Richmond River

For the river inSaint Vincent and the Grenadines,seeRichmond River (St. Vincent).

Richmond
The Richmond River atCasino,2006.
Location of the Richmond RivermouthinNew South Wales
Etymology	Charles, the fifth Duke of Richmond
Location
Country	Australia
State	New South Wales
Region	NSW North Coast(IBRA),Northern Rivers
Local government areas	Kyogle,Richmond Valley,Ballina
Physical characteristics
Source	McPherson Range
• location	west ofMount Lindesay, nearWoodenbong
• coordinates	28°19′48″S152°40′30″E
• elevation	236 m (774 ft)
Mouth	Coral Sea,South Pacific Ocean
• location	nearBallina/South Ballina
• coordinates	28°52′36″S153°35′29″E
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	394 km (245 mi)
Basin size	6,862 km2(2,649 sq mi)
Discharge
• location	Near mouth
• average	68.4 m3/s (2,160 GL/a)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Findon Creek, Gradys Creek, Lynchs Creek, Fawcetts Creek,Wilsons River,Emigrant Creek
• right	Back Creek,Roseberry Creek, Horse Station Creek,Eden Creek,Bungawalbin Creek,Shannon Brook
National parks	Border Ranges NP, Richmond Range NP

TheRichmond Riveris ariversituated in theNorthern Riversregion ofNew South Wales,Australia.

Course and features

Richmond River 1967

Richmond River 1971

Richmond River 2009

The Richmond River entrance from the Southern Breakwater, April 2019.

The river rises at the northern end of theRichmond Range,near its junction with theMcPherson Range,on theQueensland/New South Walesborder, west ofMount Lindesay,and flows generally south east and north east, joined by twelvetributaries,including theWilsons River,before reaching itsmouthat itsconfluencewith theCoral Seaof theSouth Pacific OceannearBallina;descending 256 metres (840 ft) over its 237 kilometres (147 mi)course.

On its journey it passes through the towns ofKyogle,Casino,CorakiandWoodburn.Summerland Wayis situated adjacent to much of the middle reaches of the course of Richmond River. At Ballina, thePacific Highwaycrosses the river.

Thecatchment areaof the river is estimated at 6,862 square kilometres (2,649 sq mi), which makes it the sixth largest catchment in New South Wales; and itsfloodplainhas an area of over 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi).

History

Junction of the Richmond and Wilson rivers atCoraki,2007

Aboriginal history

The traditional custodians of the land surrounding the Richmond River are theAboriginal peopleof the Githabul,whose territory reached north to the current city ofToowoombaand included the current towns ofTenterfieldandWarwick.One of the annual rituals of the Githabul people was the movement from the mountain ranges to the coast during the winter months, when the mullet were plentiful.

European history

Omitted byCaptain James Cookwhen he sailed up the east coast of the Australian mainland in 1770, it wasn't untilCaptain Henry John Rousidentified the mouth of the river in1828that it was discovered by Europeans. Rous entered the river and sailed about 20 miles (32 km) up river. He subsequently named the river Richmond afterthe fifth Duke of Richmond.Later that year the explorerAllan Cunninghamreached the river by land.

The river was a major port from the 1840s until well into the 20th century. Soon after the first white settlers arrived they discovered the abundant supply ofAustralian Red Cedarin the Richmond Valley and immediately began logging. The river was vital in the transportation of this resource.

At the time of its discovery in 1828 and until the late 1890s the river had a treacherous mouth of shifting sand bars, and many ships and people died on it. Understandably, a decision was made to construct two breakwaters to channel the river's flow and these were completed in the early 1900s. The construction of the breakwaters also led to the formation of Shaw's Bay (after sand built up behind what is now called Lighthouse or Main Beach).

In 1846, a conflict between white settlers and localAboriginesin the river valley (theRichmond River massacre) caused the deaths of around 100 of the latter.

With the decline of shipping as a transport mode, owing to better roads and rail, and the closing of the North Coast Steam Navigation Company (the major shipping firm of the area) in 1954, the river became less important as a port.

Current usage

For boats, the river is navigable for a short way up its length, possibly as far as Casino. Wilsons River, which flows through the city ofLismoreand is a major tributary of the Richmond, is navigable at least as far as Boatharbour, approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) upstream from Lismore.

The Richmond River is heavily used forirrigationalong its length. Severalweirshave been constructed in order to mitigate the effects of flooding, most notably at Casino.

Fauna

The freshwater reaches of the Richmond River once supported the endemicRichmond River Cod,similar toMurray Codand possibly a subspecies ofEastern Freshwater Cod.Unfortunately this unique native fish became extinct between the 1930s and 1950s due to habitat degradation and gross overfishing, including with dynamite during the building of the local railway line. TheendangeredOxleyan Pygmy Perchhas been recorded from the river.

See also

• Rivers of New South Wales
• List of rivers of Australia
• Border Ranges National Park
• Richmond Range National Park

External links

• "Richmond River catchment"(map).Office of Environment and Heritage.Government of New South Wales.
• Rous County Council
• Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority