Rhythmic gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics

Rhythmic gymnastics Group 10 clubs final, 27th Summer Universiade 2013, Kazan
Highestgoverning body	Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
Characteristics
Contact	No
Mixed-sex	No
Type	Gymnastic sport that involves artistic movement
Presence
Country or region	Worldwide
Olympic	Since1984
World Games	2001–2021

Rhythmic gymnasticsis a sport in which gymnasts perform individually or in groups on a floor with an apparatus:hoop,ball,clubs,ribbonandrope.The sport combines elements ofgymnastics,danceandcalisthenics;gymnasts must be strong, flexible, agile, dexterous and coordinated.Rhythmic gymnastics is governed by theInternational Gymnastics Federation(FIG), which first recognized it as a sport in 1963.It became an Olympic sport in 1984 with an individual all-around event.The group all-around competition was added to the Olympics in 1996.At the international level, rhythmic gymnastics is a women-only sport. The most prestigious competitions, besides the Olympic Games, are the World Championships, World Games, European Championships, European Games, the World Cup Series and the Grand Prix Series. Gymnasts are judged on their artistry, execution of skills, and difficulty of skills, for which they gain points. They perform leaps, balances, and rotations along with handling the apparatus.

History

Two-time Olympic ChampionEvgenia Kanaeva(2008 Beijingand2012 London)

Rhythmic gymnastics grew out of the ideas ofJean-Georges Noverre(1727–1810),François Delsarte(1811–1871), andRudolf Bode(1881–1970), who all believed in movement expression, where one used to dance to express oneself and exercise various body parts.Peter Henry Lingfurther developed this idea in his 19th-centurySwedishsystem of free exercise, which promoted "aesthetic gymnastics", in which students expressed their feelings and emotions through body movement.

Swedish-style group gymnastics became increasingly popular for women through the mid-19th century through the early 20th century. Although sports became associated with masculinity, group gymnastics were performed in indoor, private spaces and focused on correctly performing movements before an instructor, which fit societal ideals for women. Women's gymnastics also began to focus on qualities perceived as feminine, such as grace and expressiveness.

Ling's ideas were extended byCatharine Beecher,who founded the Western Female Institute inCincinnati,Ohio,United States, in 1837. She developed a program where pupils exercised to music, moving from simple calisthenics that could be done in a classroom to more strenuous activities. While she promoted the exercises as being for all children, she emphasized that girls were especially lacking in exercise and that their health suffered for it.

François Delsarte created a system of movement which was focused on creating expressive acting with natural poses, but it became a popular form of women's gymnastics for developing grace.In 1885, an American student of Delsarte,Genevieve Stebbins,published her first book,The Delsarte System of Expression.She went on to combine his ideas with Ling's and developed her own gymnastics system.Dubbed "harmonic gymnastics", it enabled late nineteenth-century American women to engage in physical culture and expression, especially in dance. Stebbins provided the means, rationale, and model for what could be accepted as the appropriate practices for middle and upper-class women.

During the 1880s,Émile Jaques-Dalcrozeof Switzerland developedeurhythmics,a form of physical training for musicians and dancers.Robert Bode trained at the Dalcroze Eurythmic College and went on to found his own school.George Demenyof France created exercises to music that were designed to promote grace of movement, muscular flexibility, and good posture, and some exercises included apparatuses.

Women gymnasts training with clubs in Russia in 1912

These styles were combined around 1900 into the Swedish school of rhythmic gymnastics, which would later add dance elements fromFinland.Several Swedish gymnastics teachers felt the Ling approach was too rigid and dull and sought freer styles of movements, and many Scandinavian gymnastics groups toured abroad.In 1929, Hinrich Medau, who graduated from the Bode School, founded The Medau School in Berlin to train gymnasts in "modern gymnastics". He focused on using the entire body in movement and developed the use of apparatuses, particularly balls, hoops, and clubs.

The dancerIsadora Duncanwas also significant in the development of rhythmic gymnastics. Influenced by Delsarte and Jaques-Dalcroze, she developed her own theory of dance that departed from more rigid traditions like that ofballet.Her free dancing style incorporated running and jumping movements.

The "Idla Girls", a Swedish rhythmic gymnastics group, performing in 1958

The teachings of Duncan, Jacques-Dalcroze, Delsarte, and Demeny were brought together at the Soviet Union's High School of Artistic Movement when it was founded in 1932, and soon thereafter, an early version of rhythmic gymnastics was established as a sport for girls. The first competition was held in 1939 inLeningradonInternational Women's Day.Beginning in 1947, All-Soviet Union competitions were held yearly in various locations across the Soviet Union, and the sport began to spread to other countries in Europe.

From 1928 through 1956, group events with apparatuses were sometimes performed as events in women'sartistic gymnastics,such as club performances at theWorld Artistic Gymnastics Championships.There were two team portable apparatus events at the1952and1956Olympics, which used similar apparatuses to modern rhythmic gymnastics, before it was decided that it should be a separate discipline.

The FIG formally recognized rhythmic gymnastics as its own discipline in 1962, first asmodern gymnastics.Its name was changed tomodern rhythmic gymnastics,then again torhythmic sportive gymnastics,and finally torhythmic gymnastics.

The first World Championships for individual rhythmic gymnasts was held in 1963 inBudapest.Groups were introduced at the same level in 1967 inCopenhagen,Denmark.The FIG first requested that rhythmic gymnastics be added to the Olympics in 1972. It was painted as a more feminine counterpart to women's artistic gymnastics, where increasingly difficult tumbling lead to a perceived masculinization of the sport. However, theInternational Olympic Committeerefused the request.

Rhythmic gymnastics debuted as an Olympic sport at the1984 Summer OlympicsinLos Angeleswith the individual all-around competition. However, many federations from theEastern Blocand countries were forced toboycottby the Soviet Union, in a way similar to the boycott forced on many nations by the United States of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics. CanadianLori Fungwas the first rhythmic gymnast to earn an Olympic gold medal. The group competition was added to the1996 Summer Olympicsin Atlanta. The Spanish group won the first gold medal of the new competition with a group formed byEstela Giménez,Marta Baldó,Nuria Cabanillas,Lorena Guréndez,Estíbaliz MartínezandTania Lamarca.

