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Riverina

Coordinates:35°S146°E/ 35°S 146°E/-35; 146
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For the electoral district in the Australian House of Representatives, seeDivision of Riverina.For the wine region named Riverina, seeRiverina wine region.For other uses, seeRiverina (disambiguation).

Riverina
New South Wales
TheMurrumbidgee RiveratWagga Wagga
Coordinates35°S146°E/ 35°S 146°E/-35; 146
Population161,595 – 282,501 (2019)[a]
LGA(s)Various
State electorate(s)
Federal division(s)
Localities around Riverina:
Far West Central West South West Slopes
Far West Riverina South West Slopes
Victorian Alps

TheRiverina(/ˌrɪvəˈriːnə/)[1] is an agriculturalregionof southwesternNew South Wales,Australia. The Riverina is distinguished from other Australian regions by the combination of flat plains, warm to hot climate and an ample supply of water forirrigation.This combination has allowed the Riverina to develop into one of the most productive and agriculturally diverse areas of Australia. Bordered on the south by the state ofVictoriaand on the east by theGreat Dividing Range,the Riverina covers those areas of New South Wales in theMurrayandMurrumbidgeedrainage zones to their confluence in the west.

Home toAboriginalgroups including theWiradjuripeople for over 40,000 years, the Riverina was colonised byEuropeansin the mid-19th century as apastoralregion providingbeefandwoolto markets in Australia and beyond. In the 20th century, the development of major irrigation areas in the Murray and Murrumbidgee valleys has led to the introduction of crops such asriceandwine grapes.The Riverina has strong cultural ties to Victoria, and the region was the source of much of the impetus behind thefederation of Australiancolonies.

Major population and service centres in the Riverina include the cities ofWagga Wagga,Leeton,GriffithandAlbury.Wagga Wagga is home to a campus ofCharles Sturt Universityand two majorAustralian Defence Forceestablishments.La Trobe Universityhas a campus inAlbury–Wodonga,located just across the state border inWodonga,Victoria.

Geography

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An eagle's nest on The Old Man Plain, an extensive saltbush plain betweenHayandWanganella.

Government agencies and other bodies

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The delineation of the Riverina region varies by government agency or body. Common official boundaries include theAustralian Bureau of Statistics' Statistical Area Level 4 Riverina region,[2]Australian Electoral Commission's Federal Election Boundary called Riverina,[3]Natural Resource Management Regions Riverina region,[4]Regional Development Australia's Riverina region[5]andInterim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia'sRiverina region.[6]

Common usage

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In common usage the Riverina generally comprises the agricultural andpastoralareas of New South Wales, west of theGreat Dividing Rangeand in thedrainage basinof the snow-fedMurrayandMurrumbidgee Rivers.[7]The northern boundary beyond the Riverina is determined by theLachlan Rivercatchment area and is referred to as theCentral West.Along the Murray to the south, the Riverina borders the state ofVictoria.West of theconfluenceof the Murray and Murrumbidgee is the beginning of the more aridFar Westregion.

In general, the Riverina is analluvialplainformed by deposition carried from theGreat Dividing Rangeby streams between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago.[8]The terrain includes rolling hills to the east but then becomes flatter to the west with most of that plain reaching less than 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level. The western Riverina consists largely of featurelesssaltbushplain.

Landform and hydrology

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The now demolishedHampden Bridgeover theMurrumbidgee RiveratWagga Wagga.The newWiradjuriBridge is in the background.

Thegeologyof the Riverina comprises severaltroughsandsedimentary basins.The western Riverina is presumed to be a continuation of the Ballarat and Bendigo geological zone while eastern sections are underlain by western portions of theLachlan Fold Belt.There is potential for the Riverina to host severalmineraldeposit types includingcoal,petroleum,coal seammethane,gypsum,orogenic gold,Cobarstylepolymetallicsystems, heavymineral sandsand possibly diamonds in these fold belt rocks and basins.[8][9]Riverina soils are generally sandy along the river channels, with moresalinegrey and brown clays found on rarely flooded areas on the perimeter of the floodplain. As the Murrumbidgee passes downstream, the water and soil become more saline.[8]

The Riverina is drained by the largeMurray-Darling Basin.Rivers and streams in the Riverina generally flow east to west. As well as the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan, other streams includeBillabong Creekand theEdward River,ananabranchof the Murray. Much of the water carried by these streams is diverted. In 2001–2002, 52% of the Murray and Murrumbidgee water runoff was diverted, 77% of which was used forirrigation.[10]

