsandrhyming couplets.Some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific language, culture or period, while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across languages, cultures or time periods. However, the use of structural rhyme is not universal even within the European tradition. Much modern poetry avoids traditionalrhyme schemes.

The earliest surviving evidence of rhyming is the ChineseShi Jing(ca. 10th century BCE). Rhyme is also occasionally used in theBible.Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not usually rhyme,but rhyme was used very occasionally. For instance, Catullus includes partial rhymes in the poemCui dono lepidum novum libellum.The ancient Greeks knew rhyme, and rhymes inThe WaspsbyAristophanesare noted by a translator.

Rhyme became a permanent - even obligatory - feature of poetry in Hebrew language, around the 4th century CE. It is found in theJewish liturgical poetrywritten in theByzantine empireera. This was realized by scholars only recently, thanks to the thousands ofpiyyutsthat have been discovered in theCairo Geniza.It is assumed that the principle of rhyme was transferred from Hebrew liturgical poetry to the poetry of theSyriac Christianity(written inAramaic), and through this mediation introduced intoLatin poetryand then into all other languages ofEurope.

Rhyme is central to classicalArabic poetrytracing back to its 6th century pre-Islamic roots. According to some archaic sources,Irish literatureintroduced the rhyme to Early Medieval Europe, but that is a disputed claim.In the 7th century, the Irish had brought the art of rhyming verses to a high pitch of perfection. Theleonine verseis notable for introducing rhyme into High Medieval literature in the 12th century.

Rhyme entered European poetry in theHigh Middle Ages,in part under the influence of theArabic languageinAl Andalus(modern Spain).Arabic language poets used rhyme extensively from the first development of literary Arabic in thesixth century,as in their long, rhymingqasidas.

Since dialects vary and languages change over time, lines that rhyme in a given register or era may not rhyme in another, and it may not be clear whether one should pronounce the words so that they rhyme. An example is this couplet fromHandel'sJudas Maccabaeus:

Rejoice, O Judah, and in songs divine

With cherubim and seraphim harmonious join.

Rhyme in various languages

Arabic

Rhymes were widely spread in theArabian Peninsulaaround the 6th century, in letters, poems and songs, as well as long, rhymingqasidas.In addition, theQuranuses a form of rhymed prose namedsaj'.

Celtic languages

For Welsh, seeCynghanedd.

Rhyming in theCeltic languagestakes a drastically different course from most other Western rhyming schemes despite strong contact with the Romance and English patterns. Even today, despite extensive interaction with English and French culture, Celtic rhyme continues to demonstrate native characteristics. Brian Ó Cuív sets out the rules of rhyme in Irish poetry of the classical period: the last stressed vowel and any subsequent long vowels must be identical in order for two words to rhyme. Consonants are grouped into six classes for the purpose of rhyme: they need not be identical, but must belong to the same class. Thus 'b' and 'd' can rhyme (both being 'voiced plosives'), as can 'bh' and 'l' (which are both 'voiced continuants') but 'l', a 'voiced continuant', cannot rhyme with 'ph', a 'voiceless continuant'. Furthermore, "for perfect rhyme a palatalized consonant may be balanced only by a palatalized consonant and a velarized consonant by a velarized one."In the post-Classical period, these rules fell into desuetude, and in popular verse simple assonance often suffices, as can be seen in an example of Irish Gaelic rhyme from the traditional songBríd Óg Ní Mháille:

Is a Bhríd Óg Ní Mháille
[ɪsˠəˈvɾʲiːdʲoːɡn̠ʲiːˈwaːl̠ʲə]
'S tú d'fhág mo chroí cráite
[sˠt̪ˠuːˈd̪ˠaːɡməxɾʲiːˈkɾˠaːtʲə]

Oh young Bridget O'Malley

You have left my heart breaking

Here the vowels are the same, but the consonants, although both palatalized, do not fall into the same class in the bardic rhyming scheme.

Chinese

Further information:Rime dictionary

Besides the vowel/consonant aspect of rhyming,Chineserhymes often includetonequality (that is,tonal contour) as an integral linguistic factor in determining rhyme.