The gymnast

(L–R)Alina Kabaeva(bronze),Yulia Barsukova(gold) andYulia Raskina(silver) at2000 Sydney Olympics

International competitive rhythmic gymnastics is restricted to female participants. However, men's rhythmic gymnastics has a history in Japan as its own sport that was originally performed by both men and women.In France, men are allowed to participate in lower-level national competitions, while in Spain, there is a national rhythmic gymnastics championships for men and mixed-sex group competitions. A men's program has yet to be formally recognized by the FIG.

Gymnasts start at a young age; it is considered anearly specializationsport.They become age-eligible to compete in the Olympic Games and other major senior international competitions on January 1 of their 16th year (for example, a gymnast born on 31-12-2008 would be age eligible for the 2024 Olympics).Rhythmic gymnasts have historically tended to peak at a slightly later age than artistic gymnasts.In the late 90s and early 2000s, Olympic rhythmic gymnasts were on average a year older than Olympic artistic gymnasts, and gymnasts increasingly began to compete through their 20s.A review of the continental championships held in 2021 (2020 for theAfrican Championships) found that the median age of gymnasts at each championship ranged from 17.4 years to 19.7 years. The median ages of event finalists at theEuropean ChampionshipsandAsian Championshipswere in the early 20s.

Sculpture ofAna Bautistaby Fernando Garcíarramos in San Cristóbal de La Laguna

Top rhythmic gymnasts must have good balance, flexibility, coordination, and strength,and they must possess psychological attributes such as the ability to compete under intense pressure, in which one mistake can cost them the title, and the discipline and work ethic to practice the same skills over and over again.

Currently a gymnast can perform in the individual event or in the group event. Since 1995, groups consist of five gymnasts, but originally six gymnasts composed a group, although around the 1980s eight gymnasts were permitted. The duration of a group exercise should be two and a half minutes, one minute more than the individual one, which is one minute and a half.

Apparatus

Replacement apparatuses at the side of the floor

The hoop, rope, and ball were the first official apparatuses, with the ribbon being added in 1971 and the clubs in 1973.The FIG selects which apparatus will be used in competitions, and only four out of the five possible apparatuses are used each season. Each exercise takes place on a 13 metres (43 ft) x 13 metres (43 ft) floor. The floor is carpeted but not sprung, unlike the one used forfloor exercisein artistic gymnastics. Replacement apparatuses are placed on two sides of the floor and can be taken to continue the exercise if the gymnast's apparatus becomes unusable or is lost outside the floor area.

After 2011,ropebegan to be transitioned out of the sport, with the FIG saying that it was less visually appealing than the other apparatus.In 2011, it was dropped from senior national individual and group competition. The most recent usage of rope in the senior program was for the mixed apparatus group exercise in 2017.It was also planned to drop rope in junior-level individual competition, but it returned in 2015; it was then announced to be used in junior individual competition in some years through at least the 2023–2024 season, but the 2022-2024 Code of Points dropped it again.It continues to be used for junior groups.

Routines performed without any apparatus are known as freehand. Freehand was an event for the four first World Championships before being dropped, and it is now only used in local competitions, usually for the youngest levels.

Mónica Ferrández with a rope

Since 2011, senior individual gymnasts perform four different routines with hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon. Senior group perform two different routines, one with a single apparatus and one with mixed apparatus (for example, a routine with 5 hoops and a routine with 3 balls / 2 ribbons). For junior individual gymnasts, the FIG selects four out of the five possible apparatuses. Junior groups perform two different routines with two different types of apparatus (for example, a routine with 5 hoops and a routine with 5 ribbons). As of 2017, rhythmic gymnastics equipment used in FIG sanctioned events must have the FIG logo on the apparatus.

Rope

The rope is made from hemp or a similar synthetic material; it can be knotted and have anti-slip material at the ends, but it does not have handles. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaping and skipping. In 2011, theFIGdecided to eliminate the use of rope in senior individual rhythmic gymnastics competitions. It is still sometimes seen in junior group competition.

Hoop

The hoop comes up to about the gymnast's hip. It may be made of plastic or wood, and it may be covered with adhesive tape either of the same or different color as the hoop, which may be in decorative patterns. Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation of the hoop around the hand or body, rolling the hoop on the body or floor, and the gymnast passing through the hoop.

Margarita Mamunwith a ball

Ball

The ball may be made of rubber or a similar synthetic material, and it can be of any color. It should rest in the gymnast's hand and not be pressed against the wrist or grasped with the fingers, which incurs a penalty. Fundamental elements of a ball routine include bouncing or rolling the ball.

Clubs

The clubs may be made of wood or synthetic materials, and they are always used in a pair. They may be connected together by inserting the end of one club into the head of the other. The handles and bodies are typically wrapped with decorative tapes. Fundamental elements of a clubs routine including swinging the heads of the clubs in circles, small throws in which the clubs rotate in the air, and asymmetrical movements.

Viktoria Stadnikwith a ribbon

Ribbon

The ribbon consists of a handle, which may be made of wood, bamboo, or synthetic materials such as fiberglass, and the ribbon itself, which is made of satin. The ribbon is six meters long, and due to its length, it can easily become tangled or knotted; knots must be undone or the gymnast will be penalized. Fundamental elements of a ribbon routine consist of making continuous shapes with the length of the fabric, such as tight circles (spirals) or waves (snakes), and elements called boomerangs, in which the gymnast tosses the handle, then pulls it back by the end of the ribbon and catches it.

Elements

Elements in rhythmic gymnastics have assigned difficulty values that contribute to the overall difficulty score. They are generally divided into two types: body and apparatus difficulties.

Body difficulties

Body difficulties are elements performed using the body, with each one having a defined shape. The apparatus must continue to be used during a body difficulty, and gymnasts must perform at least one of each type and generally should not repeat the exact same element during one exercise. The types of body difficulties are:

• Jumps/Leaps: Jumps must be high enough to show a well-defined shape in the air. The same leap may be repeated in a series.
• Balances: A balance must be held for at least one second. They can be performed alone or in a dynamic balance, in which the gymnast performs at least three balances in combination on the same foot with a turn between each balance.
• Rotations: Rotations are turns generally performed either on a flat foot or onrelevé,but they can also be performed on other parts of the body.
• For groups: Exchanges, which are an element where all five gymnasts perform a high, long throw of their apparatus to another gymnast and then catch an apparatus thrown by another gymnast. This can be done simultaneously by the whole group, or one sub-group may perform an exchange before the rest of the gymnasts do so.