Climate

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TheBureau of Meteorologyclassify the Riverina in theHot Dry Zone (with cooler winters)climatic zone. Places in this zone can be very hot in the summer months while in the winter, nights can be considerably cold with cool to mild days.[11]Mean daily maximum temperatures in the Riverina range from 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) in January and 12.4 °C (54.3 °F) in July inWagga Wagga[12]to 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) in January and 14.8 °C (58.6 °F) in July inHillston.[13]Under theKöppen climate classification,the region predominantly falls in the hot-summerMediterranean climate(Csa) zone,[14][15]although areas in the southwest of the region would feature thesemi-arid(BSk) climate and those in the east would have ahumid subtropical(Cfa) climate, though still with Mediterranean climate tendencies when it comes to the rainfall pattern.

Rainfall levels in the Riverina are generally low with the median annual rainfall over most of the region between 250–500 millimetres (9.8–19.7 in), rising to between 500–800 mm (20–31 in) on the eastern fringe. Because the region is situated on theupwindside of theGreat Dividing Range,winter would receive the most rainfall in the year, with areas in the southern Riverina (aroundAlbury), having the wettest winters, while in the north rainfall patterns are fairly consistent throughout the year.[16]Corowa,in the south eastern Riverina has an average rainfall of 539.4 millimetres (21.2 in) per year[17]while mean annual rainfall atHayis 367.2 millimetres (14.5 in).[18]Droughtin 2006 saw the lowest ever recorded rainfall in towns such asLockhart,TarcuttaandNarrandera.[19]

Despite the very low elevation compared to other regions of the state known for colder winters, snow has been recorded on multiple occasions in Albury and Wagga Wagga, and on 24 July 1936 a flurry of snow was reported inHay,which at just 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level would make it the lowest altitude that snow has ever been observed to in New South Wales.[20]InNarranderait last snowed in June 1908, July 1901 and August 1899.[21]The most recent occurrence of snow in the Riverina proper was atJuneein August 2019 – excluding the mountainous parts of theSouth West Slopes.

Riverina bioregion

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The Riverina bioregion. The Riverina bioregion covers much of the area commonly known as the Riverina but also takes in area as far south asBendigoand as far north asIvanhoe.

One method of classification of boundaries for the Riverina is theInterim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australiathat defines thebioregionas an area comprising 9,704,469 hectares (23,980,270 acres), with biogeographic sub-regions covering each of the Lachlan, Murrumbidgee, Murray Fans, Victorian Riverina, Robinvale Plains and Murray Scroll Belt.[22]

TheNSW National Parks & Wildlife Servicehas divided New South Wales into 17 distinct bioregions. Bioregions are quite large areas of land that capture a geophysical pattern which is linked to fauna and floraecosystems.The Riverinabioregionis an area of land that comprises part of the larger Riverina area but also extends into Victoria. It has been defined by the New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service as extending fromIvanhoein the Murray Darling Depression Bioregion south toBendigo,and fromNarranderain the east toBalranaldin the west. 74.03% of the bioregion is in New South Wales, the remainder in Victoria.[23]

In another mapping theWorld Wildlife Fundhas made this area part of the largerSoutheast Australia temperate savannaecoregionthat covers the western plains of New South Wales.[24]

The IBRA regions, with the Riverina in red

River channels in the region support River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and River Cooba (Acacia stenophylla) communities. Nearby higher areas contain Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) woodlands and a salt-tolerant grass, saltbush and daisy understorey. Yellow Box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) occur along with Cypress Pine (Callitris glaucophylla) on areas rarely subjected to flooding. The area away from the rivers often consists of treeless plains, consisting of various saltbush (Atriplex) species, Cotton Bush (Maireana aphylla) and varieties ofDanthoniaandAustrostipanative grasslands.[25]

Significant mammals endemic to forests in the bioregion include various species of glider, such as Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps), Feathertail Gliders (Acrobates pygmaeus) and Squirrel Gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) as well as Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) A wide variety of birdlife makes its home in wetlands in the Riverina, including manymigratoryspecies. Competition from introduced species and the effect of clearing, grazing and pasture improvement has led to a decline in the diversity of native flora and fauna in the area.[25]

History

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Aboriginalpeople are thought to have inhabited the Riverina for at least 40,000 years.[26][27]TheWiradjuripeople were the original inhabitants of much of south western New South Wales including much of the Riverina region along the Murrumbidgee and Lachlan rivers.[28]Other groups living along the Murrumbidgee included theNari-Narion the western plains where the town ofHay,[29]theMuthi-Muthialong the Lowbidgee, Gurendji and theYida-Yidaof Oxley. Along both sides of the Murray River lived theYorta Yorta peopleinhabiting the area of the Riverina as far east as the present day city of Albury and as far north as the Finley and Deniliquin districts.[30]The Murray was also home to other groups such as theBangerang,Baraba-Baraba,Wemba-Wemba,Wadi-Wadi,Dadi-DadiandPaarkantjicommunities.[26]