Use of rhyme inClassical Chinese poetrytypically but not always appears in the form of paired couplets, with end-rhyming in the final syllable of each couplet.

Another important aspect of rhyme in regard to Chinese language studies is the study or reconstruction of pastvarieties of Chinese,such asMiddle Chinese.

English

See also:English poetry

Old English poetryis mostlyalliterative verse.One of the earliest rhyming poems in English isThe Rhyming Poem.

Asstressis important in English, lexical stress is one of the factors that affects the similarity of sounds for the perception of rhyme. Perfect rhyme can be defined as the case when two words rhyme if their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical.

Some words in English, such as "orange"and" silver ", are commonly regarded as having no rhyme. Although a clever writer can get around this (for example, by obliquely rhyming" orange "with combinations of words like" door hinge "or with lesser-known words like"Blorenge"– a hill in Wales – or the surnameGorringe), it is generally easier to move the word out of rhyming position or replace it with asynonym( "orange" could become "amber", while "silver" could become a combination of "bright and argent" ). A skilled orator might be able to tweak the pronunciation of certain words to facilitate a stronger rhyme (for example, pronouncing "orange" as "oringe" to rhyme with "door hinge" ).

One view of rhyme in English is fromJohn Milton's preface toParadise Lost:

The Measure isEnglishHeroic Verse without Rime, as that ofHomerinGreek,and ofVirgilinLatin;Rime being no necessary Adjunct or true Ornament of Poem or good Verse, in longer Works especially, but the Invention of a barbarous Age, to set off wretched matter and lame Meeter; grac't indeed since by the use of some famous modern Poets, carried away by Custom...

A more tempered view is taken byW. H. AudeninThe Dyer's Hand:

Rhymes, meters, stanza forms, etc., are like servants. If the master is fair enough to win their affection and firm enough to command their respect, the result is an orderly happy household. If he is too tyrannical, they give notice; if he lacks authority, they become slovenly, impertinent, drunk and dishonest.

Forced or clumsy rhyme is often a key ingredient ofdoggerel.

French

InFrench poetry,unlike in English, it is common to haveidentical rhymes,in which not only the vowels of the final syllables of the lines rhyme, but their onset consonants ( "consonnes d'appui" ) as well. To the ear of someone accustomed to English verse, this often sounds like a very weak rhyme. For example, an English perfect rhyme of homophones,flourandflower,would seem weak, whereas a French rhyme of homophonesdoigt( "finger" ) anddoit( "must" ) orpoint( "point" ) andpoint( "not" ) is not only acceptable but quite common.

Rhymes are sometimes classified into the categories of "rime pauvre" ( "poor rhyme" ), "rime suffisante" ( "sufficient rhyme" ), "rime riche"(" rich rhyme ") and" rime richissime "(" very rich rhyme "), according to the number of rhyming sounds in the two words or in the parts of the two verses. For example, to rhyme" tu "with" vu "would be a poor rhyme (the words have only the vowel in common), to rhyme" pas "with" bras "a sufficient rhyme (with the vowel and the silent consonant in common), and" tante "with" attente "a rich rhyme (with the vowel, the onset consonant, and the coda consonant with its mute" e "in common). Authorities disagree, however, on exactly where to place the boundaries between the categories.

Classical French rhyme not only differs from English rhyme in its different treatment of onset consonants. It also treats coda consonants in a distinctive way.

French spelling includes several final letters that are no longer pronounced and that in many cases have never been pronounced. Such final unpronounced letters continue to affect rhyme according to the rules of Classical French versification. They are encountered in almost all of the pre-20th-century French verse texts, but these rhyming rules are almost never taken into account from the 20th century.

The most important "silent" letter is the "mute e".In spoken French today, final" e "is, in some regional accents (in Paris for example), omitted after consonants; but in Classical French prosody, it was considered an integral part of the rhyme even when following the vowel." Joue "could rhyme with" boue ", but not with" trou ". Rhyming words ending with this silent" e "were said to make up a" double rhyme ", while words not ending with this silent" e "made up a" single rhyme ". It was a principle of stanza-formation that single and double rhymes had to alternate in the stanza. Virtually all 17th-century French plays in verse alternate masculine and feminineAlexandrincouplets.