In addition, all exercises must have a minimum of two body waves, which are a wave of movement through the whole body, and for individuals, five dynamic elements with rotation, which are commonly known as risks. During a risk, the gymnast throws the apparatus high into the air and rotates at least twice underneath it, using a combination of rolls, turns on the feet, or pre-acrobatic elements such as cartwheels or walkovers, before catching the apparatus. Groups are not required to perform any risks, but they may elect to perform a single one.

• 
  Butterfly jump (Khrystyna Pohranychna)
• 
  Split leap (Nicol Ruprecht)
• 
  Chest balance (Ekaterina Volkova)
• 
  Side split balance (Laura Jung)
• 
  Rotation inpenchéposition (Spanish group)
• 
  Rotation done asfouettéturns (Boryana Kaleyn)
• 
  Simultaneous exchange (Japanese group)

Apparatus difficulties

A collaboration by the Italian group

A collaboration with a lift by the Uzebekistani group

Apparatus difficulties are elements performed with the apparatus. Each apparatus difficulty has either one base element and two or more criteria executed during that base, or two base elements and one or more criteria executed during both bases. A base is a basic movement or usage of the apparatus, such as a large roll of the hoop, and a criteria is a way of performing a movement which makes it more difficult, such as performing it under the leg, outside of the visual field, or without using the hands. The base elements differ somewhat by apparatus, with some bases (such as a high throw) being valid for all apparatuses and others being particular to one apparatus (such as creating a spiral pattern with the ribbon fabric).

For groups, apparatus difficulties include collaborations between all five gymnasts, in which each gymnast works with one or more apparatuses and one or more partners. These can include multiple apparatuses being thrown at once or gymnasts lifting another gymnast.

Dance steps

Another required element is the dance steps combination, which must last for at least eight seconds, have a defined character that matches the music, and be performed without high throws of the apparatus or pre-acrobatic elements. Two sets of dance steps are required for each exercise. Unlike the body and apparatus difficulties, they are evaluated as part of the artistry score rather than the difficulty score.

Scoring system and competition format

In rhythmic gymnastics, competitive exercises are evaluated by the scoring system defined in the FIG Code of Points. After each Olympic games, the code is modified.

Competition format

Generally, rhythmic gymnastic meets are generally divided into qualifying rounds and event finals. At some competitions, there is also an all-around final for individuals. The Olympics has qualifying rounds and all-around finals for both individuals and groups, but there are no event finals.

In the qualifying round, individual gymnasts compete up to four routines, one for each apparatus; at some competitions, gymnasts may elect to compete only three routines and still qualify for the individual all-around final. Group gymnasts compete two routines, one in which there are five of the same apparatus and one in which there are two of one apparatus (such as five balls) and three of another (such as two hoops and three ribbons). These apparatuses are determined by the FIG for each season. In the all-around, individual gymnasts alternate between competing hoop and ball and then clubs and ribbon, while the groups all perform either their single-apparatus or mixed-apparatus routines during the same competition group.

The qualifying round determines who advances to the event final for each apparatus for individuals and for either apparatus combination for groups. There is a maximum of two qualifiers per country for each individual event final. For groups, their total score in the qualifying round determines their all-around placement. This is also the case for individuals at some competitions, while at others, there is a separate all-around final round where the top qualifying gymnasts (maximum two per country) compete four routines. The all-around score is the sum of the scores of all routines performed in that round of competition.

At some competitions, there is also a team ranking for federations with at least two individuals and a group entered. The team score is the sum of the eight qualifying round scores (two per apparatus) earned by the individual gymnasts and the qualifying round all-around score earned by the group.

Code of Points

In the current Code of Points (2022–2024), the final score of a routine is the sum of thedifficulty,execution,andartistryscores, minus any additional penalties incurred.The difficulty score is open-ended with no maximum, while the execution and artistry scores have a starting value of 10 points and are lowered for specific mistakes made by the gymnasts.

Difficulty

The difficulty score is the sum of the value of the difficulty assigned to each element in the gymnast's routine. The score is evaluated during the routine without a predetermined difficulty sheet, unlike with previous Codes. It is made up of two component scores: one for body difficulties and one for apparatus difficulties.

Execution

Execution is the degree to which the gymnast performs an element with aesthetic and technical perfection. Execution penalties are subtracted from the starting score of 10 and range in size from 0.10 points for a small fault, such as poor amplitude in a body wave or a small deviation from the desired shape of a leap, to 1.00 points, such as for dropping or losing the apparatus outside the floor area. Execution deductions include poor body form during an element, poor technique using an apparatus like squeezing the ball, loss of balance, not holding a balance element for long enough, hopping during a rotation element, needing to take steps to catch a thrown apparatus, or losing or dropping the apparatus.

Artistry

Artistry evaluates the artistic performance of the gymnast and the composition of the exercise with the music. As with execution, penalties are defined by the code and subtracted from the starting score of 10. The ideal is for the gymnast to perform with continuous character using a variety of movements that reflect changes in the music and are connected smoothly together. Deductions range from 0.30 to 1.00 for penalties that are taken once, which include deductions for a lack of dynamic change in the music, a lack of facial expression, not ending in time with the music, missing a complete dance step combination, or not using the entire floor area. Deductions for poor connections between elements and poor connection to the music (such as a musical accent not being emphasized by the gymnast's movements) are 0.10 points each and can be taken up to 20 times in one exercise.

Penalties

Finally, penalties are taken by the time, line, and responsible judges. Possible penalties include:

• The gymnast leaving the floor area
• The apparatus leaving the floor area
• The exercise being longer or shorter than the acceptable length of time (1'15 "to 1'30" is the required length for individual, and 2'15 "to 2'30" is the required length for group)
• Dress of the gymnast not conforming to the regulations
• Communication with the coach during the execution of the exercise
• Verbal communication between group gymnasts during the exercise
• Grabbing a new apparatus from the side of the floor if the first apparatus is still on the floor area.