The rivers played a leading role in the lifestyle of the Aboriginal people, acting as a source of food and a means of communication and trade.Murray codand shellfish were gathered for food and bark canoes were used for travel along the rivers. Scars on many trees alongside the rivers are evidence of this extensive use of canoes. In the summer it is likely that the Bangerang and Wiradjuri joined theMonarogroups in theBogong mothfeasts in the alpine country to the east.[26]

Exploration and pastoral settlement

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Charles Sturt,the firstEuropeanto follow theMurrumbidgee Riverdownstream to the Murray.

The first European explorer in the Riverina wasJohn Oxleyin 1817 following theLachlan Riverto what is now the town ofBooligal.[26]Oxley was followed byCharles Sturt,who followed the Murrumbidgee downstream toLake AlexandrinainSouth Australiabetween 1828 and 1831[31]and MajorThomas Mitchellin 1836 on his way to theWimmeraand theWestern District.[32]

Pastoral settlement followed soon after, with grazing runs established along the Murray and Murrumbidgee as far west as Hay by 1839. At the time, the area was known as theMurrumbidgee District."Cocketgedong" Station, between Jerilderie and Urana, was established in the 1840s by Messrs Brock & Hardie. A map, dated 1864, held by the State Library of Victoria shows them still in possession. At that time, there was little fencing and the sheep were brought back to camps each night by the shepherds. The camps named on the map include Stockyard Camp, Mick's Hill Camp, Columba Camp, The Gums Camp, Coonong Camp, and Sydney Gate Camp. Messrs Watt & Thomson, the owners of an adjoining property, "North Urana", subsequently purchased "Cocketgedong" from Brock & Hardie, giving them a total area of approximately 65,000 acres. In 1904 D & W Gibb, Wool Brokers in Melbourne, purchased "Cocketgedong" which comprised 45,000 acres freehold and approximately 20,000 acres Crown Leasehold. After World War I, the leasehold was resumed for Soldier Settlement blocks, leaving "Cocketgedong" with 36,000 acres and "North Urana" 9000 acres divided by several holdings. The latter part was sold in the early 1950s, leaving the approximate area originally taken up by Brock & Hardie, held by the D & W Gibb Estate. The Woolshed constructed in 1910 consisted of 20 stands, although by 1970 when it was demolished after a new Woolshed was constructed, only 10 stands were being used. The Estate of D & W Gibb sold "Cocketgedong in 1972.Moulamein,in the western Riverina, appears to make legitimate claims as the oldest town in the Riverina,[33]and indeed to being older thanMelbourne.[34]The settlers often came into conflict with the indigenous inhabitants. In theNarranderadistrict, a battle took place between settlers and the local Narrungderra clan at a location now known as Massacre Island, reportedly leaving only one survivor.[35]

Cattleraising was the major industry in the 1840s with sheep becoming predominant in the 1860s.[26]At this time many Victorians settled in the Riverina to breed sheep and cattle to feed the miners taking part in theVictorian Gold Rush.The herds were considered inferior at first, but these pastures were good for stock, and the land which seemed a desert was actually good fattening country.[36] In the 1860s and 1870s, German settlers from theBarossa Valleytravelled upstream to settle in the eastern Riverina. Because of their religious distinctiveness asLutherans,they preferred to form clusteredGerman settlements.[37]In 1867 and 1868 several land parcels were taken up in theJinderaarea.[38]56 German farmers, in 1869, took six weeks to travel six hundred miles in covered wagons to establish the town ofWalla Walla.[39] NearbyHolbrookwas originally named Germantown after these settlers until changing its name in 1914 as a result of tensions caused byWorld War I.[40]

The name "Riverine", coined from theEntre Ríos Province(between two rivers) in Argentina, South America, was in use as early as 1857: a long letter under the caption "Riverine Colony" appeared in the AlburyBorder Postof 24 January that year.[36]The name was coined byDunmore Langwho translated it from the Spanish.[41]

