Rishama

Arishama(rišama;riš-ama) orrishema(Classical Mandaic:ࡓࡉࡔࡀࡌࡀ,lit. ''head/leader of the people'';Modern Mandaic:rišammā;^[1]Arabic:ريشما;Persian:ریشا اد اما) is a religious patriarch inMandaeism.^[2]It is the highest rank out of all the Mandaean clergical ranks.^[3]The next ranks are theganzibraandtarmidapriests (seeMandaean priest).

In Iraq, the current rishama isSattar Jabbar Hilo.^[4]^[5]^[6]In Australia, the Rishama and head of the Mandaean community isSalah Choheili.^[7]^[8]

Etymology[edit]

TheMandaictermrišamais derived from the wordsriš'head' andama'people'. Although the term for the Mandaeandaily minor ablutionis also spelled the same in written Classical Mandaic (rišama), the word for 'minor ablution' is pronounced in Modern Mandaic asrešāmā,while 'head priest' is pronouncedrišammā.^[1]

Notablerishamaor patriarchs[edit]

Pre-20th century[edit]

Zazai d-Gawaztabar Hawa, patriarch datable to around the year 270 CE and earliest known copyist ofAlma Rišaia Zuṭa,Qolasta,The Thousand and Twelve Questions,The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa,Scroll of Exalted Kingship,andThe Wedding of the Great Šišlam.TheGinza Rabba,however, predates Zazai's time.^[9]^: 157^[10]
Anush bar Danqa,the leader of the Mandaeans, who appeared before Muslim authorities at the beginning of theMuslim conquest of Persia
Yahya Bihram,who revived the entire Mandaean priesthood during the 1830s
Ram Zihrun,who revived the Mandaean priesthood during the 1830s together with his younger cousinYahya Bihram

20th century[edit]

Dakhil Aidan,patriarch from 1917 to 1964 in Iraq
Abdullah bar Negm(d. 2009; son ofNegm bar Zahroon), patriarch in Baghdad who later emigrated to the United Kingdom
Jabbar Choheili(d. 2014), rishama in Iran

21st century[edit]

Sattar Jabbar Hilo,the current Mandaean patriarch in Iraq
Salah Choheili,the current Mandaean patriarch inAustralia^[11]

References[edit]

^^a ^bHäberl, Charles (2022).The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire.Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 219.ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.
^"His Holiness Sattar Jabbar Hilo – Global Imams Council".Global Imams Council.Retrieved2021-09-21.
^Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012).Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book.Drabsha.
^"Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help".Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV).Retrieved2021-09-21.
^"برئاسة الريش امة ستار جبار حلو، كجةجي يلتقي وفد من طائفة الصابئة المندائيين".cese.iq.2014.Retrieved2021-09-21.
^"الريشما ستار جبار حلو رئيس ديانة الصابئة المندائيين".Mandaean Library مكتبة موسوعة العيون المعرفية(in Arabic).Retrieved2021-09-21.
^"Harmony Day - Liverpool signs declaration on cultural and religious harmony".Liverpool City Champion.25 March 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 5 November 2021.Retrieved5 November2021.
^Amirteimour, Iman (2017).The Iranian Children of Adam: A study on the Iranian Sabaean Mandaean community(PDF)(M.A. thesis). University of Oslo.
^Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002).The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people(PDF).New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-515385-5.OCLC 65198443.
^Gündüz, Şinasi."The problems of the nature and date of Mandaean sources".Retrieved21 November2021.
^"Rishamma Salah Choheili: July 2016, Chapter 1".The Worlds of Mandaean Priests.2016-07-01.Retrieved2021-11-09.

External links[edit]

The Worlds of Mandaean Priests

[Häberl_2022-1] Häberl, Charles (2022).The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire.Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 219.ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.

[Global_Imams_Council-2] "His Holiness Sattar Jabbar Hilo – Global Imams Council".Global Imams Council.Retrieved2021-09-21.

[GR_Saadi-3] Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012).Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book.Drabsha.

[Gesellschaft_für_bedrohte_Völker_e.V._(GfbV)-4] "Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help".Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV).Retrieved2021-09-21.

[cese.iq-5] "برئاسة الريش امة ستار جبار حلو، كجةجي يلتقي وفد من طائفة الصابئة المندائيين".cese.iq.2014.Retrieved2021-09-21.

[Mandaean_Library-6] "الريشما ستار جبار حلو رئيس ديانة الصابئة المندائيين".Mandaean Library مكتبة موسوعة العيون المعرفية(in Arabic).Retrieved2021-09-21.

[7] "Harmony Day - Liverpool signs declaration on cultural and religious harmony".Liverpool City Champion.25 March 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 5 November 2021.Retrieved5 November2021.

[8] Amirteimour, Iman (2017).The Iranian Children of Adam: A study on the Iranian Sabaean Mandaean community(PDF)(M.A. thesis). University of Oslo.

[Buckley_2002-9] Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002).The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people(PDF).New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-515385-5.OCLC 65198443.

[10] Gündüz, Şinasi."The problems of the nature and date of Mandaean sources".Retrieved21 November2021.

[11] "Rishamma Salah Choheili: July 2016, Chapter 1".The Worlds of Mandaean Priests.2016-07-01.Retrieved2021-11-09.

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