Evolution of the Code of Points

The first Code of Points was published in 1970. Since then, rhythmic gymnastics has been through fifteen different codes (1970–1971, 1971–1972, 1973–1976, 1977–1980, 1981–1984, 1985–1988, 1989–1992, 1993–1996, 1997–2000, 2001–2004, 2005–2008, 2009–2012, 2013–2016, 2017–2021, 2022–2024). The Code of Points is adjusted after each Olympics, although smaller changes are also made during each Olympic cycle. As withartistic gymnastics,scores originally had a maximum of 10.

The first few years of rhythmic gymnastics competition did not yet have a code of points. A commission was formed to write the rules of the new sport in 1968, and they released the first code in 1970.In the decades of the 60s and 70s, scoring emphasized the artistic side, with little emphasis on difficulty.

In the 1973–1976 code, for individuals, difficulty accounted for five points of the score. Elements were divided into 'medium' and 'superior' difficulty, and gymnasts were required to include two superior difficulty and six medium difficulty elements, at least three of which had to be performed with the left hand.For example, a body wave on two feet or a single split leap was of medium difficulty, while a body wave on one foot or a series of two leaps in a row was of superior difficulty.The remaining five points were made up of originality, relation to the music, execution, and general impression. For groups, scores were out of a maximum of 20, with five points each given for the composition, technical value, execution, and general harmony.

In the 1980s, new difficulty elements were introduced to give greater prominence to flexibility and risk releases, and to encourage originality. In the early 1980s, the scoring remained similar, though technical value of the routine was added as part of the marking for the individual score.In 1985, the score was composed of Composition (Technical + Artistry) and Execution, each of which was scored out of 5 points. Risk elements were introduced in the 1989–1992 code, and the required difficulties were changed to four superior and four medium. The 1993–1996 code increased the required number of body difficulties to 12 and divided them into four categories of difficulty rather than two.

In 1997, the Code of Points was significantly changed by dividing the score into Artistry (out of 5 points for individual or 6 points for groups), Technical (out of 5 points for individuals or 4 points for groups) and Execution (out of 10 points), with the perfect score being 10 points for individuals and 20 points for groups.

In the late 90s, there was an appearance of gymnasts whose routines included demonstrating extreme flexibility (Yana BatyrchinaorAlina Kabaevafor example). In the 1997–2001 code, the allowed body difficulties increased to twelve, and the number of flexibility-related difficulties in the code more than doubled from 11 to 24. The 2001–2005 code focused on extreme flexibility at the expense of apparatus handling and artistry. Scores had a maximum of thirty points, divided into three categories with a maximum of ten points each: execution, artistic, and difficulty. In 2005–2008 code, the number of body difficulties increased again to 18, and they were more finely graded in difficulty rating. The score still included the same three categories, but it was now out of 20 points, as artistry and difficulty were averaged and then added to execution.

In 2009, the code changed significantly due to the perception that artistry had been lost with the focus on difficulty. As under the 2001–2005 code, the final mark was obtained by adding difficulty (body difficulties, again reduced to twelve, masteries performed with the apparatus, and risk elements), artistry and execution; each had a maximum value of 10 points, so the final score would be a maximum of 30 points. The artistry score was given its own evaluation form and guidelines with specific deductions.

In 2013, the code dropped the artistic score again, and artistry was instead evaluated as part of execution. The maximum number of body difficulties was reduced once more to nine, and the dance steps combination was introduced as its own element.The 2017 code was very similar, with difficulty strictly limited and differences among the best gymnasts heavily determined by the execution. Therefore, in 2018, the difficulty score became open-ended for the first time.In the 2022–2024 code, the artistry score was once again re-introduced.

Attire and music

Attire

Rhythmic gymnastic toe shoes

Gymnasts wear leotards to compete, which may be decorated to match the routine as long as they do not have excessive amounts of flesh-colored fabric; group gymnasts must wear identical leotards.Modern leotards are typically highly decorated and may contain hand-painted details and large numbers of crystals, which can make them very expensive, and gymnasts at high levels typically wear different leotards to compete with different apparatuses.Gymnasts may choose to wear long tights under their leotard, wear a leotard with long legs (aunitard) as long as the legs are the same length and color, or wear a short skirt (no longer than the pelvis) over or attached to their leotard or unitard. They may not wear other accessories such as gloves that are not attached to the leotard, except for optionally wearing rhythmic toe shoes.

Rhythmic gymnasts wear special slippers that cover their toes but not heels to reduce friction for rotations. Depending on the surface a gymnast is practicing on, they may be worn through in a week or two.

Gymnasts in unitards (Spanish group in 1995)

Leotards were originally simple, with decorations such as flowers or sequins not allowed. Tights could be worn starting in 1993.Unitards were also introduced as an option.Beginning in 1997, requirements loosened, with leotards allowed to use geometric and flower designs, sequins, and metallic colors.Unitards were popular through the late 90s, but became less common afterward.

Skirted leotards were introduced in the 2001-2004 code of points. Former gymnast Michelle Smith suggested that they might help older athletes feel more confident at a time when it was becoming more common for gymnasts to continue competing into their 20s.

Music

Gymnasts may use music from any style, and the routine should be choreographed to the specific music chosen. The code of points says that music should be selected with respect to personal qualities of the gymnast, such as age. A penalty may be applied for musical choices that violate the ethical norms of rhythmic gymnastics, and sounds not typically used in music, such as sirens, are forbidden. Individual routines range from one minute and fifteen seconds to one minute and thirty seconds, while group routines may be from two minutes and fifteen seconds to two minutes and thirty seconds.

Gymnasts originally performed to live musical accompaniment on a single instrument (typically a piano). Under the 1989-1992 code, groups were allowed to use music played on multiple instruments.This change came into effect for individual routines as well in the 1993-1996 code, which also emphasized that gymnasts should interpret and move with the music and that it should not be background noise to the routine. Beginning in 2013, gymnasts could use music with lyrics, but only for one routine.Under the 2017-2021 code of points, individuals could use lyrics with music for two routines.The restriction on music with lyrics was dropped from the 2022-2024 code of points.