Dunmore Lang was also involved with the short-lived Riverinasecessionmovement which was active in the 1860s. The movement was inspired by the success of the Victorian and Queensland secession movements and motivated by a desire to draw more public funds to the region and maintain the favourable land tenure the "squatter"pastoralists enjoyed. With the movement strongest inDeniliquinandAlbury,Dunmore Lang, squatter and parliamentarianGideon Lang(unrelated) and other influential pastoralists joined with local newspaper editors, George Mott and David Jones in the campaign.[42]This culminated in presenting petitions to theGovernor of New South Wales,Sir John Youngand theColonial Secretary,Edward Cardwell.[42][43]Soon after the movement fell apart due to the differences between the squatters on one side and the small farmers and townspeople on the other causing its objectives to become obscured by other associated issues such as inter-colonialtariffsand rail links.[42]

Riverboats and railways

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The Old Moulamein Wharf, on theEdward River,was constructed in 1908. Moulamein prospered as an inland port until the coming of the railways in 1926.[44]

From 1853, the Riverina was linked to markets through a series ofriverboatsalong the Murray and Murrumbidgee to the river ports ofMannumandGoolwainSouth Australia[45][46]and from 1864, toEchucaconnected by rail toMelbourne.[47]Riverboats reached as far upstream asGundagaiandAlburyand towns such asDarlington Point,Narrandera and Moulamein became important river ports.[23][35][44][48]The riverboat era peaked in the twenty years from 1870 to 1890, declining with the coming of the railway and finally ending with the disruption to the workforce caused by World War I.[48]

From Melbourne,broad gaugerailway lines opened toDeniliquinin 1876 and west toMoulameinandBalranaldin 1926.[47]The Moulamein–Balranald section closed in the 1980s. TheNorth East linereachedWodongain 1873, and was connected to Albury at abreak-of-gaugein 1883, and theMelbourne-Shepparton linewas extended toTocumwalin 1908.[49]

The number of cross border railways expanded with the passing of the1922 Border Railways Act,[50]with theBenalla – Yarrawonga branch lineextended toOaklandsin 1938, both lines meeting standard gauge lines that were subsequently closed.Victorian Railwayscommenced construction of a railway fromRobinvaleto Koorakee and Lette in New South Wales in 1924 (theLette railway line), but this railway was never completed. The Murray River bridge between Robinvale andEustonwas instead converted to a road bridge, which will be demolished when the new road bridge currently under construction is completed. TheStony Crossing railway linewas built from Kerang toMurrabitin 1924 andStony Crossing(originally called Poonboon) in 1928 under an agreement with New South Wales.[51]No passenger services were carried on the section beyond Murrabit after 1932 and it was closed about 1943.[52]

Junee railway stationis a junction for the MelbourneXPTpassenger service

Standard gaugerail services from Sydney came with the extension of theMain Southern linetoCootamundraandJuneein 1878 and the construction of theMurrumbidgee River Railway Bridgein 1881[53]allowed the line to be extended past Wagga Wagga toHentyandAlburylater that year.[54]A branch line was constructed toTemorain 1893 and extended toBarellanin 1908,Griffithin 1916 andHillstonin 1923.[55]Further south, a branch line was completed from Junee toNarranderain 1881 and extended toHayby 1882.[56]Another branch pushed south from Narrandera toward the Victorian border reachingJerilderiein 1884 and the Murray atTocumwalin 1898.[57]

Bushrangers

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Transport links assisted the development of the Riverina economy, at the same time areas of the region found themselves under threat from robbery and murder by variousbushrangers.Between 1862 and 1865, the eastern Riverina between Wagga Wagga and Albury saw the depredations ofDan "Mad Dog" Morgan.Having previously been convicted of armed robbery, Morgan came to the attention to authorities in the Riverina when he bailed up a police magistrate,Henry Baylis,nearUranain 1863. In 1864, Morgan bailed up Round Hillstation,a large sheep farm nearMorven,killing a station hand. Later that year, the bushranger shot dead a policeman in cold blood nearTumbarumba.The reward placed on his head reached £1,000 before, in April 1865, he was shot dead nearWangaratta,Victoria.[58]

Wikisourcehas original text related to this article:

The infamous Australian bushranger,Ned Kelly,made possibly his most daring raid in the Riverina, atJerilderiein 1879. After riding overland from north east Victoria, Kelly and his gang in a brazen move captured two local policemen and stole their uniforms. Impersonating the police, they then proceeded to rob theBank of New South Walesand held the town captive for several days. While in Jerilderie, he sought to have his manifesto published, the famous Jerilderie letter, a rambling 8,000-word condemnation of the colonial administration in Victoria and specifically the treatment of theIrish.Being unable to find the local newspaper editor, he left the letter with a member of the bank staff and returned to Victoria £2,000 richer.[59]

Riverina and federation

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Main article:Federation of Australia
The Federal Hotel inBerrigan,one of a series ofhotelsbuilt or renamed in the southern Riverina as a result of the Federation campaign

The close geographic and cultural ties between the Riverina and northern Victoria, combined with continuing frustration with inter colonial tariffs, made the Riverina a fertile area for ideas for uniting the various colonies in anAustralian federation.This would see the southern Riverina in particular take a leading role in bringing about federation.