The now-silent final consonants present a more complex case. They, too, were traditionally an integral part of the rhyme, such that "pont" rhymed with "vont" but not with "long". (The voicing of consonants was lost in liaison and thus ignored, so "pont" also rhymed with "rond".) There are a few rules that govern most word-final consonants in archaic French pronunciation:

• The distinction between voiced and unvoiced consonants is lost in the final position. Therefore, "d" and "t" (both pronounced /t/) rhyme. So too with "c", "g" and "q" (all /k/), and "s", "x" and "z" (all /z/). Rhymes ending in /z/ are called "plural rhymes" because most plural nouns and adjectives end in "s" or "x".
• Nasal vowels rhyme whether spelled with "m" or "n" (e.g., "essaim" rhymes with "sain" ).
• If a word ends in a stop consonant followed by "s", the stop is silent and ignored for purposes of rhyming (e.g., "temps" rhymes with "dents" ). In the archaic orthography some of these silent stops are omitted from the spelling as well (e.g., "dens" for "dents" ).

Holorime

Holorimeis an extreme example ofrime richissimespanning an entire verse.Alphonse Allaiswas a notable exponent of holorime. Here is an example of a holorime couplet fromMarc Monnier:

Gall, amant de la Reine, alla (tour magnanime)
Galamment de l'Arène à la Tour Magne, à Nîmes.

Gallus, the Queen's lover, went (a magnanimous gesture)
Gallantly from the Arena to the Great Tower, at Nîmes.

German

BecauseGerman phonologyfeatures a wide array of vowel sounds, certain imperfect rhymes are widely admitted in German poetry. These include rhyming "e" with "ä" and "ö", rhyming "i" with "ü", rhyming "ei" with "eu" (spelled "äu" in some words) and rhyming a long vowel with its short counterpart.

Some examples of imperfect rhymes (all fromFriedrich Schiller's "An die Freude"):

• Deine Zauber binden wieder/ Alle Menschen werden Brüder
• Freude trinken alle Wesen/ Alle Guten, alle Bösen

Greek

SeeHomoioteleuton

Ancient Greek poetry is strictly metrical. Rhyme is used, if at all, only as an occasional rhetorical flourish.

The first Greek to write rhyming poetry was the fourteenth-century CretanStephanos Sachlikis.Rhyme is now a common fixture of Greek poetry.

Hebrew

AncientHebrewrarely employed rhyme, e.g., inExodus29 35: ועשית לאהרן ולבניו כָּכה, ככל אשר צויתי אֹתָכה (the identical part in both rhyming words being / 'axa/ ). Rhyme became a permanent - even obligatory - feature of poetry in Hebrew language, around the 4th century CE. It is found in theJewish liturgical poetrywritten in theByzantine empireera. This was realized by scholars only recently, thanks to the thousands ofpiyyutsthat have been discovered in theCairo Geniza.It is assumed that the principle of rhyme was transferred from Hebrew liturgical poetry to the poetry of theSyriac Christianity(written inAramaic), and through this mediation introduced intoLatin poetryand then into all other languages ofEurope.

Latin

InLatinrhetoric and poetryhomeoteleutonandalliterationwere frequently used devices.

Tail rhymewas occasionally used, as in this piece of poetry byCicero:

O Fortunatamnatamme consuleRomam.

O fortunate Rome, to be born with me consul

Buttail rhymewas not used as a prominent structural feature ofLatin poetryuntil it was introduced under the influence of local vernacular traditions in the earlyMiddle Ages.This is theLatinhymnDies Irae:

Dies irae, dies illa
Solvet saeclum in favilla
Teste David cum Sybilla

The day of wrath, that day
which will reduce the world to ashes,
as foretold by David and the Sybil.

Medieval poetrymay mix Latin andvernacularlanguages. Mi xing languages in verse or rhyming words in different languages is termedmacaronic.