Major competitions

According to the technical regulations defined by theInternational Gymnastics Federation(FIG), the only official competitions in which rhythmic gymnastics events are contested globally are: theWorld Championships;the stages of theWorld Cup series(including the defunctWorld Cup Finaland World Cup qualifiers); theWorld Games;and theOlympic Games(as well as theYouth Olympic Games).Test events for the Olympic Games were held in 2000, 2004, 2008,2012and2016,and were also officially organized by the FIG.Since 2019,Junior World Championshipsare held every two years.

The nations which have earned at least one medal in official FIG competitions are:

• Argentina
• Austria
• Azerbaijan
• Belarus
• Brazil
• Bulgaria
• Canada
• China
• Cyprus
• Czechoslovakia
• East Germany
• Egypt
• Estonia
• Finland
• France
• Georgia
• Germany
• Greece
• Hungary
• Israel
• Italy
• Japan
• Kazakhstan
• Latvia
• Mexico
• North Korea
• Poland
• Romania
• Russia
• Slovenia
• South Korea
• Soviet Union
• Spain
• Switzerland
• Ukraine
• United States
• Uzbekistan
• West Germany

Major rhythmic gymnastics tournaments not officially organized by FIG include the continental championships (theEuropean Championshipsand itsjunior division,thePan American Championships,theAsian Championships,theAfrican Championships,and the Oceania Championships), theGrand Prix series,and multi-sport events in which rhythmic gymnastics is part of the program, such as theEuropean Games,thePan American Games,theAsian Games,and theSummer World University Games.

Major defunct championships or competitions in which rhythmic gymnastics events were held include theEuropean Cup Final,theEuropean Team Gymnastics Championships,theGoodwill Games,and theFour Continents Gymnastics Championships(reserved for senior athletes from the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania).

Dominant teams and nations

Rhythmic gymnastics has been dominated byEastern Europeancountries, especially theSoviet Union(Post-Soviet Republics of today) andBulgaria.The two countries were in rivalry with each other from thethird World Championships,where the ballet foundations of the Soviet athletes were contrasted against the risky throws and catches of the Bulgarian competitors, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Soviet Union

Galima Shugurova

Before the breakup of theSoviet Unionin 1991, Soviet rhythmic gymnasts were engaged in a fierce competition withBulgaria.The firstWorld Championshipsheld in 1963 inBudapest,Hungarywas won by Soviet gymnastLudmila Savinkova,and in 1967 inCopenhagen,Denmark, the first group championship was also won by theUSSR.

Other Soviet World all-around champions in individuals includedElena Karpuchina,Galima ShugurovaandIrina Deriugina.Marina Lobatchbecame the first Soviet to win theOlympic Gamesin the1988 Seoul Olympics.In 1991,The Unified Teamwas formed and two Soviet/Ukrainian gymnasts competed at the1992 Summer OlympicsinBarcelona;Olexandra Tymoshenkowon gold andOxana Skaldinawon bronze.

Other notable Soviet gymnasts include:Tatiana Kravtchenko,Liubov Sereda,Alfia Nazmutdinova,Natalia Krachinnekova,Irina Devina,Elena Tomas,Irina Gabashvili,Inessa Lisovskaya,Dalia Kutkaitė,Galina Beloglazova,andTatiana Druchinina.

Bulgaria

Bianka Panova

The Bulgarian Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation was established in 1963, and in the early days of the sport, most elite gymnasts spent time training in Bulgaria.

Since the inception of rhythmic gymnastics as a World Championship event, Bulgaria was in competition with theUSSR;during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, Bulgaria won 10 individual World titles with its star gymnastsMaria Gigova(3-time World all-around champion),Neshka RobevaandKristina Guiourova.

The 1980s marked the height of Bulgarian success with a generation of gymnasts known as theGolden Girls of Bulgaria,with gymnastsIliana Raeva,Anelia Ralenkova,Lilia Ignatova,Diliana Gueorguieva,Bianka Panova,Adriana DunavskaandElizabeth Kolevadominating the World Championships.Bianka Panovabecame the first rhythmic gymnast to make a clean sweep of all five individual events at a World Championship by attaining full marks. She also became the first rhythmic gymnast to get into theGuinness Book of World Recordswith her perfect performance of full marks in all her routines (total of 8) at a World Championship, and she received the trophy personally from the President of theInternational Olympic Committeeat the time,Juan Antonio Samaranch.

Bulgarian gymnasts continued to have success into the 1990s, withMila Marinovawinning five medals at the1991 World Championshipsand the rise ofMaria Petrova,who dominated competition in the mid-1990s to become a 3-time World all-around champion and 3-time European all-around champion.

The early 2000s marked the decline of individual rhythmic gymnasts of Bulgaria, though still with a few notable gymnasts, includingSimona PeychevaandSylvia Miteva.Newer Bulgarian individual gymnasts includeKatrin Tasevaand European championStiliana Nikolova.Boryana Kaleynwas the 2023 European champion and also won the silver medal at the2024 Summer Olympics.

Bulgaria is currently more engaged in group rhythmic gymnastics, with successful gymnasts includingZhaneta Ilieva,Eleonora Kezhova,Kristina Rangelova,Zornitsa Marinova,Vladislava Tancheva,Hristiana Todorova,Tsvetelina Naydenova,Tsvetelina Stoyanova,Lubomira Kazanova,Reneta KamberovaandMihaela Maevska.

At the2020 Summer Olympics,the Bulgarian group (comprisingSimona Dyankova,Laura Traets,Stefani Kiryakova,Madlen Radukanova,andErika Zafirova) won its first gold medal.

Russia

Alina Kabaeva

After the breakup of theSoviet Union,Russia has been the dominant country in rhythmic gymnastics. The start of the late 1990s saw the rise of stars likeAmina Zaripova,Yanina BatyrchinaandAlina Kabaeva.Oksana Kostinabecame Russia's first World champion as an independent country.

In the2000 Summer OlympicsinSydney,Yulia Barsukovabecame the first Russian to win the Olympic gold medal.Alina Kabaeva,who had won bronze in Sydney, went on to win gold in the2004 Athens Olympics.Evgenia Kanaevabecame the first individual rhythmic gymnast to win two gold medals in the Olympic Games at the2008 Beijing Olympicsand2012 London Olympics.Margarita Mamuncontinued the streak of individual gold medalists at the2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics,while the competition favorite, 3-time World championYana Kudryavtseva,took silver because of a drop in her clubs routine during the finals.