Prior to federation, the various Australian colonies could, and often did, chargetariffson goods from the other colonies, ostensibly for theprotectionof their domestic manufacturing industries, mainly based in the larger cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. For a border community such as the southern Riverina, these tariffs were a sore burden, making goods purchased from Melbourne, the closest large city, more expensive and reducing the competitiveness of these towns supplying the Melbourne and Adelaide markets.[60]In addition, crossing the border on the Murray River was a tiresome experience as each border crossing had customs posts inspecting goods and luggage to ensure all duty was paid and to reduce smuggling, a popular activity.[61]Another item of concern was the lack of adequate river crossings. Along the Riverina the Murray was—and remains—part of New South Wales, who had no interest in assisting border residents to access goods and services in Victoria that may otherwise have been sourced from Sydney.

In the early 1890s, for mainly patriotic reasons, theAustralian Natives' Associationhelped establish the Federation League, a society dedicated to the creation of a federal nation.[60]Following a series of addresses by the futurePrime Minister,Edmund Bartonto large crowds, some 15 League branches were established in the towns along the southern border.[61][62]One of these towns,Corowa,was the location for the first conference of the Australian Federation League in 1893. At this conference,Dr John Quick,a delegate from Bendigo, proposed a resolution calling for the colonial legislatures to pass an act providing for the election of representatives to a convention to develop a federalconstitution.This has been seen as the turning point in the push for Federation. The momentum generated from this point lead to a series of conventions and elections and finally, the inauguration of afederal constitutionon 1 January 1901.[60]

Irrigation and closer settlement

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See also:Irrigation in viticulture
A 1916 map of the Riverina. The area where Griffith and Leeton would later be built was largely uninhabited until the development of theMurrumbidgee Irrigation Area.

Large scale irrigation commenced with the establishment of theMurrumbidgee Irrigation Area(MIA) in 1912 which diverted water from the Murrumbidgee River near Narrandera. The River Murray Waters Agreement of 1915 allowed 26weirsto be constructed with locks to provide permanent riverboat access to Echuca. When riverboat transport was no longer significant, the weirs supported irrigation. Irrigation in the region continued to develop with the construction of theHume Dambetween 1919 and 1931, theBurrinjuck Dambuilt in 1928 andBlowering Dambuilt in 1968.[26]

Development and promotion of the MIA led to large scale settlement on land described by Oxley 100 years earlier as "country which, for barrenness and desolation, can I think, have no equal." Settlers came from a diverse range of backgrounds and nationalities. In particular, theItaliancommunity prospered in the Area, owning nearly half of all the farms around Griffith by 1954.[63] Later, further irrigation was developed for areas in the Murray valley starting with the Wakool Irrigation District in 1932, then the Deniboota and Denimein Irrigation Districts in 1938, the Berriquin Irrigation District in 1939 and the Tullakool Irrigation Area in 1942. The Coleambally Irrigation Area, established in 1968, was the last of the major government-sponsored irrigation developments in New South Wales.[10]

Agriculture

[edit]
Acentre pivot irrigationsystem nearEuberta.Much of the agricultural industry in the Riverina relies on irrigation.

The high soil fertility and abundance of water in the Riverina floodplain has made the Riverina region one of the most productive farming regions in Australia with rice, wheat,maize,canola,citrusandwine grapesbeing grown in the area. The Riverina contains many irrigation schemes including theMurrumbidgee Irrigation Area.182,000 hectares (450,000 acres) are under irrigation in the region.[64]

For the first few decades following the 1830s, European pastoral activity focused in the main on cattle production but by the 1860s sheep were the predominant stock.[26]

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the region's agricultural and horticultural production was worth more thanA$1 billion. The region produces:

  • over 25% of the state's fruit and vegetables
  • 90% of NSW citrus products
  • 80% of NSW wine/grape production
  • livestock feedlots, sales and processing facilities
  • nearly 20% of all NSW crop production and two-thirds of its total value.[64]
Burrandanarailway station overlooking a field of wheat stubble, 1985