Polish

In Polish literature rhyme was used from the beginning. Unrhymed verse was never popular, although it was sometimes imitated from Latin.Homer's,Virgil's and evenMilton's epic poems were furnished with rhymes by Polish translators.Because of paroxytonic accentuation in Polish, feminine rhymes always prevailed. Rules of Polish rhyme were established in 16th century. Then only feminine rhymes were allowed in syllabic verse system. Together with introducing syllabo-accentual metres, masculine rhymes began to occur in Polish poetry. They were most popular at the end of 19th century. The most frequent rhyme scheme in Old Polish (16th - 18th centuries) was couplet AABBCCDD..., but Polish poets, having perfect knowledge of Italian language and literature, experimented with other schemes, among othersottava rima(ABABABCC) andsonnet(ABBA ABBA CDC DCD or ABBA ABBA CDCD EE).

Wpłynąłem na suchego przestwór oceanu,
Wóz nurza się w zieloność i jak łódka brodzi,
Śród fali łąk szumiących, śród kwiatów powodzi,
Omijam koralowe ostrowy burzanu.

Across sea-meadows measureless I go,
My wagon sinking under grass so tall
The flowery petals in foam on me fall,
And blossom-isles float by I do not know.

—Adam Mickiewicz,
"Stepy akermańskie",Sonety krymskie,lines 1–4 — "The Ackerman Steppe",Sonnets from the Crimea,
translated byEdna Worthley Underwood

The metre of Mickiewicz's sonnet is thePolish alexandrine(tridecasyllable, in Polish "trzynastozgłoskowiec" ): 13(7+6) and its rhymes are feminine: [anu] and [odzi].

Portuguese

Portugueseclassifies rhymes in the following manner:

• rima pobre(poor rhyme): rhyme between words of the samegrammatical category(e.g., noun with noun) or between very common endings (-ão,-ar);
• rima rica(rich rhyme): rhyme between words of different grammatical classes or with uncommon endings;
• rima preciosa(precious rhyme): rhyme between words with a differentmorphology,for exampleestrela(star) withvê-la(to see her);
• rima esdrúxula(odd rhyme): rhyme betweenproparoxytonicwords (example:ânimo,"animus", andunânimo,"unanimous" ).

Russian

Rhyme was introduced intoRussianpoetry in the 18th century. Folk poetry had generally been unrhymed, relying more on dactylic line endings for effect. Two words ending in an accented vowel are only considered to rhyme if they share a preceding consonant. Vowel pairs rhyme—even though non-Russian speakers may not perceive them as the same sound. Consonant pairs rhyme if both are devoiced. As in French, formal poetry traditionally alternates between masculine and feminine rhymes.

Early 18th-century poetry demanded perfect rhymes that were also grammatical rhymes—namely that noun endings rhymed with noun endings, verb endings with verb endings, and so on. Such rhymes relying on morphological endings become much rarer in modern Russian poetry, and greater use is made of approximate rhymes.

The rules for rhyming used byAlexander Pushkinand subsequentRussian poetsowe much to French verse. The basic rules, as laid out byVladimir Nabokovin hisNotes on Prosody,are as follows:

• As in French, rhymes are divided intomasculine and feminineaccording to whether the word is stressed on the last or second-to-last syllable. Two different masculine rhymes or two feminine rhymes cannot normally occur in succeeding lines. Rhyme schemes involving words stressed on the third-to-last syllable or earlier in the word are found in some poems but are relatively rare, especially in longer poetry.
• As in French, two words with the same pronunciation but different meanings can be rhymed, e.g.,супру́га( "wife" ) andсупру́га( "husband's" ).
• Words ending in a stressed vowel (e.g.,вода́) can only rhyme with other words which share the consonant preceding the vowel (e.g.,когда́).
  • Words ending in a stressed vowel preceded by another vowel, as well as words ending in a stressed vowel preceded by /j/, can all be rhymed with each other:моя́,тая́andчьяall rhyme.
  • According to Nabokov, a special dispensation is made forлюбви́,an inflected form ofлюбо́вь( "love" ), allowing it to be rhymed with all words ending in a vowel followed by /ˈi/ (e.g.,твои́). Some poets, including Pushkin, go further and rhymeлюбви́with any word ending in /ˈi/.
• Unstressedаandо(e.g.,жа́лоandУра́ла) can be rhymed with each other. For most contemporary Russian speakers these letters when unstressed are pronounced identically as /ə/. See alsovowel reduction in Russianandakanye.
• In unstressed syllables, /ɨ/, /ɨj/ and /əj/ are considered more or less equivalent: thusза́лы,ма́лыйandа́лойcan all be rhymed. Nabokov describes rhyming /ɨ/ with /ɨj/ as "not inelegant" and rhyming /ɨj/ with /əj/ as "absolutely correct".