Dina AverinaandArina Averinahave cemented their status as two of the best rhythmic gymnasts in Russia's history.Dina Averina won multiple World Championship titles, dominating the sport since her senior debut. She secured over 20 gold medals and four all-around titles at the World Championships, making her the most decorated gymnasts in the history of the sport;at the2020 Summer Olympics,she won the silver medal.Arina Averina also achieved significant success, consistently earning medals in major international competitions, including the World andEuropean Championships.

Other notable gymnasts includeNatalia Lipkovskaya,Irina Tchachina,Natalia Lavrova,Laysan Utiasheva,Vera Sessina,Olga Kapranova,Yelena Posevina,Anna Gavrilenko,Margarita Aliychuk,Daria Shkurikhina,Anastasia Maksimova,Tatiana Gorbunova,Uliana Donskova,Anastasia Nazarenko,Anastasia Bliznyuk,Ksenia Dudkina,Karolina Sevastyanova,Olga Ilina,Daria Kondakova,Daria Dmitrieva,Ekaterina Selezneva,Alexandra Merkulova,Maria Tolkacheva,Aleksandra Soldatova,Diana Borisova,Iuliia Bravikova,Anastasiia Tatareva,Vera Biryukova,Sofya Skomorokh,Daria TrubnikovaandLala Kramarenko.

The Russian group has won five of the eight group exercises held in the Olympics since it was included in the Olympic Games at the1996 Summer Olympicsby winning every title from 2000 to 2016.

Ukraine

Anna Bessonova

Even as part of theUSSR,a number of Soviet gymnasts were trained inUkraineor were of Ukrainian origin, including the first World championLudmila Savinkovaas well asLiubov Sereda.Ukraine has won one gold and four bronze medals at the Olympic Games, and Ukrainian gymnasts representing the USSR and Unified Team won an additional gold and two bronze medals. The mother and daughter tandem of Albina andIrina Deriuginaplayed an important role in the success of rhythmic gymnastics in the country, training gymnasts like Olympic medalistsOlexandra TymoshenkoandOxana Skaldina.

After the breakup of theSoviet Union,Ukraine continued its success in rhythmic gymnastics, withKateryna Serebrianskawinning the Olympic gold medal at the1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Other notable gymnasts includeAnna Bessonova(two-timeOlympicbronze medalist),Olena Vitrychenko(1996 Olympics bronze),Hanna Rizatdinova(2016 Olympics bronze),Tamara Yerofeeva,Natalia Godunko,Olena Dmytrash,Viktoriia Mazur,Valeriia Gudym,Yevgeniya Gomon,Valeriya Khanina,Anastasiya Voznyak,Kateryna Lutsenko,Vlada Nikolchenko,Khrystyna Pohranychna,andViktoriia Onopriienko.

Belarus

Larisa Lukyanenko

Belarushas had success in both individual and group rhythmic gymnastics after the breakup of theSoviet Union.The first Soviet Olympic gold medalist at the1988 Seoul Olympics,Marina Lobatch,was a Belarusian.

Since the late 1990s, Belarus has had continued success in the Olympic Games and has won two silver and two bronze medals in individuals respectively, withYulia Raskina,Inna Zhukova,Liubov CharkashynaandAlina Harnasko.

Other notable gymnasts includeLarissa Loukianenko,Ksenia Sankovich,Aliaksandra Narkevich,Tatiana Ogrizko,Zinaida Lunina,Arina Charopa,Alina Tumilovich,Valeria Vatkina,Evgenia Pavlina,Maria Kadobina,Anastasia Ivankova,Melitina Staniouta,Elena Bolotina,Katsiaryna Halkina,Julia Evchik,Alina HarnaskoandAnastasiia Salos.

The Belarusian Group has won two silver medals and a bronze medal in the Olympics.

Other Post-Soviet Republics

Azerbaijanis now amongst the top countries for individual and group rhythmic gymnastics. The development of the sport was boosted afterMehriban Aliyevabecame the President of the Azerbaijan Gymnastics Federation in 2002.In 2007,Mariana Vasilevawho was a former Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast and a coach in Levski club inSofia,came to Azerbaijan to coach Azerbaijani gymnasts. Since 2009, Vasileva has been appointed as head coach of the Azerbaijan Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation. Notable rhythmic gymnasts include 2011 World all-around bronze medalistAliya Garayeva,Lala Yusifova,andAyshan Bayramova.

Azerbaijan competes at the European Championships, even though it is geographically located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Azerbaijan has hosted a number of large competitions, including2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships,2007 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships,2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships,2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships,and2019 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.

Soviet rhythmic gymnast and 1979 World all-around bronze medalistIrina Gabashviliwas of Georgian origin. Another notable Georgian isSalome Pazhava,who finished fourth in the all-around at the2015 European Championships.

OtherPost-Soviet Republics,especially in Central Asia, have had considerable success in rhythmic gymnastics, includingKazakhstanandUzbekistan.NotableKazakhstanigymnasts includeAliya Yussupova,Anna Alyabyeva,Sabina Ashirbayeva,Alina Adilkhanova,andElzhana Taniyeva.InUzbekistan,notable gymnasts include:Ulyana Trofimova,Djamila Rakhmatova,Elizaveta Nazarenkova,Anastasiya Serdyukova,Sabina Tashkenbaeva,Ekaterina FetisovaandTakhmina Ikromova.

InBaltic states,Irina Kikkasbecame the firstEstonianrhythmic gymnast to qualify to an Olympic Games, andViktoria Bogdanovawas the first Estonian gymnast to win a medal at theWorld University Games.The Estonian Group won its first medal at theEuropean Championships in 2020.

Spain

Carmen Acedo

Spainhas a long tradition in rhythmic gymnastics. Some notable success in rhythmic gymnastics for Spain includeAna Bautista,who won a gold medal in the rope competition in theEuropean Cup finalin 1989,Carolina Pascual,the silver medalist at the1992 Barcelona Olympics,four-time Olympian (1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008)Almudena Cid,and three-time OlympianCarolina Rodriguez.