In 1991–92 sheep and lamb numbers in the region were close to seven million and there were 500,000 meat cattle.[36] The Riverina is also a significantalmondgrowing region.[65]

Wool

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Much of thedrylandareas of the Riverina contain largesheep stations,producingmedium class wool.ThePeppin Merinosheep was first bred in the area aroundWanganella.As many as 70 percent of today's Australian Merinos are said to be directly descended from the Peppin-developed sheep.[66]The Riverina is home to many Merino studs and the saltbush plains are regarded as one of Australia's best wool growing regions.[67]

Rice

[edit]

The Riverina produces the vast majority of rice grown in Australia, particularly in theMurrumbidgee Irrigation Area(MIA), but also around theFinley,ColeamballyandDeniliquinareas.[68]The first commercial rice crops in the Riverina were grown in the Leeton and Yanco district in 1924, expanding toWakoolduringWorld War II,the Denimein and Deniboota Irrigation Areas in the 1950s and Coleambally and Finley in the 1960s. In recent years, rice is also grown in the Hay,CarrathoolandHillstonareas.[69]

Historically, well over one million tonnes of Australian rice has been produced each year and exported to over 70 countries, generatingA$500 million in export income and supporting 63 towns in the Riverina and northern Victoria. More recently, drought has drastically reduced this quantity to less than 30,000 tonnes with resultant economic effects. Recent rains however will see this volume increase.[70]The headquarters ofRicegrowers Limited,who trade under theSunRicename,[71]is located in Leeton, Australia's rice capital.[72]Major rice mills are located inLeeton,Coleambally and the largest rice mill in the southern hemisphere in Deniliquin.[73]

Wine

[edit]
Further information:Riverina wine regionandNew South Wales wine
A vineyard situated inTumblong

The area generally known as "the Riverina" is broader than the area legally defined as theRiverina wine regionAustralian Geographical Indication(AGI) as registered in the Register of Protected GIs. The Riverina GI is centred onGriffithand is roughly circular with towns on the boundary includingMossgiel,Condobolin,Temora,Junee,Culcairn,Berrigan,Finley,DeniliquinandMoulamein.It does not extend as far south as the Murray River.[74]

The Riverina region is one of the most prosperous grape growing regions in Australia (particularly in Griffith), along with theBarossa ValleyinSouth Australia.The region grows 55% of wine grapes in New South Wales and 15% of the total grape production within Australia and 80% of wine/grape production of New South Wales; the region is Australia's largest producer of wine. Over 50% of the Riverina's wine production is exported. As a producer of specialist wine grapes, its wine style of international importance isBotrytisedSemillonand the outstanding speciality made from these grapes is a "sauternes-style "dessert wine.[64][75]

Irrigation made it possible to grow grapes for wine. The first grapes were planted atHanwoodin the spring of 1913 by John McWilliam and his eldest son Jack who had come to the district from their winery in Junee. Irrigation was by carting of water until the irrigation channels were opened a few months later.[76]The first grapes were picked in 1916 and sent to Junee for processing.Penfoldsestablished its winery in the region in 1919.[36]

Cities, towns and settlements

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The Rock

At the 2016census,the population of the Riverina (ABS SA4 Region) was 155,934, 5.4% of whom were indigenous and 18.4% born outside Australia. In common usage the Riverina often includes parts of the Murray SA4 region, as of 2016 the population of Murray was 115,803, 3.4% of the population were indigenous and 17.7% were born outside of Australia.[77]

The Station Master's Residence in the town ofCulcairnin the eastern Riverina. Many of the buildings in Culcairn, including this one, are heritage listed.[78]

The Riverina includes two cities;Wagga WaggaandGriffith.Other large towns includeLeeton,Finley,Deniliquin,Cootamundra,West Wyalong,Narrandera,JuneeandTemora.Wagga Wagga is the largest inland city in New South Wales with an estimated resident population of 56,675 people in 2019[79]and serves as an important employment, educational, cultural, social and entertainment centre for surrounding towns throughout the Riverina. Wagga Wagga's facilities are of metropolitan standards with shopping, cafes, recreational facilities and nightlife present within the city. The two largest centres in population in the region after Wagga Wagga are Griffith and Leeton and they provide advanced services to the outlying farming regions.