Sanskrit

Patterns of rich rhyme (prāsa) play a role in modern Sanskrit poetry, but only to a minor extent in historical Sanskrit texts. They are classified according to their position within thepada(metrical foot):ādiprāsa(first syllable),dvitīyākṣara prāsa(second syllable),antyaprāsa(final syllable) etc.

Spanish

Spanish mainly differentiates two types of rhymes:

• rima consonante(consonant rhyme): Those words of the same stress with identical endings, matching consonants and vowels, for example robo (robbery) and lobo (wolf), legua (league) and yegua (mare) or canción (song) and montón (pile).
• rima asonante(assonant rhyme): those words of the same stress that only the vowels identical at the end, for example zapato (shoe) and brazo (arm), ave (bird) and ame (would love), reloj (watch) and feroz (fierce), puerta (door) and ruleta (roulette).

Spanish rhyme is also classified by stress type since different types cannot rhyme with each other:

• rima llana(plane rhyme): the rhyming words are unaccented, for example cama (bed) and rama (branch), pereza (laziness) and moneda (coin) or espejo (mirror) and pienso (I think).
• rima grave(oxytonic rhyme): The rhyming words are accented on the last syllable, for example: cartón (cardboard) and limón (lemon), jerez (sherry) and revés (backwards). Grave words that end in a single same vowel can be asonante rhymes for example compró (he/she bought) and llevó (he/she carried), tendré (I will have) and pediré (I will ask), perdí (I lost) and medí (I measured).
• rima esdrújula(odd rhyme): The rhyming words are accented on theantepenult.For example, mácula (stain) and báscula (scale), estrépito (noise) and intrépido (fearless), rápido (fast) and pálido (pallid).

Tamil

There are some unique rhyming schemes in Dravidian languages like Tamil. Specifically, the rhyme calledetukai(anaphora) occurs on the second consonant of each line.

The other rhyme and related patterns are calledmōnai(alliteration),toṭai(epiphora) andiraṭṭai kiḷavi(parallelism).

Some classical Tamil poetry forms, such asveṇpā,have rigid grammars for rhyme to the point that they could be expressed as acontext-free grammar.

Urdu

Rhymes are called Qafiya in Urdu. Qafiya has a very important place in Urdu Poetry. Couplet of an UrduGhazalis incomplete without a Qafiya.Following is an example of an Urdu couplet fromFaiz Ahmed Faiz's ghazal

dono jahaan teri mohabbat meinhaarke,
wo jaa rahaa hai koi shab e ghumguzaarke

haarandguzaarare qafiyas in this couplet because of rhyming.

Vietnamese

Rhymes are used inVietnameseto producesimiles.The following is an example of a Rhyming Simile:

Nghèonhư conmèo
/ŋɛuɲɯ kɔnmɛu/
"Poor as a cat"

Compare the above Vietnamese example, which is arhymingsimile, to the English phrase "(as) poor as a church mouse", which is only asemanticsimile.

See also

• Alliteration
• Assonance
• Glossary of poetry terms
• An Introduction to Rhyme
• List of English words without rhymes
• Consonance
• Multisyllabic rhymes
• Rhyme in rap
• Rhyming recipe
• Rhyming slang(e.g. Cockney rhyming slang)
• Rhyming spiritual
• Rime table- syllable chart of the Chinese language
• Traditional rhyme

External links

• Directory of rhyming dictionariesArchived2013-01-10 at theWayback Machineat theOpen Directory Project
• Querying rhyming wordsin WolframAlpha

• Gosse, Edmund William(1911)."Rhyme".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 274–275.