Spain is more engaged in group rhythmic gymnastics, and the Spanish group became the first to win the Olympic gold in group rhythmic gymnastics when it was added in the1996 Summer OlympicsinAtlanta,with the help of the Bulgarian coachEmilia Boneva.The Spanish group was formed byMarta Baldó,Nuria Cabanillas,Estela Giménez,Lorena Guréndez,Tania LamarcaandEstíbaliz Martínez.The Spanish group also won the silver medal at the2016 Summer Olympics.

Italy

Sofia Raffaeli

Like Spain,Italyis more engaged in group rhythmic gymnastics; the Italian group has won four all-around World Championship medals and has won three medals (a silver and two bronze) at the Olympic Games. Famous group gymnasts includeMarta Pagnini,Elisa Santoni,Andreea Stefanescu,Romina Laurito,Anzhelika Savrayuk,andElisa Blanchi.

On the individual level, the 2022 World champion was the ItalianSofia Raffaeli,who also won the bronze medal at the2024 Summer Olympics.

Israel

Linoy Ashram

Israelis a rising nation in rhythmic gymnastics. Israeli head coach Irina Vigdorchik, who moved fromMoscowto Israel in 1979, said rhythmic gymnastics had been brought to Israel by Russian immigrants in the early 1970s.

The sport began its success in the 2000s with notable Israeli gymnasts includingIrina RisenzonandNeta Rivkin,who placed in top ten in the Olympic Games finals.Linoy Ashramwas the first Israeli to win the Olympic all-around gold medal.Other notable gymnasts include European championDaria Atamanov.

The Israeli group has also begun to be amongst the leading groups in the World Cup and World Championship competitions and won its first gold medal at the2016 European Championships.They placed 6th in the Olympic games in both Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020.The Israeli group won the all-around silver medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Other European nations

Ute Lehmann

Germanyhas had considerable success in the sport, especially from the late 1960s to the early 1990s, with World medalistsUte Lehmann,Carmen Rischer,Christiana Rosenberg,Bianca Dittrichand 1984 Olympic medalistRegina Weber.In 2023, GermanDarja Varfolomeevwon all five individual gold medals at the2023 World Championshipsand went on to win theindividual all-around at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Czechoslovakiadominated thesecond World Championships,and their routines there, which combined ballet with whole-body movement, influenced the early direction of the sport.The 1960s and 1970s marked the peak of Czechoslovak rhythmic gymnastics success with World medalistsHana Machatová-Bogušovská,Hana Sitnianská-Mičechová,Zuzana Záveská, Iveta Havlíčková andDaniela Bošanská.Other notable Czech gymnasts from the 2000s includeMonika Míčková.

Romaniahas enjoyed more success inartistic gymnasticsbut also had their share of rhythmic gymnastics talents (especially in the 1980s and 1990s), likeDoina Stăiculescu,the 1984 Olympic silver medalists.

InHungary,Maria Patocskabecame the first Hungarian rhythmic gymnast to win a medal at the World Championships.

Greeceis primarily oriented towards group exercises and was especially successful during the 1996–2000 quad; the Greek group won the bronze medal at the2000 Summer Olympics.

Francehas had considerable success in individual rhythmic gymnastics withEva Serranoplacing 5th at the2000 Sydney Olympics;other French gymnasts includeLily Ramonatxo.The group placed 9th in the all-around competition at the 2017 World Championships and 6th in the 5 hoops final at the 2018 World Championships.

Asia and Americas

Erika Akiyama

European countries have been always dominant in this sport: only fiveWorld Championshipshave been held outside Europe so far, one in Cuba, one in the US, and three in Japan, and only five individual gymnasts (Sun Duk Jo, Myong Sim Choi, Mitsuru Hiraguchi,Son Yeon-jae,Kaho Minagawa) and three groups (Japan, North Korea and China) from outside Europe have won medals at theWorld Championships.However, rhythmic gymnastics is growing in other countries.

Japanhas a long tradition in rhythmic gymnastics. Since their first competition in 1971, the Japanese group has never finished lower than 10th (except in 2003, 16th) in the all-around at the World Championships. In 2019, they becameWorld Champion with 5 ballsfor the first time. Japan had and still has notable gymnasts such as Mitsuru Hiraguchi,Erika Akiyama,Yukari Murata,Sakura Hayakawa,Kaho Minagawa,andSumire Kita.

Other countries inEast Asiahave developed world class gymnasts, such as South Korea withShin Soo-jiandSon Yeon-jae.China was the first country outside of Europe to medal at the Olympics in the group event (silver at the2008 Summer Olympics) and was also the first non-European country to win the Olympic title in the group event at the2024 Summer Olympics.Successful individuals includeZhou Xiaojing,Zhong Ling,Sun Dan,Xiao Yiming,Deng Senyue,andZhao Yating.North Koreahad success in group rhythmic gymnastics in the 1970s to the early 1990s and won several group medals at the World Championships.

Although it has not gained as much of a following compared to itsartistic gymnasticscounterpart in North America, it is a rising sport. Beginning in the 1950s, Evelyn Koop, who graduated from the Ernest Idla Institute in Sweden, promoted the sport in theUnited Statesand especially inCanada.In theUnited States,some notable rhythmic gymnasts includingMichelle Berube,Mary Sanders(a dual USA/Canadian citizen who competed for both countries),Julie Zetlin,Jasmine Kerber,Laura Zeng,Camilla Feeley,Evita Griskenas,andLili Mizuno.Other up-and-coming nations in theWestern Hemisphereinclude Canada, Mexico and Brazil, with some notable rhythmic gymnasts including the first Olympic champion in rhythmic gymnastics, CanadianLori Fung,as well asMary Sanders(who also competed for the USA),Alexandra Orlando,Patricia Bezzoubenko,Cynthia Valdez,Rut Castillo,Marina Malpica,Angélica Kvieczynski,Natália Gaudio,Bárbara DomingosandGeovanna Santos.