Parts of the Riverina experienced substantial population growth in the late 1990s and early 2000s; in the five-year period between 1996 and 2001, Griffith's population increased by 10.8%.[80]Until recently Wagga Wagga's population was declining slowly and ageing with strong growth in age groups 40 and over.[81]This has now changed and Wagga Wagga has become one of Australia's leading examples of the "sponge" city phenomenon, attracting residents from smaller towns in the Riverina such asUrana.In the year ended 30 June 2006, the population of Wagga Wagga grew by 1.3%, driven by its role as the regional centre for the Riverina and its hosting of a campus ofCharles Sturt UniversityandAustralian Defence Forcebases.[82]

The Local Government Area of Temora experienced a population decline in the early 2000s, dropping from 6288 people in 2001 to a low of 5936 in 2009. Since then the LGA has grown steadily. As of 2019 the estimated resident population of Temora has now expanded to 6307 people.[83]

Politics

[edit]

The Riverina is politicallyconservativeand leans towards theNational Partyon both the federal and state level.

The Riverina is represented at the federal level in two divisions of theAustralian House of Representatives,theDivision of Riverina,[84]covering the Murrumbidgee valley; and theDivision of Farrer,[85]the area along the Murray River. As of the2019 Federal Election,Riverina is held by theNational Partyand Farrer by theLiberal Party,who, in coalition, are the governing parties. At the state level, the electoral districts ofAlbury,Cootamundra,MurrayandWagga Waggacover the Riverina region.[86]

There are a range oflocal government authoritiesin the region, ranging from the cities ofWagga WaggaandGriffith;to the municipalities ofEdward River,Federation,Cootamundra-Gundagai,Murray River,MurrumbidgeeandSnowy Valleys;and the shires ofBalranald,Berrigan,Carrathool,Coolamon,Greater Hume,Hay,Junee,Leeton,Lockhart,Narrandera,BlandandTemora.These councils are arranged into Regional Organisations of Councils (ROC)s: Riverina and Murray ROC and Riverina Eastern ROC.[87]

Health

[edit]

In 2015, 33.1% of the region's population wasobese,somewhat higher than the national average.[88]

Facilities and services

[edit]
The entrance sign to the Wagga Wagga campus ofCharles Sturt University.The sign recognises theWiradjuripeople as thetraditional ownersof the area.

Higher education in the Riverina is provided byCharles Sturt University(CSU), with campuses serving the Riverina in Albury and Wagga Wagga.[89]The university was established in 1989 with the amalgamation of the Albury and Wagga Wagga campuses of the Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education with the Mitchell College of Advanced Education inBathurst.[90]CSU provides specialist services to the Riverina in areas such asviticultureand winemaking.[91]

Other educational facilities in the region includeTAFE NSW,providing technical and vocational training at a number of campuses throughout the region including in West Wyalong, Cootamundra, Griffith, Hay, Leeton, Narrandera, Tumut, Temora, and Wagga Wagga.[92]Most larger centres have public high schools and most smaller centres are serviced by a public primary school.[93]

The health service in the Riverina is administered byMurrumbidgee Local Health District.Base Hospitals are located at Albury, Wagga Wagga and Griffith while Deniliquin, Hillston, Henty and Narrandera among others are home to regional hospitals.[94]

The Army Recruit Training Centre in Wagga Wagga is the commencement training centre for almost all army personnel in Australia.

Situated between the large cities ofMelbourne,SydneyandAdelaide,the Riverina is a transportation hub. Major transportation links in the region include theHume Highway,Newell HighwayandSturt Highway;all part of the AustralianNational Highway.Other highways include theRiverina Highway,Cobb Highway,Olympic Highway,Kidman Way,Irrigation WayandBurley Griffin Way.

NSW TrainLinkrail services fromSydneytoGriffithandMelbourneserve the Riverina with connecting buses reaching smaller communities.[95]V/Lineprovide services linking Griffith, Deniliquin and the towns along the Murray with public transport access to Melbourne.[96]

The Riverina is host to two majorAustralian Defence Forcetraining facilities. TheArmy Recruit Training Centreis located atKapooka,9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) south west of Wagga Wagga[97]andRAAF Base Waggais the home of the RAAF Ground Training Wing base. These bases along with a Royal Australian Navy Defence Communications Station play an integral role in the local economy.[64]

Sports

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The Riverina is well known for the quality and range of its sports activity and many famous sportsmen and women have hailed from the Riverina. These include:

The "Wagga Effect" is a term that has been used frequently in the Australian media to describe the disproportionately large number of elite sportsmen and women that originate from the town.[98]It is speculated that the phenomenon may arise in rural areas where the population is large enough to sustain the presence of a large number of sporting codes, but small enough to ensure that talented individuals are exposed to adult-level competition at an earlier age.

Evonne Goolagong Park inBarellan,the home town of the dualWimbledonchampion.