Men's rhythmic gymnastics

Japanese men's rhythmic gymnastics

See also:ja: Nam tử tân thể thao

Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics (Men's RG, MRG)is an artistic sport which is performed to music on a 13-by-13-metre (43 ft × 43 ft) gymnasticspring floor.It is sometimes called synchronized tumbling, combining the dynamism of powerful acrobatics and perfection of synchronous moves. Athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body/eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, and power are the main focus, as well as apparatus handling, flexibility and movements called "Toshu"( "freehand" ). There are an increasing number of gymnasts, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Japan, where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2016, it is estimated there are about 2,000 participants in Japan alone. Some of the outstanding rhythmic gymnasts have made most of their physical abilities for their second careers and become performers in the field of entertainment such as the world-famous circusCirque du Soleil.

History

Men's rhythmic gymnastics in Japan was originally created by adopting elements from Swedish, Danish, and German gymnastics. It has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health as early as the 1940s. Originally, both boys and girls used to perform this type of gymnastics, which is called "Dantai Toshu Taisou",literally "group freehand gymnastics". In 1967, the name "Shintaisou"( "new gymnastics" ) was adopted as a translation of "Modern Gymnastics," which used to be done in Northern and Central Europe. On the other hand, rhythmic gymnastics for women has also been called "Shintaisou"in Japan since it was first imported to the country. Currently, MRG and women's rhythmic gymnastics are both under the umbrella of Japan Gymnastics Association and major competitions are often held at the same venue. Men's RG consists of two types of events: group events of 6 people (freehand or no apparatus) and individual events using apparatus (stick, rings, rope and clubs). Both group and individual events are performed on a spring floor, allowing gymnasts to do various kinds of tumbling during their performance.

Individuals

For individual performances, a gymnast manipulates one or two pieces of apparatus (double rings, stick, clubs, rope) to demonstrate their skill at apparatus handling, throws, and catches as well as the difficulty of the tumbling. The gymnast must work the entire floor area whilst showing continuous flowing movement. The permitted time for individual events is between 1 minute 25 seconds to 1 minute 33 seconds. During a competition, each individual gymnast performs four separate routines, one for each apparatus. Points are based a 20-point scale. The first 10-point scale measures composition (difficulty) based on technical value, variety, harmony between music and movements, and originality, while the execution of performance is a maximum of 10 points. The individual scores of all four routines for each gymnast are then added up to decide the all-around winner.

Groups

Group performance includes non-acrobatic movements called "Toshu"(handstands, flexibility exercises, balance, etc.), and rotational movements (tumbling and lifts). Group performances are done without using any apparatus. The permitted time for group events is between 2 minutes 45 seconds to 3 minutes. Points are awarded based a 20-point scale that measures difficulty and execution of the routine. Composition/difficulty of performance is scored out of a maximum of 10 points, based on technical value (such as difficulty of tumbling elements and movement elements), variety (variety of movements, change of formations, etc.), harmony between music and movements, and originality, with deductions for lack of required elements or stepping out of bounds, and so on. Execution of performance is scored out of a maximum of 10 points, based on quality of execution, accuracy of performance and synchronization, with deductions taken for mistakes or lack of movements in unison, etc. Some of the group routine videos went viral on the Internet, including Ibara High School's two routines in 2013 and 2016 andAomori University's routine in 2009, which was dedicated to their deceased teammate. Many other MRG videos are also available onYouTube.

Internationalization

On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted the Men's RG World Championship. This first championship drew ten countries from two continents:Japan,Korea,China,Malaysia,Singapore, Australia, Canada, United States, Russia, Ukraine and more. The 2005 World Championship included Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Malaysia, Korea, Russia, Singapore, Ukraine, United States and more. Men's RG is a currently recognized by the FIG.

In 2013, the Aomori University MRG Team collaborated with renowned Japanese fashion designerIssey Miyakeand American choreographerDaniel Ezralow(Spiderman, Cirque du Soleil) to create a one-hour contemporary performance, "Flying Bodies, Soaring Spirits," that featured all 27 Aomori men's rhythmic gymnasts outfitted in Miyake's signature costumes. Held July 18, 2013 atYoyogi National Stadiumin Tokyo, the show drew an audience of 2,600. "Flying Bodies" was also captured in a 78-minute documentary by directorHiroyuki Nakanothat follows the coaches, gymnasts and creative team for the three months leading up to the performance.

Men's rhythmic gymnasts ofAomori Universityshowed their Performance at the2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony.

Spanish men's rhythmic gymnastics

There are, particularly in Europe, some male rhythmic gymnasts who train and perform in the same way as their female counterparts and generally applies the same FIG rules as for women's rhythmic gymnastics. Spain is a pioneer country in the field, the Spanish federation having approved at national level a separate category for individual men since 2009 and mixed groups since 2020.Examples of rhythmic gymnasts includeRubén Orihuela(Spain), Ismael Del Valle (Spain), Jose Sanchez Diaz (Spain), Gerard Lopez (Spain), Thomas Gandon (France) and Peterson Céüs (France). However, the discipline is not recognized by the FIG, there is nearly no international coordination done so far to develop international tournaments and very few countries help men to start rhythmic gymnastics.

See also

• List of Olympic medalists in rhythmic gymnastics
• Aesthetic group gymnastics
• African Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
• Asian Gymnastics Championships
• Commonwealth Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship
• European Team Gymnastics Championships
• FIG World Cup
• Four Continents Gymnastics Championships
• Gymnastics at the Asian Games
• Gymnastics at the Central American and Caribbean Games
• Gymnastics at the Commonwealth Games
• Gymnastics at the European Games
• Gymnastics at the Mediterranean Games
• Gymnastics at the Pan American Games
• Gymnastics at the South American Games
• Gymnastics at the Universiade
• Gymnastics at the World Games
• Gymnastics at the Youth Olympic Games
• Junior World Gymnastics Championships
• List of notable rhythmic gymnasts
• List of medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics FIG World Cup Final
• List of medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix circuit
• List of medalists at the UEG European Cup Final
• List of Olympic medalists in gymnastics (women)
• Major achievements in gymnastics by nation
• Miss Valentine
• Pacific Rim Championships
• Pan American Gymnastics Championships
• Rhythm and dance
• Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships
• Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix
• Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup
• South American Gymnastics Championships
• World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships

External links

• Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique(in English and French)
• Rhythmic Gymnastics on the British Gymnastics website
• Rhythmic Gymnasticsat About
• Rhythmic Gymnastics Music
• Rudolf Bodeat the German Wikipedia
• Rhythmic Gymnastics Equipment