Unusually for New South Wales,Australian rules footballis quite popular in the Southern Riverina as it is south of theBarassi Line,and there are many clubs and leagues in the district, including theRiverina Football League,Farrer Football League,Hume Football League,Northern Riverina Football LeagueandCoreen & District Football League.In addition, many clubs along the border play in Victorian leagues such as theOvens & Murray Football League,Murray Football League,Picola & District Football Leagueand theGolden Rivers Football League.[99]

In the northern part of the Riverina,Rugby leagueandRugby Unionare both strong, with rugby league being the most popular sport. Rugby League competitions in the district includeGroup 9(Wagga Wagga and districts),Group 17(Hillston and districts) andGroup 20(Griffith and districts).[100]Teams fromCorowaandAlburyplay in theGoulburn Murray Rugby League.[101]Rugby Union in the district is run by theACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union,with clubs from Albury, Wagga Wagga,Cootamundra,Temoraand Hay as well as many others competing in the Southern Inland Rugby Union.[102]

Other popular sports in the Riverina includecycling,bowls,cricket,netball,tennisandhorse racing.The Riverina is home to many racecourses andpicnic race meetingsare held regularly at places such as Corowa,Berrigan,Carrathool,TumutandLockhart.[103]

Culture

[edit]
Further information:Culture of Australia
Shearing the Rams(1890). Oil on canvas on composition board. The artistTom Robertsspent some time at Brocklesby station prior to the composition of this painting.

The Riverina was the setting for some of Australia's great artistic and literary works of the 19th and early 20th century. Most of these works reflected the rural lifestyle and agricultural pursuits common in the Riverina at that time and projected an image of Australia and Australians that would later change rapidly.

The writerJoseph Furphyworked as abullockyfor 10 years in the area aroundHayfrom 1872.[104]Later, using thepen nameTom Collins, Furphy wroteSuch Is Lifeset in the Riverina during thedroughtand depression of the 1890s and drawing on his experiences as a bullocky. Although a slow seller, the novel was described as "fitted to become an Australian classic" by A.G. Stephens, the literary critic ofThe Bulletin.[105]

Published in 1921,Around the Boree Log and Other Verseswas written byPatrick Joseph Hartigan,under the pen name John O'Brien. ARoman Catholicpriest, after early stints atThurgoonaandBerrigan,in 1917 Hartigan was appointed as the parish priest ofNarranderawhere he stayed until 1944. His poems recorded the everyday lives and mateship of the people of the Riverina. His friend and well-known poetC. J. Dennishailed them inThe Bulletinas in 'the directLawson-Patersonline mainly—unaffected talk about Australians, much as they would naturally talk about themselves'.Around the Boree Logran to five editions and 18,000 copies by 1926.[106]

The artist and key member of theHeidelberg School,Tom Robertsspent some time on asheep stationnearBrocklesbyprior to and during the painting of his most celebrated artwork,Shearing the Rams.[107]The painting was criticised in its time for the depiction of strong manual labour rather than the common "high art" themes of the day. It is seen now as reflecting Australia's largest industry at the time and the work of ordinary Australians. The painting is now in the collection of theNational Gallery of Victoria.[108]

Wikisourcehas original text related to this article:
Wikisourcehas original text related to this article:

Scots of the Riverina,a poem written by one of Australia's most renowned writers,Henry Lawson,is set inGundagai.[109]The poem describes a father's anger at his son's desertion at harvest time and later his grief when the son dies in battle inWorld War I.Hay and Hell and Booligal,written byBanjo Paterson,is a humorous take on life on the flat western Riverina plan.[110]

Today, major cultural institutions in the Riverina include theMuseum of the Riverina,the Riverina Theatre Company and the Wagga Wagga Art Gallery, all located in the regional centre of Wagga Wagga with outreach to the smaller towns. Many regional towns including Hay, Deniliquin and Gundagai house museums of significant regional interest. The HotHouse Theatre group, based in Albury takes live theatre to small towns throughout the Riverina.[111]The tiny town ofMorundahholds an annual night at the opera, hosting performances by OzOpera and theVictorian Opera.[112]Popular music groups from the Riverina include one of Australia's most distinctive and popular bands of the '90s and 2000s,Spiderbaitwho come from the southern Riverina town ofFinley.[113]The Riverina is currently home to two major regionalLQBTQIA+festivals, theHay Mardi Grasestablished in 2018 and theWagga Mardi Grasestablished in 2019.

Notes

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  1. ^The exact population depends on the boundary used. Somewhere between 161,595 (Riverina SA4) and 282,501 (Riverina and Murray SA4 Regions).

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